LINATEX Rubber Products Wear Indicator Operations Manual Excellent Minerals Solutions CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2. PRODUCT-AT-GLANCE LINATEX WEAR INDICATOR SYSTEM ................................................................... 4 3. PROGRAMMER ........................................................................................................................................ 5 4. HOSE TRANSMITTER ................................................................................................................................ 6 5. RECEIVER ................................................................................................................................................. 7 6. WEAR INDICATOR SOFTWARE APPLICATION ............................................................................................. 9 7.0 APPENDIX A - INSTALLING A WEAR INDICATOR SYSTEM WITH TRANSMITTER ........................................ 9 7.1 WHAT YOU NEED ................................................................................................................................................ 9 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 BEFORE CONNECTING A TRANSMITTER TO A HOSE ...................................................................................................... 9 TESTING THE CONDITION OF THE HOSES WEAR INDICATOR CIRCUIT ............................................................................. 10 TESTING THE STATUS OF THE TRANSMITTER ............................................................................................................ 11 CHANGING THE TRANSMITTER'S ADDRESS .............................................................................................................. 12 7.6 MATCHING THE TRANSMITTER TO THE HOSE ID ....................................................................................................... 13 7.7 7.8 7.9 SENDING A SINGLE TEST TRANSMISSION TO THE RECEIVER .......................................................................................... 14 SENDING AN AUTOMATIC REPEATED TEST TRANSMISSION TO THE RECEIVER................................................................... 15 CHECKING THE TRANSMITTERS TEST TRANSMISSION AT THE RECEIVER ......................................................................... 16 8.0 APPENDIX B WEAR INDICATOR SOFTWARE APPLICATION/OPERATION .............................................. 17 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 17 HARDWARE CONNECTION .................................................................................................................................. 17 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................................................. 17 SCREEN ARRANGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 17 OPERATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 FILE FORMAT ................................................................................................................................................... 20 PRINT VIEW BUTTON ......................................................................................................................................... 20 DATA COLUMN WIDTH ...................................................................................................................................... 20 CSV SAVE BUTTON ........................................................................................................................................... 20 8.10 WEAR CSV FILE ................................................................................................................................................. 21 8.11 SPECIAL ADDRESS HOSE #999 .......................................................................................................................... 21 8.12 HOSE STATUS................................................................................................................................................... 21 9.0 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................... 22 10.0 TROUBLESHOOTING / HELPFUL HINTS ................................................................................................. 23 11.0 INFORMATION TO THE USER (FCC PART 15.105).................................................................................. 24 2 1. INTRODUCTION The Linatex Wear Indicator system provides a complete solution to many of the traditional issues surrounding the maintenance of hose in highly abrasive environments. It provides 24 hour-a-day monitoring and peace of mind. By installing the Linatex Wear Indicator System you will avoid the need for physical inspections and costly emergency maintenance downtime. Unexpected hose failures that can cause environmental spills, and health and safety incidents, will be substantially reduced. The Wear Indicator System is used to monitor the wear in industrial hoses and report when the wear exceeds a certain point in the hose wall. Unlike other wear indicator systems which only check for a break in the wire (continuity) to detect a go/no go hose failure point, the Linatex Wear Indicator System senses a change in resistance as measured by ohms this precision measurement provide for more accurate results. Therefore, the system can be used with conductive or non-conductive slurries. A Hose Transmitter can be paired with each hose and report the hose condition daily. This data can be transmitted distances over 2 miles depending upon site conditions. Data collected by the receiver is transferred to a PC via a communication link to the Linatex Wear Indicator System software program. This program displays identity, location and wear status of hoses, including alarms. The Linatex Wear Indicator System is a revolutionary early warning system for hose handling highly abrasive materials. Warning: Any changes or modifications not expressively approved by Linatex could void the user's authority to operate this equipment 3 PRODUCT-AT-GLANCE LINATEX WEAR INDICATOR SYSTEM 2. Install Wear Indicator Software Receive hose with Wear Indicator System installed Program Hose ID Set Transmitter Address (1-998) and match with Hose ID Send Test Signal to Receiver Receiver communicates with software 4 Programming Circuit Box Loop Wire
(Imbedded in wall of the hose) 3. PROGRAMMER Hose Communication Cable Hose Transmitter The Programmer has several functions including:
Programmer Reads the Hose Transmitter address, check ID match and measure battery voltage Sets the Hose Transmitter address (001 to 998) Match the Hose Transmitter to the Hose ID Check the hose loop wire and Hose Termination Perform a test transmission Make the Hose Transmitter send a message every 1 minute For all new hose installations, you will need to use a Programmer to:
Test the condition of the hoses wear indicator circuit (7.3) Test the status of the Hose Transmitter (7.4) Set the address of the Hose Transmitter (7.5) Match the hose ID to the Hose Transmitter (7.6) Send one or more test signals from the Hose Transmitter to the receiver (7.7 and 7.8) For the full operations guidelines for the Wear Indicator Software Application, refer to Appendix A Installing a Wear Indicator System with Transmitter 5 4. HOSE TRANSMITTER Programming Circuit Box Loop Wire
(Imbedded in wall of the hose) Hose Communication Cable Hose Transmitter The Hose Transmitter is designed to monitor the state of a loop wire embedded into the wall of a hose. The Hose Transmitter will send a message daily, reporting the status of the loop wire. If the loop wire is compromised, it will transmit an alarm message. The Hose Transmitter is used to identify location of a hose, therefore it is given the location number. Since the Hose Transmitter is paired with the Hose ID that is programmed into the hose, it will not operate unless connected to that particular hose. Frequency of Operation:
Battery test performed:
Voltage thresholds:
Operation:
BattV >= 5.3V 4.7V <= BattV < 5.3V BattV < 4.7V 900 MHz 50mS after Hose Transmitter is powered up (battery under load) Battery OK Battery Low Battery Flat Normally asleep (current consumption is 2.1uA) Wakes up every 2.1 seconds for 840uS to measure loop wire (awake current consumption is 1.8mA) 2400 baud, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit Each transmission consists of 5 consecutive identical messages Each message is 9 bytes (36mS) separated by a 30mS gap Total transmission of 330mS 24 seconds after power up Once every 24 hours with 2 minute randomization 3 consecutive loop wire alarms detected over 5 seconds causes an alarm. The alarm condition will be transmitted 6 times daily, once every 10 minutes with 16 second randomization. Will detect a loop wire series resistance > 250 ohms as an alarm Will also detect a loop wire parallel resistance < 680K, so it can be used to detect conductive slurries in the hoses Hose ID, Loop Wires and Hose Termination are all embedded in the hose wall. Made up of a unique 48 bit ID and an 8 bit CRC 001 to 999 999 (factory programmed) Times out after 30 minutes Either a single test transmission OR once every minute for 30 minutes
(Initiated by the Programmer) Approximately 2 Years Power is applied to the Hose Transmitter, when it is plugged into the hose. Transmission Format:
First Transmission:
Normal Transmission:
Alarm Condition:
Loop Wire:
Loop Wire ID:
Address Range:
Default Address:
Communication Mode:
Test Transmission:
Battery Life:
Power On:
6 5. RECEIVER Main Power Adapter RS-232 RS-232 to USB Communication Cable USB Receiver The Receiver acquires radio frequency (RF) messages from up to 999 Hose Transmitters and stores each hose status in memory. This information is available for transfer when the Receiver is accessed via the communication link by the Wear Indicator software program. LCD:
Hose Data Displayed: Hose Number (001 to 999) 16 character x 2 line Normal (daily message) Alarm (loop broken) Test (initiated by programmer) Configuration Error (ID doesnt match) Time + Date Battery (Empty < 4.7V) (Low >= 4.7V and < 5.3V) (Full >= 5.3V) Hose state Nrm Alm Tst Cfg 2400 baud, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit. Indicates a hose alarm is present Operates when a hose alarm is present Beeps when a hose alarm is present, stops beeping when Mute button is pressed. Mute display present time and stops the sounder beeping Scroll display present state of each hose Clear Mute and Scroll pressed together, clears all data in memory Communication:
Alarm LED:
Relay:
Sounder:
Buttons :
FCC Federal Communication Commission:
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the condition that this device does not cause harmful interference. This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. 7 Industry Canada:
Under Industry Canada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate using an antenna of a type and maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by Industry Canada. To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) is not more than that necessary for successful communication. This radio transmitter (identify the device by certification number, or model number if Category II) has been approved by Industry Canada to operate with the antenna types listed below with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance for each antenna type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the maximum gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device. This device complies with Industry Canada license-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device. 8 6. WEAR INDICATOR SOFTWARE APPLICATION The Wear Indicator Software Application is provided as an installable program on a CD. This software program allows users to monitor hoses remotely when using the Hose Transmitter. Users will be able to view hose data, assign locations and Hose IDs, and add special text for each hose being monitored. The software also lets the user set the time interval the Wear Indicator application automatically polls the Receiver. For the full operations guidelines for the Wear Indicator Software Application, refer to Appendix B Wear Indicator Software Application/Operation 7.0 APPENDIX A - INSTALLING A WEAR INDICATOR SYSTEM WITH TRANSMITTER 7.1 WHAT YOU NEED A transmitter A wear indicator programmer At least one extension cable (2 or 5 meters) An operating wear indicator receiver within range of the transmitters signal One unused, unique address available on the receiver 7.2 BEFORE CONNECTING A TRANSMITTER TO A HOSE Before connecting a transmitter to a wear indicator hose, you will need to use a programmer to:
Test the condition of the hoses wear indicator circuit (7.3) Test the status of the transmitter (7.4) Set the address of the transmitter (7.5) Match the hose security ID to the transmitter (7.6) Send one or more test signals from the transmitter to the receiver (7.7 and 7.8) 9 7.3 TESTING THE CONDITION OF THE HOSES WEAR INDICATOR CIRCUIT
1. Set the power switch on the programmer to the ON position (switch pointing down). The green power LED light above the switch should on. If it does not, the programmer battery may need to be pushed in to its holder or replaced before proceeding further. 2. Set switch to the LOOP TEST position (switch pointing up). 3. Wait until the display shows Plug in HoseLoop. 4. If the programmer is not already connected to the hose, plug the connector at one end of the extension cable in to socket at the top right of the programmer. Plug the cables other connector in to the socket on the wear indicator hose. 5. Press SELECT button and wait for display to show one of the following responses:
Loop Wire: OK which means the hose circuit is satisfactory Loop Wire: Alarm which means the hose circuit has a fault, such as an open circuit or a short circuit due to a worn hose lining If desired, step 5 may be repeated one or more times. 6. 7. Proceed to 7.4. 10 7.4 TESTING THE STATUS OF THE TRANSMITTER 1. 2. 3. 4.
Power switch in the ON position, set switch to the PROGRAM position (switch pointing down). Wait until the display shows Plug in Tmitter:
If the transmitter is not already connected to the programmer, plug the connector on the end of transmitters cable in to socket at the top left of the programmer. Press the SELECT button and wait for display to show Tx:123 6.6V ID::
Where:
Tx:123 Shows the transmitters current programmed address from 001 to 999 (Tx:123 is example of hose 123 location) 6.6V ID: matched). Shows the DC battery voltage, typically about 6.5 to 6.7 V for a new transmitter The transmitter is matched to the hose identification (ID:x shows it is not NOTE: If the following message is displayed instead, turn the power switch off and then on and repeat steps 2 to 4. 6. Proceed to 7.5. 5. If desired, the SELECT button may be pressed again to repeat step 4 one or more times. Comms Init l Err l Err Comms Init l Err l Err Comms Init Comms Init TurnOff TryAgain TurnOff TryAgain TurnOff TryAgain TurnOff TryAgain 11 7.5 CHANGING THE TRANSMITTER'S ADDRESS
1. Power switch in the ON position, switch in the PROGRAM position, and the transmitter cable connected , use the UP or DOWN buttons to scroll the second line of display, item to show 2. New Addr . 2. Press the SELECT button and wait for the second line of display to show 2. New Addr:
123 with the first digit (1) flashing:
First digit flashing 3. To set the transmitter address number, use the UP or DOWN buttons to increase or decrease the flashing first digit to the desired number (0 to 9). 4. Press the SELECT button to make this number the first digit of the new address. 5. Use the UP or DOWN buttons to increase or decrease the now flashing second digit (2) to the desired number (0 to 9). 6. Press the SELECT button to make this number the second digit of the new address. 7. Use the UP or DOWN buttons to increase or decrease the now flashing third digit (3) to the desired number (0 to 9). 8. Press the SELECT button to complete the new address, and return the second line of the display to 2. New Addr . 9. Proceed to 7.6. 12 7.6 MATCHING THE TRANSMITTER TO THE HOSE ID
1. Power switch in the ON position, switch in the PROGRAM position, and the transmitter cable connected , use the UP or DOWN buttons to scroll the second line of display to show 3. Match ID . 2. Press the SELECT button and wait for the first line of display to briefly show ID Match Done before returning to show Tx:123 6.5V ID: ID:x changes to ID: This signals that the transmitter is matched to the hose identification (ID) 3. Proceed to 7.7 or 7.8. 13 7.7 SENDING A SINGLE TEST TRANSMISSION TO THE RECEIVER
1. Power switch in the ON position, switch in the PROGRAM position, and the transmitter
cable connected , use the UP or DOWN buttons to scroll the second line of display to show 4. Test Tx . 2. Press the SELECT button and first line of display to briefly show Test Tx Sent before returning to show Tx:123 6.7V ID: (or similar). 3. If desired, repeat step 2 one or more times. 14 SENDING AN AUTOMATIC REPEATED TEST TRANSMISSION TO THE RECEIVER
7.8 1. Power switch in the ON position, switch in the PROGRAM position, and the transmitter cable connected , use the UP or DOWN buttons to scroll the second line of display to show 5. Tx 1 Min . 2. Press the SELECT button and first line of display to briefly show 1 Min Test Sent before returning to show Tx:123 6.5V ID: (or similar). If the transmitter is then left in this mode, it will continue sending a test transmission every minute for the next half hour. If desired, press the SELECT button to repeat 4. 3. 4. To stop the test transmissions, either select another programmer mode or turn the power switch
to the off position (switch pointing down). 15 7.9 CHECKING THE TRANSMITTERS TEST TRANSMISSION AT THE RECEIVER
1. When a test transmission is sent from the transmitter using the programmer (1.7 or 1.8), an operating receiver within range of the transmitters signal will show the test transmission on the second line of its display as Tst 001/001 T999:
where shows it is a test transmission is the transmission number is the total number of transmissions stored in the receiver Tst 001
/001 T999 shows the address of the transmitter that sent the test transmission (999 in this example) 16 8.0 APPENDIX B WEAR INDICATOR SOFTWARE APPLICATION/OPERATION 8.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS The Wear Indicator Application is provided as an installable program on a CD. It is recommended that the software be installed on a Pentium PC running Windows 95, 98, 2000, ME, Vista or XP. 8.2 HARDWARE CONNECTION The standard connection is an RS-232 / USB cable. A DB-9 port is located at the bottom of the Receiver. Cable is connected to a spare USB communication port on selected PC. An optional Bluetooth Wireless connection option is available. 8.3 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS Insert the Wear Indicator Application disk in the CD drive The Install program should auto start. Follow the on screen instructions. a) b) The application will be installed in c:\ProgramFiles\WearIndicator 8.4 SCREEN ARRANGEMENT Unexpected Message from Hose #999 Poll to get the data now Set the view mode Resize the screen, columns are sized proportionally. Move bar to resize the columns Enable required hoses Print the list of hoses, the same as the selected Save the list of hoses as a csv file, the same as the selected view. 17 Select Communication Port Set the time between Auto Polls Set the time to determine when a Fault is indicated Set the Receiver Date and Time 8.5 OPERATION 8.5.1 Selecting the Communication Port From the drop list, select the communication port that you have connected to the Receiver. 8.5.2 Setting the Date and Time Select the current date and time in the clock window, and press the Set Receiver Time+Date button. 8.5.3 Auto Polling Sets the time interval the Wear Indicator application automatically polls the Receiver. This is the same as pressing the Get Data Now button. 8.5.4 Hose Fault Time If there is no response from an enabled Hose (either a test signal or an alarm) in a predefined time then the Hose is deemed to be Faulty. If a signal comes in from that hose at a later time, then the faulty status is cleared. Hoses transmit a test signal daily however, there may occasionally be a clash in signal and it wont get through. Therefore the operator can choose to determine a hose is faulty if no signal is received after 1 day, 2 days, 3 days etc. The application checks for faults once every minute. 18 8.5.5 Retrieving Hose Data Press the Get Data Now button and the stored data in the Receiver will be retrieved and displayed. At this point you will have a copy of the data in the Receiver and a copy of the data in the Wear Indicator list. You will be prompted Do you want to clear all alarms from the Receiver? If you answer YES then all messages saved in the Receiver communications alarm area will be erased. If you answer NO, the communications alarm area will remain unchanged. 8.5.6 View The Hose data displayed can be changed to display All hoses, Enabled Hoses, Faulty Hoses, Alarmed Hoses or Alarm+Faulty Hoses. Alarms are displayed in Red, Faults are displayed in Yellow, and Test signals are displayed on a white background. 8.5.7 Enabling a Hose Simply click on the check box to enable or disable a Hose from being monitored for fault. Note that any Hose Test or Alarm is displayed, whether it is enabled or not. 8.5.8 Changing Description and Comments Simply double click on the hose line to edit the description and or comments. 8.5.9 Deleting Status The status that appears in the Wear Indicator application list can be selectively deleted. (This is required if a Hose goes into alarm, and the status needs to be cleared.) Simply select a single Hose by clicking on it or select random hoses by pressing the Ctrl button while clicking on several hoses or select a range of hoses by clicking on the first hose, then press the Shift button and then click on the last hose. After the required hoses are selected, press the Del key. If the deleted hose is disabled, then the date/time and the status will be cleared. If the deleted hose is enabled then the status will be cleared, but the present date/time is saved. This prevents a fault appearing until the Fault time has expired. 19 8.6 FILE FORMAT The data in the Wear Indicator application list is saved in two files named HoseDescription.csv and HoseStatus.csv which are in CSV format (Comma Separated Variables) files are located in c:\ProgramFiles\WearIndicator. If the files are to be manipulated and then further used by the Wear Indicator Application, it is recommended that a program such as Notepad is used. If however the data is to be used for reporting purposes, Excel can open the files directly. Note : If manipulating the data using Excel, and the data needs to be saved, it is recommended to save the file with a different name using File-Save As. 8.7 PRINT VIEW BUTTON First select the View as All, Enabled, Alarms, Faults, Alarms+Faults and then pressing the Print View button will print the data in the presently selected View format. 8.8 DATA COLUMN WIDTH The data column widths can be sized by clicking on the header separator and dragging the column to the required width. If the screen is resized, the columns are automatically resized proportionally to the selected widths. If the application is stopped and restarted, the column widths are reset to the pre-selected widths. 8.9 CSV SAVE BUTTON First select the View as All, Enabled, Alarms, Faults, Alarms+Faults and then pressing the CSV Save button will save the data in the presently selected View format, to a CSV format file. 20 8.10 WEAR CSV FILE At midnight every day a single line is added to the csv file Wear.csv which lists the time of the hose transmission and the hose status. This file builds up a history of each hose. Date 1 2 3 4 5. 25-Mar-07 17:50 O 22:07 O 12:36 A 26-Mar-07 17:49 O 22:06 O 27-Mar-07 17:51 O 22:08 O
999
28-Mar-07 17:53 O 22:07 F
This file lists all 999 hoses horizontally, whether they are presently enabled or not. The data in this csv file may need to be extracted using a custom application, as Excel will only read a maximum of 255 columns! (It may be viewed by opening it in Notepad) 8.11 SPECIAL ADDRESS HOSE #999 Hose address #999 is reserved as the default address programmed into Hose Transmitters when they are shipped from the factory. If a message is received from a Hose with this address, it means the hose has not been programmed. In this special case, a flashing message will appear between the View selection and the Get Data Now button. This Hose Transmitter should be sought out and reprogrammed with an address in the range 001-998. (Simply delete the status of Hose #999 to remove the flashing message) 8.12 HOSE STATUS The Hose status may be:
(broken loop wire)
(no communication
(ID doesnt match)
(initiated manually) Normal Alarm Fault Config Test
(white)
(red)
(yellow)
(yellow)
(white) 21 9.0 GLOSSARY Alarm An alarm is when the hose wire is broken. An alarm takes priority and cannot be overwritten with a good or test signal. Fault A fault is when a hose doesnt send a signal. A fault can be cleared when a good or test signal is received. Hose ID Unique identification given by to hose with Wear Indicator system installed. Number is assigned to Hose Transmitter and paired to Hose. Addresses should be selected after user verifies open ID locations on Wear Indicator software program. Hose Transmitter The Hose Transmitter is designed to monitor the state of a loop Programmer wire embedded into the wall of a hose. The Hose Transmitter will send a message daily, reporting the status of the loop wire. If the loop wire is compromised, it will transmit an alarm message. Each Hose Transmitter is paired with the Hose ID that is programmed into the hose, and will not operate unless connected to that particular hose The Programmer has several functions including:
Reads the Hose Transmitter address, check ID match and measure battery voltage Sets the Hose Transmitter address (001 to 998) Match the Hose Transmitter to the Hose ID Check the hose loop wire and Hose Termination Perform a test transmission Make the Hose Transmitter send a message every 1 minute Receiver The Receiver acquires radio frequency (RF) messages from up to 999 Hose Transmitters and stores each hose status in memory. This information is available for transfer when the Receiver is accessed via the communication link by the Wear Indicator software program. Recommended Standard 232; serial communication requiring a port for connecting to peripheral devices. A DB-9 port is used on Receiver. RS-232 22 10.0 TROUBLESHOOTING / HELPFUL HINTS TRANSMITTER ADDRESS Review the Wear Indicator Software program first to identify available address locations. The Hose Transmitter is used to identify the location of a hose, therefore it is given the location number. Since the Hose Transmitter is paired with the Hose ID that is programmed into the hose, it will not operate unless connected to that particular hose. FAULT Note that the hoses only send a signal once a day and the signals are sent at a random time interval and it is a one way transmission so it is possible for 2 hoses to send a transmission at exactly the same time, which means the signal wont get through, because of the clash. If the PC program is set to flag an alarm if a signal hasnt been received in 25 hours, it may appear that the hose is faulty, but they signals may have clashed so it may be better to set the fault time to 47 hours (no good or test signal in 2 days) Faults should be monitored, and if they persist for days, then action should be taken
(such as checking the Hose Transmitter at the location of the fault) Faults will automatically clear when the problem is fixed. ALARM When an alarm occurs it means there is a real problem, and human intervention is required the hose wire is broken, and the Hose Transmitter has reported the problem. So if the hose wire is broken, it means the hose is worn and should be investigated and replaced. Once the investigation of the hose is done, the alarm must be manually cleared from the system so that monitoring of that location can continue. 23 11.0 INFORMATION TO THE USER (FCC PART 15.105) NOTE: ---CLASS A DEVICES This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at their own expense. 24 LINATEX Rubber Products Wear Indicator Operations Guide Notice: The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Changes, technical inaccuracies, and typographical errors will be corrected in subsequent editions. Graphics are for reference only. Excellent Minerals Solutions 25