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Chapter 8 Home Networking Figure 58 Network Settings > Home Networking > 5th Ethernet Port The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 37 Network Settings > Home Networking > 5th Ethernet Port LABEL State Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Select Enable to use the Ethernet WAN port as a LAN port on the Device. Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 8.10 The MoCA Screen The VMG4381-B10A supports MoCA (Multimedia over Coax Alliance), which allows multimedia and home networking over coaxial cable. Data communication and audio/video streaming are allowed at the same time. Click Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA to open this screen. Figure 59 Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 38 Network Settings > Home Networking > MoCA LABEL MoCA Privacy DESCRIPTION Select the check box to enable MoCA privacy. If this is enabled, all devices connected via coaxial cable must use the same password. Enter the password for the MoCA connection. Select the check box to enable auto scan for the operating frequency. Manually select an operating frequency from the droplist. Privacy Password Enable Auto Scan Last Operating Frequency Apply Cancel Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 151 Chapter 8 Home Networking 8.11 The LAN VLAN Screen Click Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN to open this screen. Use this screen to control the VLAN ID and IEEE 802.1p priority tags of traffic sent out through individual LAN ports. Figure 60 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 39 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN VLAN LABEL Lan Port Tag Operation DESCRIPTION These represent the Devices LAN ports. Select what you want the Device to do to the IEEE 802.1q VLAN ID and priority tags of downstream traffic before sending it out through this LAN port. Unchange - Dont do anything to the traffics VLAN ID and priority tags. Add - Add VLAN ID and priority tags to untagged traffic. Remove - Delete one tag from tagged traffic. If the frame has double tags, this removes the outer tag. This does not affect untagged traffic. Remark - Change the value of the outer VLAN ID and priority tags. Use this option to set what to do for the IEEE 802.1p priority tags when you add or remark the tags for a LAN ports downstream traffic. Either select Unchange to not modify the traffics priority tags or select an priority from 0 to 7 to use. The larger the number, the higher the priority. If you will add or remark tags for this LAN ports downstream traffic, specify the VLAN ID
(from 0 to 4094) to use here. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 802.1P Mark VLAN ID Apply Cancel 8.12 TFTP Server Name Screen Click Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name to open this screen. Use this screen to access the TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) Server using DHCP option 66. Figure 61 Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 152 Chapter 8 Home Networking The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 40 Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name LABEL TFTP Server Name DESCRIPTION Type a name for the TFTP Server. This allows you to access the TFTP server using DHCP option 66. However, option 66 (open standard) supports only the IP address of the hostname or a single TFTP server. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Apply Cancel 8.13 Technical Reference This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter. 8.13.1 LANs, WANs and the Device The actual physical connection determines whether the Device ports are LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next. Figure 62 LAN and WAN IP Addresses LAN WAN 8.13.2 DHCP Setup DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured. IP Pool Setup The Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the product specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 153 Chapter 8 Home Networking 8.13.3 DNS Server Addresses DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask. There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses. The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in the DHCP Setup screen. Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS servers, chances are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The Device supports the IPCP DNS server extensions through the DNS proxy feature. Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the DHCP Setup screen. 8.13.4 LAN TCP/IP The Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability. IP Address and Subnet Mask Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number. Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask. If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the Device. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your Device, but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 154 Chapter 8 Home Networking Private IP Addresses Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses. Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 155 Chapter 8 Home Networking VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 156 CHAPTER 9 Routing 9.1 Overview The Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes. For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the Devices LAN interface. The Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the Devices default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN. Figure 63 Example of Routing Topology A R3 LAN WAN R1 R2 9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the Static Route screen to view and set up static routes on the Device (Section 9.2 on page 158). Use the Policy Forwarding screen to configure policy routing on the Device. (Section 9.3 on page 159). Use the RIP screen to set up RIP settings on the Device. (Section 9.4 on page 161). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 157 Chapter 9 Routing 9.2 The Routing Screen Use this screen to view and configure the static route rules on the Device. Click Network Setting
> Routing > Static Route to open the following screen. Figure 64 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 41 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route LABEL Add new static route
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Status DESCRIPTION Click this to configure a new static route. This is the index number of the entry. This field displays whether the static route is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this route is active. A gray bulb signifies that this route is not active. This is the name that describes or identifies this route. This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination. This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. This is the WAN interface used for this static route. Click the Edit icon to edit the static route on the Device. Name Destination IP Subnet Mask Gateway Interface Modify Click the Delete icon to remove a static route from the Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route. 9.2.1 Add/Edit Static Route Use this screen to add or edit a static route. Click Add new static route in the Routing screen or the Edit icon next to the static route you want to edit. The screen shown next appears. Figure 65 Routing: Add/Edit VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 158 Chapter 9 Routing The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 42 Routing: Add/Edit LABEL Active DESCRIPTION This field allows you to activate/deactivate this static route. Select this to enable the static route. Clear this to disable this static route without having to delete the entry. Enter a descriptive name for the static route. Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6. Enter the IPv4 or IPv6 network address of the final destination. If you are using IPv4 and need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID. Enter the IP subnet mask here. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. If you want to use the gateway IP address, select Enable. Enter the IP address of the gateway. Select the WAN interface you want to use for this static route. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Route Name IP Type Destination IP Address IP Subnet Mask Use Gateway IP Address Gateway IP Address Use Interface Apply Cancel 9.3 The Policy Forwarding Screen Traditionally, routing is based on the destination address only and the Device takes the shortest path to forward a packet. Policy forwarding allows the Device to override the default routing behavior and alter the packet forwarding based on the policy defined by the network administrator. Policy-based routing is applied to outgoing packets, prior to the normal routing. You can use source-based policy forwarding to direct traffic from different users through different connections or distribute traffic among multiple paths for load sharing. The Policy Forwarding screen let you view and configure routing policies on the Device. Click Network Setting > Routing > Policy Forwarding to open the following screen. Figure 66 Network Setting > Routing > Policy Forwarding The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 43 Network Setting > Routing >Policy Forwarding LABEL Add new Policy Forward Rule
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DESCRIPTION Click this to create a new policy forwarding rule. This is the index number of the entry. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 159 Chapter 9 Routing DESCRIPTION This is the name of the rule. This is the source IP address. his is the source subnet mask address. Table 43 Network Setting > Routing >Policy Forwarding (continued) LABEL Policy Name Source IP Source Subnet Mask Protocol Source Port WAN Modify This is the transport layer protocol. This is the source port number. This is the WAN interface through which the traffic is routed. Click the Edit icon to edit this policy. Click the Delete icon to remove a policy from the Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the policy. 9.3.1 Add/Edit Policy Forwarding Click Add new Policy Forward Rule in the Policy Forwarding screen or click the Edit icon next to a policy. Use this screen to configure the required information for a policy route. Figure 67 Policy Forwarding: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 44 Policy Forwarding: Add/Edit LABEL Policy Name DESCRIPTION Enter a descriptive name of up to 8 printable English keyboard characters, not including spaces. Enter the source IP address. Enter the source subnet mask address. Source IP Source Subnet Mask Protocol Source Port Source MAC WAN Apply Cancel Select the transport layer protocol (TCP or UDP). Enter the source port number. Enter the source MAC address. Select a WAN interface through which the traffic is sent. You must have the WAN interface(s) already configured in the Broadband screens. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 160 Chapter 9 Routing 9.4 The RIP Screen Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RFC 1058 and RFC 1389) allows a device to exchange routing information with other routers. Click Network Setting > Routing > RIP to open the RIP screen. Figure 68 RIP The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 45 RIP LABEL Interface Version Operation Enabled Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION This is the name of the interface in which the RIP setting is used. The RIP version controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP version 1 is universally supported but RIP version 2 carries more information. RIP version 1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology. Select Passive to have the Device update the routing table based on the RIP packets received from neighbors but not advertise its route information to other routers in this interface. Select Active to have the Device advertise its route information and also listen for routing updates from neighboring routers. Select the check box to activate the settings. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 161 Chapter 9 Routing VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 162 CHAPTER 10 Quality of Service (QoS) 10.1 Overview Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a networks ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-on-
demand. Configure QoS on the Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance. Setting up QoS involves these steps:
1 2 Configure classifiers to sort traffic into different flows. Assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow. The Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets assigned a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priority if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video. This chapter contains information about configuring QoS and editing classifiers. 10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The General screen lets you enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth (Section 10.3 on page 165). The Queue Setup screen lets you configure QoS queue assignment (Section 10.4 on page 166). The Class Setup screen lets you add, edit or delete QoS classifiers (Section 10.5 on page 168). The Policer Setup screen lets you add, edit or delete QoS policers (Section 10.5 on page 168). The Monitor screen lets you view the Device's QoS-related packet statistics (Section 10.7 on page 175). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 163 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) 10.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. QoS versus Cos QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the same priority. CoS (class of service) is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use CoS to give different priorities to different packet types. CoS technologies include IEEE 802.1p layer 2 tagging and DiffServ (Differentiated Services or DS). IEEE 802.1p tagging makes use of three bits in the packet header, while DiffServ is a new protocol and defines a new DS field, which replaces the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. Tagging and Marking In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) value, IEEE 802.1p priority level and VLAN ID number in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker. Traffic Shaping Bursty traffic may cause network congestion. Traffic shaping regulates packets to be transmitted with a pre-configured data transmission rate using buffers (or queues). Your Device uses the Token Bucket algorithm to allow a certain amount of large bursts while keeping a limit at the average rate. Traffic Rate Traffic Rate c i f f a r T c i f f a r T Time Time
(Before Traffic Shaping)
(After Traffic Shaping) VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 164 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) Traffic Policing Traffic policing is the limiting of the input or output transmission rate of a class of traffic on the basis of user-defined criteria. Traffic policing methods measure traffic flows against user-defined criteria and identify it as either conforming, exceeding or violating the criteria. Traffic Rate Traffic Rate c i f f a r T c i f f a r T Time Time
(Before Traffic Policing)
(After Traffic Policing) The Device supports three incoming traffic metering algorithms: Token Bucket Filter (TBF), Single Rate Two Color Maker (srTCM), and Two Rate Two Color Marker (trTCM). You can specify actions which are performed on the colored packets. See Section 10.8 on page 176 for more information on each metering algorithm. 10.3 The Quality of Service General Screen Click Network Setting > QoS > General to open the screen as shown next. Use this screen to enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth. See Section 10.1 on page 163 for more information. Figure 69 Network Settings > QoS > General VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 165 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 46 Network Setting > QoS > General LABEL QoS WAN Managed Upstream Bandwidth DESCRIPTION Select the Enable check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance. Enter the amount of upstream bandwidth for the WAN interfaces that you want to allocate using QoS. The recommendation is to set this speed to match the interfaces actual transmission speed. For example, set the WAN interfaces speed to 100000 kbps if your Internet connection has an upstream transmission speed of 100 Mbps. LAN Managed Downstream Bandwidth Upstream traffic priority Assigned by You can set this number higher than the interfaces actual transmission speed. The Device uses up to 95% of the DSL ports actual upstream transmission speed even if you set this number higher than the DSL ports actual transmission speed. You can also set this number lower than the interfaces actual transmission speed. This will cause the Device to not use some of the interfaces available bandwidth. If you leave this field blank, the Device automatically sets this number to be 95% of the WAN interfaces actual upstream transmission speed. Enter the amount of downstream bandwidth for the LAN interfaces (including WLAN) that you want to allocate using QoS. The recommendation is to set this speed to match the WAN interfaces actual transmission speed. For example, set the LAN managed downstream bandwidth to 100000 kbps if you use a 100 Mbps wired Ethernet WAN connection. You can also set this number lower than the WAN interfaces actual transmission speed. This will cause the Device to not use some of the interfaces available bandwidth. If you leave this field blank, the Device automatically sets this to the LAN interfaces maximum supported connection speed. Select how the Device assigns priorities to various upstream traffic flows. None: Disables auto priority mapping and has the Device put packets into the queues according to your classification rules. Traffic which does not match any of the classification rules is mapped into the default queue with the lowest priority. Ethernet Priority: Automatically assign priority based on the IEEE 802.1p priority level. IP Precedence: Automatically assign priority based on the first three bits of the TOS field in the IP header. Packet Length: Automatically assign priority based on the packet size. Smaller packets get higher priority since control, signaling, VoIP, internet gaming, or other real-time packets are usually small while larger packets are usually best effort data packets like file transfers. Apply Cancel Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. 10.4 The Queue Setup Screen Click Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next. Use this screen to configure QoS queue assignment. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 166 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) Figure 70 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION Table 47 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup LABEL Add new Queue Click this button to create a new queue entry.
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Status Name Interface Priority Weight Buffer Management Rate Limit Modify This is the index number of the entry. This field displays whether the queue is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this queue is active. A gray bulb signifies that this queue is not active. This shows the descriptive name of this queue. This shows the name of the Devices interface through which traffic in this queue passes. This shows the priority of this queue. This shows the weight of this queue. This shows the queue management algorithm used for this queue. Queue management algorithms determine how the Device should handle packets when it receives too many (network congestion). This shows the maximum transmission rate allowed for traffic on this queue. Click the Edit icon to edit the queue. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing queue. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 167 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) 10.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue Click Add new Queue or the edit icon in the Queue Setup screen to configure a queue. Figure 71 Queue Setup: Add The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 48 Queue Setup: Add LABEL Active Name Interface DESCRIPTION Select to enable or disable this queue. Enter the descriptive name of this queue. Select the interface to which this queue is applied. Priority Weight Buffer Management Rate Limit OK Cancel This field is read-only if you are editing the queue. Select the priority level (from 1 to 7) of this queue. The smaller the number, the higher the priority level. Traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffic in lower priority queues is dropped if the network is congested. Select the weight (from 1 to 8) of this queue. If two queues have the same priority level, the Device divides the bandwidth across the queues according to their weights. Queues with larger weights get more bandwidth than queues with smaller weights. This field displays Drop Tail (DT). Drop Tail (DT) is a simple queue management algorithm that allows the Device buffer to accept as many packets as it can until it is full. Once the buffer is full, new packets that arrive are dropped until there is space in the buffer again (packets are transmitted out of it). Specify the maximum transmission rate (in Kbps) allowed for traffic on this queue. Click OK to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 10.5 The Class Setup Screen Use this screen to add, edit or delete QoS classifiers. A classifier groups traffic into data flows according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number, destination port number or incoming interface. For example, you can configure a classifier to select traffic from the same protocol port (such as Telnet) to form a flow. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 168 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) You can give different priorities to traffic that the Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications. Click Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup to open the following screen. Figure 72 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 49 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup LABEL Add new Classifier
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Status DESCRIPTION Click this to create a new classifier. This is the index number of the entry. This field displays whether the classifier is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this classifier is active. A gray bulb signifies that this classifier is not active. This is the name of the classifier. This shows criteria specified in this classifier, for example the interface from which traffic of this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this classifier. This is the DSCP number added to traffic of this classifier. This is the IEEE 802.1p priority level assigned to traffic of this classifier. This is the VLAN ID number assigned to traffic of this classifier. This is the name of the queue in which traffic of this classifier is put. Click the Edit icon to edit the classifier. Class Name Classification Criteria DSCP Mark 802.1P Mark VLAN ID Tag To Queue Modify Click the Delete icon to delete an existing classifier. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action. 10.5.1 Add/Edit QoS Class Click Add new Classifier in the Class Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a classifier to open the following screen. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 169 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) Figure 73 Class Setup: Add/Edit VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 170 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit DESCRIPTION LABEL Active Select this to enable this classifier. Enter a descriptive name of up to 15 printable English keyboard characters, not including Class Name spaces. Select an existing number for where you want to put this classifier to move the classifier to the number you selected after clicking Apply. Classification Order From Interface Ether Type Select Last to put this rule in the back of the classifier list. If you want to classify the traffic by an ingress interface, select an interface from the From Interface drop-down list box. Select a predefined application to configure a class for the matched traffic. If you select IP, you also need to configure source or destination MAC address, IP address, DHCP options, DSCP value or the protocol type. If you select 802.1Q, you can configure an 802.1p priority level. Source Address Subnet Netmask Port Range MAC MAC Mask Exclude Destination Address Subnet Netmask Port Range MAC MAC Mask Exclude Others Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank source IP address means any source IP address. Enter the source subnet mask. If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the check box and enter the port number(s) of the source. Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet. Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packets MAC address should match. Enter f for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffics MAC address should match. Enter 0 for the bit(s) of the matched traffics MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria. Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier. Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank source IP address means any source IP address. Enter the source subnet mask. If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the check box and enter the port number(s) of the source. Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet. Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packets MAC address should match. Enter f for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffics MAC address should match. Enter 0 for the bit(s) of the matched traffics MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria. Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 171 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. Service IP Protocol DHCP Packet Length DSCP 802.1P VLAN ID TCP ACK Exclude DSCP Mark 802.1P Mark VLAN ID This field simplifies classifier configuration by allowing you to select a predefined application. When you select a predefined application, you do not configure the rest of the filter fields. This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. Select this option and select the protocol (service type) from TCP, UDP, ICMP or IGMP. If you select User defined, enter the protocol (service type) number. This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. Select this option and select a DHCP option. If you select Vendor Class ID (DHCP Option 60), enter the Vendor Class Identifier
(Option 60) of the matched traffic, such as the type of the hardware or firmware. If you select User Class ID (DHCP Option 77), enter a string that identifies the users category or application type in the matched DHCP packets. This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. Select this option and enter the minimum and maximum packet length (from 46 to 1500) in the fields provided. This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. Select this option and specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63 in the field provided. This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field. Select this option and select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop-down list box.
"0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest. This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field. Select this option and specify a VLAN ID number. This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. If you select this option, the matched TCP packets must contain the ACK (Acknowledge) flag. Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier. This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field. If you select Mark, enter a DSCP value with which the Device replaces the DSCP field in the packets. If you select Unchange, the Device keep the DSCP field in the packets. Select a priority level with which the Device replaces the IEEE 802.1p priority field in the packets. If you select Unchange, the Device keep the 802.1p priority field in the packets. If you select Remark, enter a VLAN ID number with which the Device replaces the VLAN ID of the frames. If you select Remove, the Device deletes the VLAN ID of the frames before forwarding them out. If you select Add, the Device treat all matched traffic untagged and add a second VLAN ID. Forward to Interface If you select Unchange, the Device keep the VLAN ID in the packets. Select a WAN interface through which traffic of this class will be forwarded out. If you select Unchange, the Device forward traffic of this class according to the default routing table. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 172 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 50 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued) LABEL To Queue Index Select a queue that applies to this class. DESCRIPTION Apply Cancel You should have configured a queue in the Queue Setup screen already. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 10.6 The QoS Policer Setup Screen Use this screen to configure QoS policers that allow you to limit the transmission rate of incoming traffic. Click Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup. The screen appears as shown. Figure 74 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION Table 51 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup LABEL Add new Policer Click this to create a new entry.
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Status Name Regulated Classes Meter Type Rule Action Modify This is the index number of the entry. This field displays whether the policer is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this policer is active. A gray bulb signifies that this policer is not active. This field displays the descriptive name of this policer. This field displays the name of a QoS classifier This field displays the type of QoS metering algorithm used in this policer. These are the rates and burst sizes against which the policer checks the traffic of the member QoS classes. This shows the how the policer has the Device treat different types of traffic belonging to the policers member QoS classes. Click the Edit icon to edit the policer. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing policer. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 173 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) 10.6.1 Add/Edit a QoS Policer Click Add new Policer in the Policer Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a policer to show the following screen. Figure 75 Policer Setup: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 52 Policer Setup: Add/Edit LABEL Active Name Meter Type DESCRIPTION Select the check box to activate this policer. Enter the descriptive name of this policer. This shows the traffic metering algorithm used in this policer. The Simple Token Bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when traffic can be transmitted. Each token represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes which is also the bucket size. The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR), the Committed Burst Size (CBS) and the Excess Burst Size (EBS). The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and the Peak Information Rate (PIR). Specify the committed rate. When the incoming traffic rate of the member QoS classes is less than the committed rate, the device applies the conforming action to the traffic. Specify the committed burst size for packet bursts. This must be equal to or less than the peak burst size (two rate three color) or excess burst size (single rate three color) if it is also configured. Committed Rate Committed Burst Size Conforming Action This is the maximum size of the (first) token bucket in a traffic metering algorithm. Specify what the Device does for packets within the committed rate and burst size (green-
marked packets). Pass: Send the packets without modification. DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to use. Non-
Conforming Action Specify what the Device does for packets that exceed the excess burst size or peak rate and burst size (red-marked packets). Drop: Discard the packets. DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to use. The packets may be dropped if there is congestion on the network. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 174 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 52 Policer Setup: Add/Edit LABEL Available Class DESCRIPTION Select a QoS classifier to apply this QoS policer to traffic that matches the QoS classifier. Selected Class Highlight a QoS classifier in the Available Class box and use the > button to move it to the Selected Class box. Apply Cancel To remove a QoS classifier from the Selected Class box, select it and use the < button. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 10.7 The QoS Monitor Screen To view the Devices QoS packet statistics, click Network Setting > QoS > Monitor. The screen appears as shown. Figure 76 Network Setting > QoS > Monitor The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 53 Network Setting > QoS > Monitor LABEL Refresh Interval DESCRIPTION Enter how often you want the Device to update this screen. Select No Refresh to stop refreshing statistics. Interface Monitor
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Name Pass Rate Drop Rate Queue Monitor
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Name Pass Rate Drop Rate This is the index number of the entry. This shows the name of the interface on the Device. This shows how many packets forwarded to this interface are transmitted successfully. This shows how many packets forwarded to this interface are dropped. This is the index number of the entry. This shows the name of the queue. This shows how many packets assigned to this queue are transmitted successfully. This shows how many packets assigned to this queue are dropped. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 175 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) 10.8 Technical Reference The following section contains additional technical information about the Device features described in this chapter. IEEE 802.1Q Tag The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the 12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to process the frame across the network. IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p). Table 54 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type PRIORITY LEVEL Level 7 Level 6 TRAFFIC TYPE Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages. Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in delay). Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter. Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems Network Architecture) transactions. Typically used for excellent effort or better than best effort and would include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay. This is for spare bandwidth. This is typically used for non-critical background traffic such as bulk transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users. Typically used for best-effort traffic. Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Level 0 DiffServ QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow are given the same priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different priorities to different packet types. DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going. DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior DiffServ defines a new Differentiated Services (DS) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 176 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping. DSCP (6 bits) Unused (2 bits) The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies. IP Precedence Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There are eight classes of services (ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority level and seven is the highest. Automatic Priority Queue Assignment If you enable QoS on the Device, the Device can automatically base on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not match a class. The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the Device. On the Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the network is congested. Table 55 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping PRIORITY QUEUE 0 1 2 3 4 5 LAYER 2 IEEE 802.1P USER PRIORITY
(ETHERNET PRIORITY) 1 2 0 3 4 5 LAYER 3 TOS (IP PRECEDENCE) DSCP IP PACKET LENGTH (BYTE) 0 0 1 2 3 000000 000000 001110 001100 001010 001000 010110 010100 010010 010000 011110 011100 011010 011000
>1100 250~1100
<250 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 177 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 55 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping PRIORITY QUEUE 6 7 LAYER 2 IEEE 802.1P USER PRIORITY
(ETHERNET PRIORITY) 6 7 Token Bucket LAYER 3 TOS (IP PRECEDENCE) DSCP IP PACKET LENGTH (BYTE) 4 5 6 7 100110 100100 100010 100000 101110 101000 110000 111000 The token bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when traffic can be transmitted. The bucket stores tokens, each of which represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes which is also the bucket size, so the bucket can hold up to b tokens. Tokens are generated and added into the bucket at a constant rate. The following shows how tokens work with packets:
A packet can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes). After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed from the bucket. If there are no tokens in the bucket, the Device stops transmitting until enough tokens are generated. If not enough tokens are available, the Device treats the packet in either one of the following ways:
In traffic shaping:
Holds it in the queue until enough tokens are available in the bucket. In traffic policing:
Drops it. Transmits it but adds a DSCP mark. The Device may drop these marked packets if the network is overloaded. Configure the bucket size to be equal to or less than the amount of the bandwidth that the interface can support. It does not help if you set it to a bucket size over the interfaces capability. The smaller the bucket size, the lower the data transmission rate and that may cause outgoing packets to be dropped. A larger transmission rate requires a big bucket size. For example, use a bucket size of 10 kbytes to get the transmission rate up to 10 Mbps. Single Rate Three Color Marker The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM, defined in RFC 2697) is a type of traffic policing that identifies packets by comparing them to one user-defined rate, the Committed Information Rate
(CIR), and two burst sizes: the Committed Burst Size (CBS) and Excess Burst Size (EBS). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 178 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) The srTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to packet loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to as yellow and low is referred to as green. The srTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (CBS and EBS). Tokens are generated and added into the bucket at a constant rate, called Committed Information Rate
(CIR). When the first bucket (CBS) is full, new tokens overflow into the second bucket (EBS). All packets are evaluated against the CBS. If a packet does not exceed the CBS it is marked green. Otherwise it is evaluated against the EBS. If it is below the EBS then it is marked yellow. If it exceeds the EBS then it is marked red. The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in srTCM:
A packet arrives. The packet is marked green and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the CBS bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes). After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed from the CBS bucket. If there are not enough tokens in the CBS bucket, the Device checks the EBS bucket. The packet is marked yellow if there are sufficient tokens in the EBS bucket. Otherwise, the packet is marked red. No tokens are removed if the packet is dropped. Two Rate Three Color Marker The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM, defined in RFC 2698) is a type of traffic policing that identifies packets by comparing them to two user-defined rates: the Committed Information Rate
(CIR) and the Peak Information Rate (PIR). The CIR specifies the average rate at which packets are admitted to the network. The PIR is greater than or equal to the CIR. CIR and PIR values are based on the guaranteed and maximum bandwidth respectively as negotiated between a service provider and client. The trTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to packet loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to as yellow and low is referred to as green. The trTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (Committed Burst Size
(CBS) and Peak Burst Size (PBS)). Tokens are generated and added into the two buckets at the CIR and PIR respectively. All packets are evaluated against the PIR. If a packet exceeds the PIR it is marked red. Otherwise it is evaluated against the CIR. If it exceeds the CIR then it is marked yellow. Finally, if it is below the CIR then it is marked green. The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in trTCM:
A packet arrives. If the number of tokens in the PBS bucket is less than the size of the packet (in bytes), the packet is marked red and may be dropped regardless of the CBS bucket. No tokens are removed if the packet is dropped. If the PBS bucket has enough tokens, the Device checks the CBS bucket. The packet is marked green and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the CBS bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes). Otherwise, the packet is marked yellow. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 179 Chapter 10 Quality of Service (QoS) VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 180 CHAPTER 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) 11.1 Overview This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the Device. NAT (Network Address Translation -
NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network. 11.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the Port Forwarding screen to configure forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network (Section 11.2 on page 182). Use the Applications screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network (Section 11.3 on page 185). Use the Port Triggering screen to add and configure the Devices trigger port settings (Section 11.4 on page 186). Use the DMZ screen to configure a default server (Section 11.5 on page 189). Use the ALG screen to enable and disable the NAT and SIP (VoIP) ALG in the Device (Section 11.6 on page 190). Use the Address Mapping screen to configure the Device's address mapping settings (Section 11.7 on page 190). 11.1.2 What You Need To Know Inside/Outside Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts. Global/Local Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side. NAT In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber
(the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 181 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Port Forwarding A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP, that you can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the outside world. Finding Out More See Section 11.8 on page 192 for advanced technical information on NAT. 11.2 The Port Forwarding Screen Use the Port Forwarding screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network. You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or a range of ports. The most often used port numbers and services are shown in Appendix F on page 353. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers. Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP. Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example) Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 182 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Figure 77 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example A=192.168.1.33 LAN B=192.168.1.34 WAN 192.168.1.1 IP Address assigned by ISP C=192.168.1.3 D=192.168.1.36 Click Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen. See Appendix F on page 353 for port numbers commonly used for particular services. Figure 78 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 56 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding LABEL Add new rule
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Status DESCRIPTION Click this to add a new rule. This is the index number of the entry. This field displays whether the NAT rule is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active. This shows the services name. This shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. This field displays the incoming packets destination IP address. This is the servers IP address. This is the first external port number that identifies a service. This is the last external port number that identifies a service. This is the first internal port number that identifies a service. This is the last internal port number that identifies a service. This shows the IP protocol supported by this virtual server, whether it is TCP, UDP, or TCP/
UDP. Click the Edit icon to edit this rule. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 183 Service Name WAN Interface WAN IP Server IP Address Start Port End Port Translation Start Port Translation End Port Protocol Modify Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) 11.2.1 Add/Edit Port Forwarding Click Add new rule in the Port Forwarding screen or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to open the following screen. Figure 79 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 57 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit LABEL Active Service Name WAN Interface DESCRIPTION Clear the checkbox to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it. Enter a name to identify this rule using keyboard characters (A-Z, a-z, 1-2 and so on). Select the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. You must have already configured a WAN connection with NAT enabled. Enter the WAN IP address for which the incoming service is destined. If the packets destination IP address doesnt match the one specified here, the port forwarding rule will not be applied. Enter the original destination port for the packets. To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port field. To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in the End Port field. Enter the last port of the original destination port range. To forward only one port, enter the port number in the Start Port field above and then enter it again in this field. To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port number in the Start Port field above. This shows the port number to which you want the Device to translate the incoming port. For a range of ports, enter the first number of the range to which you want the incoming ports translated. This shows the last port of the translated port range. Enter the inside IP address of the virtual server here. WAN IP Start Port End Port Translation Start Port Translation End Port Server IP Address VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 184 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Table 57 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit (continued) LABEL Protocol OK Cancel DESCRIPTION Select the protocol supported by this virtual server. Choices are TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP. Click OK to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 11.3 The Applications Screen This screen provides a summary of all NAT applications and their configuration. In addition, this screen allows you to create new applications and/or remove existing ones. To access this screen, click Network Setting > NAT > Applications. The following screen appears. Figure 80 Network Setting > NAT > Applications The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION Click this to add a new NAT application rule. Table 58 Network Setting > NAT > Applications LABEL Add new application Application Forwarded WAN Interface Server IP Address Modify Click the Delete icon to delete the rule. This field shows the type of application that the service forwards. This field shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. This field displays the destination IP address for the service. 11.3.1 Add New Application This screen lets you create new NAT application rules. Click Add new application in the Applications screen to open the following screen. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 185 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Figure 81 Applications: Add The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 59 Applications: Add LABEL WAN Interface Server IP Address Application Category Application Forwarded View Rule OK Cancel DESCRIPTION Select the WAN interface that you want to apply this NAT rule to. Enter the inside IP address of the application here. Select the category of the application from the drop-down list box. Select a service from the drop-down list box and the Device automatically configures the protocol, start, end, and map port number that define the service. Click this to display the configuration of the service that you have chosen in Application Fowarded. Click OK to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 11.4 The Port Triggering Screen Some services use a dedicated range of ports on the client side and a dedicated range of ports on the server side. With regular port forwarding you set a forwarding port in NAT to forward a service
(coming in from the server on the WAN) to the IP address of a computer on the client side (LAN). The problem is that port forwarding only forwards a service to a single LAN IP address. In order to use the same service on a different LAN computer, you have to manually replace the LAN computer's IP address in the forwarding port with another LAN computer's IP address. Trigger port forwarding solves this problem by allowing computers on the LAN to dynamically take turns using the service. The Device records the IP address of a LAN computer that sends traffic to the WAN to request a service with a specific port number and protocol (a "trigger" port). When the Device's WAN port receives a response with a specific port number and protocol ("open" port), the Device forwards the traffic to the LAN IP address of the computer that sent the request. After that computers connection for that service closes, another computer on the LAN can use the service in the same manner. This way you do not need to configure a new IP address each time you want a different LAN computer to use the application. For example:
VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 186 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Figure 82 Trigger Port Forwarding Process: Example 1 2 3 4 Jane requests a file from the Real Audio server (port 7070). Port 7070 is a trigger port and causes the Device to record Janes computer IP address. The Device associates Jane's computer IP address with the "open" port range of 6970-7170. The Real Audio server responds using a port number ranging between 6970-7170. The Device forwards the traffic to Janes computer IP address. 5 Only Jane can connect to the Real Audio server until the connection is closed or times out. The Device times out in three minutes with UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or two hours with TCP/IP
(Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Click Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering to open the following screen. Use this screen to view your Devices trigger port settings. Figure 83 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 60 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering LABEL Add new rule
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Status DESCRIPTION Click this to create a new rule. This is the index number of the entry. This field displays whether the port triggering rule is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active. This field displays the name of the service used by this rule. This field shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. The trigger port is a port (or a range of ports) that causes (or triggers) the Device to record the IP address of the LAN computer that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN. Service Name WAN Interface Trigger Start Port Trigger End Port Trigger Proto. This is the first port number that identifies a service. This is the last port number that identifies a service. This is the trigger transport layer protocol. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 187 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Table 60 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering (continued) LABEL Open Start Port The open port is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it sends out a particular service. The Device forwards the traffic with this port (or range of ports) to the client computer on the LAN that requested the service. DESCRIPTION Open End Port Open Proto. Modify This is the first port number that identifies a service. This is the last port number that identifies a service. This is the open transport layer protocol. Click the Edit icon to edit this rule. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. 11.4.1 Add/Edit Port Triggering Rule This screen lets you create new port triggering rules. Click Add new rule in the Port Triggering screen or click a rules Edit icon to open the following screen. Figure 84 Port Triggering: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 61 Port Triggering: Configuration Add/Edit LABEL Active Service Name WAN Interface Trigger Start Port DESCRIPTION Select the check box to enable this rule. Enter a name to identify this rule using keyboard characters (A-Z, a-z, 1-2 and so on). Select a WAN interface for which you want to configure port triggering rules. The trigger port is a port (or a range of ports) that causes (or triggers) the Device to record the IP address of the LAN computer that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN. Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers. Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers. Trigger End Port Trigger Protocol Select the transport layer protocol from TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 188 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Table 61 Port Triggering: Configuration Add/Edit (continued) LABEL Open Start Port The open port is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it sends out a particular service. The Device forwards the traffic with this port (or range of ports) to the client computer on the LAN that requested the service. DESCRIPTION Open End Port Open Protocol OK Cancel Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers. Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers. Select the transport layer protocol from TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP. Click OK to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 11.5 The DMZ Screen In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server IP address. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in the NAT Port Forwarding Setup screen. Figure 85 Network Setting > NAT > DMZ The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 62 Network Setting > NAT > DMZ LABEL Default Server Address DESCRIPTION Enter the IP address of the default server which receives packets from ports that are not specified in the NAT Port Forwarding screen. Note: If you do not assign a Default Server Address, the Device discards all packets received for ports that are not specified in the NAT Port Forwarding screen. Apply Cancel Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 189 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) 11.6 The ALG Screen Some NAT routers may include a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). A SIP ALG allows SIP calls to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embedded in the data stream. When the Device registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the Devices private IP address inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to use STUN or an outbound proxy if your Device is behind a SIP ALG. Use this screen to enable and disable the NAT and SIP (VoIP) ALG in the Device. To access this screen, click Network Setting > NAT > ALG. Figure 86 Network Setting > NAT > ALG The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 63 Network Setting > NAT > ALG LABEL NAT ALG DESCRIPTION Enable this to make sure applications such as FTP and file transfer in IM applications work correctly with port-forwarding and address-mapping rules. Enable this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with port-forwarding and address-
mapping rules. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. SIP ALG Apply Cancel 11.7 The Address Mapping Screen Ordering your rules is important because the Device applies the rules in the order that you specify. When a rule matches the current packet, the Device takes the corresponding action and the remaining rules are ignored. Click Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping to display the following screen. Figure 87 Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 190 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 64 Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping LABEL Add new rule Set Local Start IP Local End IP DESCRIPTION Click this to create a new rule. This is the index number of the address mapping set. This is the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA). This is the ending Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then this field displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP address. This field is blank for One-to-One mapping types. This is the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP address from your ISP. You can only do this for the Many-to-One mapping type. This is the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is blank for One-to-One and Many-to-One mapping types. This is the address mapping type. Global Start IP Global End IP Type One-to-One: This mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type. Many-to-One: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), the Device's Single User Account feature that previous routers supported only. Modify Many-to-Many: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses. Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the address mapping rule. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing address mapping rule. Note that subsequent address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action. 11.7.1 Add/Edit Address Mapping Rule To add or edit an address mapping rule, click Add new rule or the rules edit icon in the Address Mapping screen to display the screen shown next. Figure 88 Address Mapping: Add/Edit VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 191 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 65 Address Mapping: Add/Edit LABEL Type DESCRIPTION Choose the IP/port mapping type from one of the following. One-to-One: This mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type. Many-to-One: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), the Device's Single User Account feature that previous routers supported only. Many-to-Many: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses. Enter the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA). Enter the ending Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then this field displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP address. This field is blank for One-to-One mapping types. Enter the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP address from your ISP. You can only do this for the Many-to-One mapping type. Enter the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is blank for One-to-One and Many-to-One mapping types. Select the number of the mapping set for which you want to configure. Click OK to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Local Start IP Local End IP Global Start IP Global End IP Set OK Cancel 11.8 Technical Reference This part contains more information regarding NAT. 11.8.1 NAT Definitions Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts. Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 192 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in a packet when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table summarizes this information. Table 66 NAT Definitions ITEM Inside Outside Local Global DESCRIPTION This refers to the host on the LAN. This refers to the host on the WAN. This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN. This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN. NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host. 11.8.2 What NAT Does In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber
(the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed. The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP. In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many-
to-One and Many-to-Many Overload mapping), NAT offers the additional benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your Device filters out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 193 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) 11.8.3 How NAT Works Each packet has two addresses a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets, the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The Device keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this. Figure 89 How NAT Works LAN 192.168.1.13 192.168.1.12 SA 192.168.1.10 WAN NAT Table Inside Local IP Address 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.12 192.168.1.13 Inside Global IP Address IGA 1 IGA 2 IGA 3 IGA 4 SA IGA1 Inside Local Address (ILA) Inside Global Address (IGA) 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.10 11.8.4 NAT Application The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs (logical LANs using IP alias) behind the Device can communicate with three distinct WAN networks. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 194 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) Figure 90 NAT Application With IP Alias Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers The most often used port numbers are shown in the following table. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers. Please also refer to the Supporting CD for more examples and details on port forwarding and NAT. Table 67 Services and Port Numbers SERVICES ECHO FTP (File Transfer Protocol) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) DNS (Domain Name System) Finger HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer protocol or WWW, Web) POP3 (Post Office Protocol) NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol) SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) SNMP trap PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) Port Forwarding Example PORT NUMBER 7 21 25 53 79 80 110 119 161 162 1723 Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 195 Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet. Figure 91 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example A=192.168.1.33 192.168.1.1 B=192.168.1.34 C=192.168.1.35 D=192.168.1.36 IP address assigned by ISP VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 196 CHAPTER 12 Dynamic DNS Setup 12.1 Overview DNS DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a machine before you can access it. In addition to the system DNS server(s), each WAN interface (service) is set to have its own static or dynamic DNS server list. You can configure a DNS static route to forward DNS queries for certain domain names through a specific WAN interface to its DNS server(s). The Device uses a system DNS server (in the order you specify in the Broadband screen) to resolve domain names that do not match any DNS routing entry. After the Device receives a DNS reply from a DNS server, it creates a new entry for the resolved IP address in the routing table. Dynamic DNS Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address. First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key. 12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the DNS Entry screen to view, configure, or remove DNS routes (Section 12.2 on page 198). Use the Dynamic DNS screen to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the Device
(Section 12.3 on page 199). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 197 Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS Setup 12.1.2 What You Need To Know DYNDNS Wildcard Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname. If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS. 12.2 The DNS Entry Screen Use this screen to view and configure DNS routes on the Device. Click Network Setting > DNS to open the DNS Entry screen. Figure 92 Network Setting > DNS > DNS Entry The following table describes the fields in this screen. DESCRIPTION Click this to create a new DNS entry. Table 68 Network Setting > DNS > DNS Entry LABEL Add new DNS entry
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Hostname IP Address Modify This is the index number of the entry. This indicates the host name or domain name. This indicates the IP address assigned to this computer. Click the Edit icon to edit the rule. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. 12.2.1 Add/Edit DNS Entry You can manually add or edit the Devices DNS name and IP address entry. Click Add new DNS entry in the DNS Entry screen or the Edit icon next to the entry you want to edit. The screen shown next appears. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 198 Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS Setup Figure 93 DNS Entry: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 69 DNS Entry: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTION Enter the host name of the DNS entry. Host Name Enter the IP address of the DNS entry. IP Address Click Apply to save your changes. Apply Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Cancel 12.3 The Dynamic DNS Screen Use this screen to change your Devices DDNS. Click Network Setting > DNS > Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown. Figure 94 Network Setting > DNS > Dynamic DNS The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 70 Network Setting > DNS > > Dynamic DNS LABEL Dynamic DNS Service Provider Hostname DESCRIPTION Select Enable to use dynamic DNS. Select your Dynamic DNS service provider from the drop-down list box. Type the domain name assigned to your Device by your Dynamic DNS provider. Username You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (","). Type your user name. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 199 Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS Setup Table 70 Network Setting > DNS > > Dynamic DNS (continued) LABEL Password Email DESCRIPTION Type the password assigned to you. If you select TZO in the Service Provider field, enter the user name you used to register for this service. If you select TZO in the Service Provider field, enter the password you used to register for this service. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Key Apply Cancel VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 200 CHAPTER 13 Interface Group 13.1 Overview By default, all LAN and WAN interfaces on the Device are in the same group and can communicate with each other. Create interface groups to have the Device assign the IP addresses in different domains to different groups. Each group acts as an independent network on the Device. This lets devices connected to an interface groups LAN interfaces communicate through the interface groups WAN or LAN interfaces but not other WAN or LAN interfaces. 13.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Interface Group screens let you create multiple networks on the Device (Section 13.2 on page 201). 13.2 The Interface Group Screen You can manually add a LAN interface to a new group. Alternatively, you can have the Device automatically add the incoming traffic and the LAN interface on which traffic is received to an interface group when its DHCP Vendor ID option information matches one listed for the interface group. Use the LAN screen to configure the private IP addresses the DHCP server on the Device assigns to the clients in the default and/or user-defined groups. If you set the Device to assign IP addresses based on the clients DHCP Vendor ID option information, you must enable DHCP server and configure LAN TCP/IP settings for both the default and user-defined groups. See Chapter 8 on page 133 for more information. In the following example, the client that sends packets with the DHCP Vendor ID option set to MSFT 5.0 (meaning it is a Windows 2000 DHCP client) is assigned the IP address 192.168.2.2 and uses the WAN VDSL_PoE/ppp0.1 interface. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 201 Chapter 13 Interface Group Figure 95 Interface Grouping Application Default: ETH 2~4 192.168.1.x/24 eth10.0 VDSL_PoE/ppp0.1 Internet 192.168.2.x/24 DHCP Vendor ID option: MSFT 5.0 Click Network Setting > Interface Group to open the following screen. Figure 96 Network Setting > Interface Group The following table describes the fields in this screen. DESCRIPTION Click this button to create a new interface group. Table 71 Network Setting > Interface Group LABEL Add New Interface Group Group Name WAN Interface LAN Interfaces Criteria Modify Add This shows the descriptive name of the group. This shows the WAN interfaces in the group. This shows the LAN interfaces in the group. This shows the filtering criteria for the group. Click the Delete icon to remove the group. Click this button to create a new group. 13.2.1 Interface Group Configuration Click the Add New Interface Group button in the Interface Group screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to create a new interface group. Note: An interface can belong to only one group at a time. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 202 Chapter 13 Interface Group Figure 97 Interface Group Configuration The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 72 Interface Group Configuration LABEL Group Name WAN Interface used in the grouping Grouped LAN Interfaces Available LAN Interfaces Automatically Add Clients With the following DHCP Vendor IDs
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Filter Criteria WildCard Support Remove DESCRIPTION Enter a name to identify this group. You can enter up to 30 characters. You can use letters, numbers, hyphens (-) and underscores (_). Spaces are not allowed. Select the WAN interface this group uses. The group can have up to one PTM interface and up to one ATM interface. Select None to not add a WAN interface to this group. Select one or more LAN interfaces (Ethernet LAN, HPNA or wireless LAN) in the Available LAN Interfaces list and use the left arrow to move them to the Grouped LAN Interfaces list to add the interfaces to this group. To remove a LAN or wireless LAN interface from the Grouped LAN Interfaces, use the right-facing arrow. Click Add to identify LAN hosts to add to the interface group by criteria such as the type of the hardware or firmware. See Section 13.2.2 on page 204 for more information. This shows the index number of the rule. This shows the filtering criteria. The LAN interface on which the matched traffic is received will belong to this group automatically. This shows if wildcard on DHCP option 60 is enabled. Click the Remove icon to delete this rule from the Device. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 203 Chapter 13 Interface Group Table 72 Interface Group Configuration (continued) LABEL Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 13.2.2 Interface Grouping Criteria Click the Add button in the Interface Grouping Configuration screen to open the following screen. Figure 98 Interface Grouping Criteria The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 73 Interface Grouping Criteria LABEL Source MAC Address DHCP Option 60 DESCRIPTION Enter the source MAC address of the packet. Select this option and enter the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60) of the matched traffic, such as the type of the hardware or firmware. Select this option to be able to use wildcards in the Vendor Class Identifier configured for DHCP option 60. Enable wildcard on DHCP option 60 option DHCP Option 61 IAID Select this and enter the device identity of the matched traffic. Enter the Identity Association Identifier (IAID) of the device, for example, the WAN connection index number. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 204 Chapter 13 Interface Group Table 73 Interface Grouping Criteria (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION Select DUID-LLT (DUID Based on Link-layer Address Plus Time) to enter the hardware type, a time value and the MAC address of the device. Select DUID-EN (DUID Assigned by Vendor Based upon Enterprise Number) to enter the vendors registered enterprise number. Select DUID-LL (DUID Based on Link-layer Address) to enter the devices hardware type and hardware address (MAC address) in the following fields. Select Other to enter any string that identifies the device in the DUID field. Select this and enter vendor specific information of the matched traffic. Enter the vendors 32-bit enterprise number registered with the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). Specify the vendors OUI (Organization Unique Identifier). It is usually the first three bytes of the MAC address. Enter the product class of the device. Enter the model name of the device. Enter the serial number of the device. DUID type DHCP Option 125 Enterprise Number Manufactur er OUI Product Class Model Name Serial Number Apply Cancel Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 205 Chapter 13 Interface Group VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 206 CHAPTER 14 USB Service 14.1 Overview The Device has a USB port used to share files via a USB memory stick or a USB hard drive. In the USB Service screens, you can enable file-sharing server, media server, and printer server. 14.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the File Sharing screen to enable file-sharing server (Section 14.2 on page 208). Use the Media Server screen to enable or disable the sharing of media files (Section 14.3 on page 210). Use the Printer Server screen to enable the print server (Section 14.4 on page 211). 14.1.2 What You Need To Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter. 14.1.2.1 About File Sharing Workgroup name This is the name given to a set of computers that are connected on a network and share resources such as a printer or files. Windows automatically assigns the workgroup name when you set up a network. Shares When settings are set to default, each USB device connected to the Device is given a folder, called a share. If a USB hard drive connected to the Device has more than one partition, then each partition will be allocated a share. You can also configure a share to be a sub-folder or file on the USB device. File Systems A file system is a way of storing and organizing files on your hard drive and storage device. Often different operating systems such as Windows or Linux have different file systems. The file sharing feature on your Device supports File Allocation Table (FAT) and FAT32. Common Internet File System The Device uses Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol for its file sharing functions. CIFS compatible computers can access the USB file storage devices connected to the Device. CIFS VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 207 Chapter 14 USB Service protocol is supported on Microsoft Windows, Linux Samba and other operating systems (refer to your systems specifications for CIFS compatibility). 14.1.2.2 About Printer Server Print Server This is a computer or other device which manages one or more printers, and which sends print jobs to each printer from the computer itself or other devices. Operating System An operating system (OS) is the interface which helps you manage a computer. Common examples are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux. TCP/IP TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) is a set of communications protocols that most of the Internet runs on. Port A port maps a network service such as http to a process running on your computer, such as a process run by your web browser. When traffic from the Internet is received on your computer, the port number is used to identify which process running on your computer it is intended for. Supported OSs Your operating system must support TCP/IP ports for printing and be compatible with the RAW (port 9100) protocol. The following OSs support Devices printer sharing feature. Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Me, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP or Macintosh OS X. 14.2 The File Sharing Screen You can share files on a USB memory stick or hard drive connected to your Device with users on your network. The following figure is an overview of the Devices file server feature. Computers A and B can access files on a USB device (C) which is connected to the Device. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 208 Chapter 14 USB Service Figure 99 File Sharing Overview B C A The Device will not be able to join the workgroup if your local area network has restrictions set up that do not allow devices to join a workgroup. In this case, contact your network administrator. 14.2.1 Before You Begin Make sure the Device is connected to your network and turned on. 1 2 Connect the USB device to one of the Devices USB port. Make sure the Device is connected to your network. The Device detects the USB device and makes its contents available for browsing. If you are connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is connected to an appropriate power source that is on. Note: If your USB device cannot be detected by the Device, see the troubleshooting for suggestions. Use this screen to set up file sharing using the Device. To access this screen, click Network Setting > USB Service > File Sharing. Figure 100 Network Setting > USB Service > File Sharing VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 209 Chapter 14 USB Service Each field is described in the following table. DESCRIPTION Select Enable to activate file sharing through the Device. Table 74 Network Setting > Home Networking > File Sharing LABEL File Sharing Services Host Name Apply Cancel Enter the host name on the share. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. 14.3 The Media Server Screen The media server feature lets anyone on your network play video, music, and photos from the USB storage device connected to your Device (without having to copy them to another computer). The Device can function as a DLNA-compliant media server. The Device streams files to DLNA-compliant media clients (like Windows Media Player). The Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) is a group of personal computer and electronics companies that works to make products compatible in a home network. The Device media server enables you to:
Publish all shares for everyone to play media files in the USB storage device connected to the Device. Use hardware-based media clients like the DMA-2500 to play the files. Note: Anyone on your network can play the media files in the published shares. No user name and password or other form of security is used. The media server is enabled by default with the video, photo, and music shares published. To change your Devices media server settings, click Network Setting > USB Service > Media Server. The screen appears as shown. Figure 101 Network Setting > USB Service > Media Server VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 210 Chapter 14 USB Service The following table describes the labels in this menu. Table 75 Network Setting > USB Service > Media Server LABEL Media Server DESCRIPTION Select Enable to have the Device function as a DLNA-compliant media server. Enable the media server to let (DLNA-compliant) media clients on your network play media files located in the shares. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. Apply Cancel 14.4 The Printer Server Screen The Device allows you to share a USB printer on your LAN. You can do this by connecting a USB printer to one of the USB ports on the Device and then adding the printer on the computers connected to your network. See Section 4.11 on page 62 for instructions on adding a printer on your computer. Figure 102 Sharing a USB Printer 14.4.1 Before You Begin To configure the print server you need the following:
Your Device must be connected to your computer and any other devices on your network. The USB printer must be connected to your Device. A USB printer with the driver already installed on your computer. See Section 4.11 on page 62 for instructions on adding a printer on your computer. Note: Your printers installation instructions may ask that you connect the printer to your computer. Connect your printer to the Device instead. Use this screen to enable or disable sharing of a USB printer via your Device. To access this screen, click Network Setting > USB Service > Printer Server. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 211 Chapter 14 USB Service Figure 103 Network Setting > USB Service > Printer Server The following table describes the labels in this menu. Table 76 Network Setting > USB Service > Print Server LABEL Printer Server Printer Name Make and model Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Select Enable to have the Device share a USB printer. Enter the name of the printer. Enter the manufacturer and model number of the printer. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 212 CHAPTER 15 Firewall 15.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to enable and configure the Devices security settings. Use the firewall to protect your Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. By default the firewall:
allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks. blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN. The following figure illustrates the default firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4). Figure 104 Default Firewall Action LAN WAN A 1 2 3 4 15.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the General screen to configure the security level of the firewall on the Device (Section 15.2 on page 215). Use the Service screen to add or remove predefined Internet services and configure firewall rules (Section 15.3 on page 215). Use the Access Control screen to view and configure incoming/outgoing filtering rules (Section 15.4 on page 217). Use the DoS screen to activate protection against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks (Section 15.5 on page 220). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 213 Chapter 15 Firewall 15.1.2 What You Need to Know SYN Attack A SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-
ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users. DoS Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer have access to network resources. The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS attacks. DDoS A DDoS attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system. LAND Attack In a LAND attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself. Ping of Death Ping of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum 65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or reboot. SPI Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. For example, traffic from the WAN may only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 214 Chapter 15 Firewall 15.2 The Firewall Screen Use this screen to set the security level of the firewall on the Device. Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply. Click Security > Firewall to display the General screen. Figure 105 Security > Firewall > General The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 77 Security > Firewall > General LABEL Firewall Easy Medium High Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Select Enable to activate the firewall feature on the Device. Select Easy to allow LAN to WAN and WAN to LAN packet directions. Select Medium to allow LAN to WAN but deny WAN to LAN packet directions. Select High to deny LAN to WAN and WAN to LAN packet directions. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. 15.3 The Service Screen You can configure customized services and port numbers in the Service screen. For a comprehensive list of port numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) website. See Appendix F on page 353 for some examples. This screen is not applicable to VMG4381. Click Security > Firewall > Service to display the following screen. Figure 106 Security > Firewall > Service VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 215 Chapter 15 Firewall The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION Click this to add a new service. Table 78 Security > Firewall > Service LABEL Add new service entry Name Description Ports/Protocol Number Modify This is the name of your customized service. This is the description of your customized service. This shows the IP protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP, or TCP/UDP) and the port number or range of ports that defines your customized service. Other and the protocol number displays if the service uses another IP protocol. Click the Edit icon to edit the entry. Click the Delete icon to remove this entry. 15.3.1 Add/Edit a Service Use this screen to add a customized service rule that you can use in the firewalls ACL rule configuration. Click Add new service entry or the edit icon next to an existing service rule in the Service screen to display the following screen. Figure 107 Service: Add/Edit VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 216 Chapter 15 Firewall The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 79 Service: Add/Edit LABEL Protocol DESCRIPTION Choose the IP protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP, or Other) that defines your customized port from the drop-down list box. Select Other to be able to enter a protocol number. These fields are displayed if you select TCP or UDP as the IP port. Select Single to specify one port only or Range to specify a span of ports that define your customized service. If you select Any, the service is applied to all ports. Type a single port number or the range of port numbers that define your customized service. This field is displayed if you select Other as the protocol. Enter the protocol number of your customized port. Click this to add the protocol to the Rule List below. This is the IP port (TCP, UDP, ICMP, or Other) that defines your customized port. For TCP, UDP, ICMP, or TCP/UDP protocol rules this shows the port number or range that defines the custom service. For other IP protocol rules this shows the protocol number. Click the Delete icon to remove the rule. Enter a unique name (up to 32 printable English keyboard characters, including spaces) for your customized port. Enter a description for your customized port. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Source/
Destination Port Protocol Number Add Rule List Protocol Ports/Protocol Number Modify Service Name Service Description Apply Cancel 15.4 The Access Control Screen Click Security > Firewall > Access Control to display the following screen. This screen displays a list of the configured incoming or outgoing filtering rules. Figure 108 Security > Firewall > Access Control VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 217 Chapter 15 Firewall The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 80 Security > Firewall > Access Control LABEL DoS Protection DESCRIPTION DoS (Denial of Service) attacks can flood your Internet connection with invalid packets and connection requests, using so much bandwidth and so many resources that Internet access becomes unavailable. Add new ACL rule
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Name Src IP Dst IP Service Action Modify Select the Enable check box to enable protection against DoS attacks. Click this to go to add a filter rule for incoming or outgoing IP traffic. This is the index number of the entry. This displays the name of the rule. This displays the source IP addresses to which this rule applies. Please note that a blank source address is equivalent to Any. This displays the destination IP addresses to which this rule applies. Please note that a blank destination address is equivalent to Any. This displays the transport layer protocol that defines the service and the direction of traffic to which this rule applies. This field displays whether the rule silently discards packets (DROP), discards packets and sends a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender
(REJECT) or allows the passage of packets (ACCEPT). Click the Edit icon to edit the rule. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action. Click the Move To icon to change the order of the rule. Enter the number in the # field. 15.4.1 Add/Edit an ACL Rule Click Add new ACL rule or the Edit icon next to an existing ACL rule in the Access Control screen. The following screen displays. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 218 Chapter 15 Firewall Figure 109 Access Control: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 81 Access Control: Add/Edit LABEL Filter Name DESCRIPTION Enter a descriptive name of up to 16 alphanumeric characters, not including spaces, underscores, and dashes. Order Select Source Device Source IP Address Select Destination Device Destination IP Address IP Type Select Protocol You must enter the filter name to add an ACL rule. This field is read-only if you are editing the ACL rule. Select the order of the ACL rule. Select the source device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address, enter the source IP address in the field below. Enter the source IP address. Select the destination device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address, enter the destiniation IP address in the field below. Enter the destination IP address. Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6. Select the transport layer protocol that defines your customized port from the drop-down list box. The specific protocol rule sets you add in the Security > Firewall > Service >
Add screen display in this list. If you want to configure a customized protocol, select Specific Service. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 219 Chapter 15 Firewall Table 81 Access Control: Add/Edit (continued) LABEL Protocol DESCRIPTION This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol. Custom Source Port Custom Destination Port Policy Direction Enable Rate Limit Choose the IP port (TCP/UDP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, or ICMPv6) that defines your customized port from the drop-down list box. This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol. Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the source. This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol. Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the destination. Use the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (DROP), deny and send an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender of (REJECT) or allow the passage of
(ACCEPT) packets that match this rule. Use the drop-down list box to select the direction of traffic to which this rule applies. Select this check box to set a limit on the upstream/downstream transmission rate for the specified protocol. Specify how many packets per minute or second the transmission rate is. Scheduler Rules Select a schedule rule for this ACL rule form the drop-down list box. You can configure a new schedule rule by click Add New Rule. This will bring you to the Security > Scheduler Rules screen. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Apply Cancel 15.5 The DoS Screen DoS (Denial of Service) attacks can flood your Internet connection with invalid packets and connection requests, using so much bandwidth and so many resources that Internet access becomes unavailable. Use the DoS screen to activate protection against DoS attacks. Click Security > Firewall > DoS to display the following screen. Figure 110 Security > Firewall > DoS VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 220 Chapter 15 Firewall The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION Select Enable to enable protection against DoS attacks. Table 82 Security > Firewall > DoS LABEL DoS Protection Blocking Deny Ping Response Apply Cancel Select Enable to block ping request packets. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 221 Chapter 15 Firewall VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 222 CHAPTER 16 MAC Filter 16.1 Overview You can configure the Device to permit access to clients based on their MAC addresses in the MAC Filter screen. This applies to wired and wireless connections. Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC addresses of the devices to configure this screen. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 223 Chapter 16 MAC Filter 16.2 The MAC Filter Screen Use this screen to allow wireless and LAN clients access to the Device. Click Security > MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown. Figure 111 Security > MAC Filter The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 83 Security > MAC Filter LABEL MAC Address Filter Select Enable to activate the MAC filter function. Set Allow DESCRIPTION This is the index number of the MAC address. Select Allow to permit access to the Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the Device. Host name MAC Address If you clear this, the MAC Address field for this set clears. Enter the host name of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the Device. Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 224 Chapter 16 MAC Filter Table 83 Security > MAC Filter (continued) LABEL Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 225 Chapter 16 MAC Filter VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 226 CHAPTER 17 Parental Control 17.1 Overview Parental control allows you to block web sites with the specific URL. You can also define time periods and days during which the Device performs parental control on a specific user. 17.2 The Parental Control Screen Use this screen to enable parental control, view the parental control rules and schedules. Click Security > Parental Control to open the following screen. Figure 112 Security > Parental Control The following table describes the fields in this screen. DESCRIPTION Select Enable to activate parental control. Table 84 Security > Parental Control LABEL Parental Control Add new PCP
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Status Click this if you want to configure a new parental control rule. This shows the index number of the rule. This indicates whether the rule is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active. This shows the name of the rule. This shows the MAC address of the LAN users computer to which this rule applies. PCP Name Home Network User (MAC) VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 227 Chapter 17 Parental Control DESCRIPTION This shows the day(s) and time on which parental control is enabled. Table 84 Security > Parental Control (continued) LABEL Internet Access Schedule Network Service Website Block Modify This shows whether the network service is configured. If not, None will be shown. This shows whether the website block is configured. If not, None will be shown. Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule. Apply Cancel Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. 17.2.1 Add/Edit a Parental Control Rule Click Add new PCP in the Parental Control screen to add a new rule or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to edit it. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule and/or URL filtering settings to block the users on your network from accessing certain web sites. Figure 113 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 228 Chapter 17 Parental Control The following table describes the fields in this screen. DESCRIPTION Table 85 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit LABEL General Active Parental Control Profile Name Home Network User Select the checkbox to activate this parental control rule. Enter a descriptive name for the rule. Internet Access Schedule Day Time Network Service Network Service Setting Select the LAN user that you want to apply this rule to from the drop-down list box. If you select Custom, enter the LAN users MAC address. If you select All, the rule applies to all LAN users. Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform parental control. Drag the time bar to define the time that the LAN user is allowed access. If you select Block, the Device prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the URLs listed below. Add new service
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Service Name Protocol:Port Modify Blocked Site/
URL Keyword Apply Cancel If you select Allow, the Device blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below. Click this to show a screen in which you can add a new service rule. You can configure the Service Name, Protocol, and Name of the new rule. This shows the index number of the rule. Select the checkbox next to the rule to activate it. This shows the name of the rule. This shows the protocol and the port of the rule. Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule. Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. Click Add to show a screen to enter the URL of web site or URL keyword to which the Device blocks access. Click Delete to remove it. Click this button to save your settings back to the Device. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 229 Chapter 17 Parental Control VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 230 CHAPTER 18 Scheduler Rules 18.1 Overview You can define time periods and days during which the Device performs scheduled rules of certain features (such as Firewall Access Control, Parental Control) on a specific user in the Scheduler Rules screen. 18.2 The Scheduler Rules Screen Use this screen to view, add, or edit time schedule rules. Click Security > Scheduler Rules to open the following screen. Figure 114 Security > Scheduler Rules The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 86 Security > Scheduler Rules LABEL Add new rule
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Rule Name Day Time Description Modify DESCRIPTION Click this to create a new rule. This is the index number of the entry. This shows the name of the rule. This shows the day(s) on which this rule is enabled. This shows the period of time on which this rule is enabled. This shows the description of this rule. Click the Edit icon to edit the schedule. Click the Delete icon to delete a scheduler rule. Note: You cannot delete a scheduler rule once it is applied to a certain feature. 18.2.1 Add/Edit a Schedule Click the Add button in the Scheduler Rules screen or click the Edit icon next to a schedule rule to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule for a specific user on your network. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 231 Chapter 18 Scheduler Rules Figure 115 Scheduler Rules: Add/Edit The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 87 Scheduler Rules: Add/Edit LABEL Rule Name DESCRIPTION Enter a name (up to 31 printable English keyboard characters, not including spaces) for this schedule. Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform this scheduler rule. Enter the time period of each day, in 24-hour format, during which parental control will be enforced. Enter a description for this scheduler rule. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Day Time if Day Range Description Apply Cancel VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 232 CHAPTER 19 Certificates 19.1 Overview The Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owners identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication. 19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Local Certificates screen lets you generate certification requests and import the Device's CA-signed certificates (Section 19.4 on page 237). The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the Device (Section 19.4 on page 237). 19.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. Certification Authority A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority. 19.3 The Local Certificates Screen Click Security > Certificates to open the Local Certificates screen. This is the Devices summary list of certificates and certification requests. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 233 Chapter 19 Certificates Figure 116 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 88 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates LABEL Private Key is protected by a password?
Browse... Import Certificate Click this button to save the certificate that you have enrolled from a certification DESCRIPTION Select the checkbox and enter the private key into the text box to store it on the Device. The private key should not exceed 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces). Click this to find the certificate file you want to upload. Create Certificate Request Current File Subject Issuer Valid From Valid To Modify authority from your computer to the Device. Click this button to go to the screen where you can have the Device generate a certification request. This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give each certificate a unique name. This field displays identifying information about the certificates owner, such as CN
(Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department), O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information. This field displays identifying information about the certificates issuing certification authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and country. This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable. This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired. Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate (or certification request). For a certification request, click Load Signed to import the signed certificate. Click the Remove icon to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use. 19.3.1 Create Certificate Request Click Security > Certificates > Local Certificates and then Create Certificate Request to open the following screen. Use this screen to have the Device generate a certification request. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 234 Chapter 19 Certificates Figure 117 Create Certificate Request The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 89 Create Certificate Request LABEL Certificate Name Common Name Select Auto to have the Device configure this field automatically. Or select Customize to DESCRIPTION Type up to 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces) to identify this certificate. enter it manually. Type the IP address (in dotted decimal notation), domain name or e-mail address in the field provided. The domain name or e-mail address can be up to 63 ASCII characters. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string. Type up to 63 characters to identify the company or group to which the certificate owner belongs. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces. Type up to 32 characters to identify the state or province where the certificate owner is located. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces. Select a country to identify the nation where the certificate owner is located. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. Organization Name State/Province Name Country/Region Name Apply Cancel After you click Apply, the following screen displays to notify you that you need to get the certificate request signed by a Certificate Authority. If you already have, click Load_Signed to import the signed certificate into the Device. Otherwise click Back to return to the Local Certificates screen. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 235 Chapter 19 Certificates Figure 118 Certificate Request Created 19.3.2 Load Signed Certificate After you create a certificate request and have it signed by a Certificate Authority, in the Local Certificates screen click the certificate requests Load Signed icon to import the signed certificate into the Device. Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificates filename before you can import it. Figure 119 Load Signed Certificate VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 236 Chapter 19 Certificates The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION This is the name of the signed certificate. Table 90 Load Signed Certificate LABEL Certificate Name Certificate Apply Cancel Copy and paste the signed certificate into the text box to store it on the Device. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. 19.4 The Trusted CA Screen Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the following screen. This screen displays a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the Device to accept as trusted. The Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities. Figure 120 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 91 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA LABEL Import Certificate
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Name Subject DESCRIPTION Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust to the Device. This is the index number of the entry. This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information. This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate (or certification request). Type Modify Click the Remove button to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use. 19.4.1 View Trusted CA Certificate Click the View icon in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authoritys certificate. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 237 Chapter 19 Certificates Figure 121 Trusted CA: View The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 92 Trusted CA: View LABEL Name Type DESCRIPTION This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C). This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses base 64 to convert the binary certificate into a printable form. You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example). Click Back to return to the previous screen. Subject Certificate Back 19.4.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate Click the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The Device trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 238 Chapter 19 Certificates Figure 122 Trusted CA: Import Certificate The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 93 Trusted CA: Import Certificate LABEL Certificate File Path Enable Trusted CA for 802.1x Authentication Certificate OK Cancel DESCRIPTION Type in the location of the certificate you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. If you select this checkbox, the trusted CA will be used for 802.1x authentication. The selected trusted CA will be displayed in the Network Setting > Broadband > 802.1x:
Edit screen. Copy and paste the certificate into the text box to store it on the Device. Click OK to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 239 Chapter 19 Certificates VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 240 CHAPTER 20 Log 20.1 Overview The web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the Device log and then display the logs or have the Device send them to an administrator (as e-mail) or to a syslog server. 20.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the System Log screen to see the system logs (Section 20.2 on page 242). Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select
(Section 20.3 on page 243). 20.1.2 What You Need To Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter. Alerts and Logs An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks
(access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black. Syslog Overview The syslog protocol allows devices to send event notification messages across an IP network to syslog servers that collect the event messages. A syslog-enabled device can generate a syslog message and send it to a syslog server. Syslog is defined in RFC 3164. The RFC defines the packet format, content and system log related information of syslog messages. Each syslog message has a facility and severity level. The syslog facility identifies a file in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for details. The following table describes the syslog severity levels. Table 94 Syslog Severity Levels CODE 0 1 2 3 4 SEVERITY Emergency: The system is unusable. Alert: Action must be taken immediately. Critical: The system condition is critical. Error: There is an error condition on the system. Warning: There is a warning condition on the system. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 241 Chapter 20 Log Table 94 Syslog Severity Levels CODE 5 6 7 SEVERITY Notice: There is a normal but significant condition on the system. Informational: The syslog contains an informational message. Debug: The message is intended for debug-level purposes. 20.2 The System Log Screen Use the System Log screen to see the system logs. Click System Monitor > Log to open the System Log screen. Figure 123 System Monitor > Log > System Log The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 95 System Monitor > Log > System Log LABEL Level DESCRIPTION Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches through all logs of that severity or higher. Select the type of logs to display. Click this to delete all the logs. Click this to renew the log screen. Click this to export the selected log(s). Category Clear Log Refresh Export Log Email Log Now Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance >
Logs Setting screen. System Log
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Time Facility Level Messages This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry. This field displays the time the log was recorded. The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for more details. This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog server. This field states the reason for the log. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 242 Chapter 20 Log 20.3 The Security Log Screen Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select. Click System Monitor > Log > Security Log to open the following screen. Figure 124 System Monitor > Log > Security Log The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 96 System Monitor > Log > Security Log LABEL Level DESCRIPTION Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches through all logs of that severity or higher. Select the type of logs to display. Click this to delete all the logs. Click this to renew the log screen. Click this to export the selected log(s). Category Clear Log Refresh Export Log Email Log Now Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance >
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Time Facility Level Messages Logs Setting screen. This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry. This field displays the time the log was recorded. The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for more details. This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog server. This field states the reason for the log. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 243 Chapter 20 Log VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 244 CHAPTER 21 Traffic Status 21.1 Overview Use the Traffic Status screens to look at network traffic status and statistics of the WAN and LAN interfaces. 21.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the WAN screen to view the WAN traffic statistics (Section 21.2 on page 245). Use the LAN screen to view the LAN traffic statistics (Section 21.3 on page 246). 21.2 The WAN Status Screen Click System Monitor > Traffic Status to open the WAN screen. The figure in this screen shows the number of bytes received and sent on the Device. Figure 125 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 245 Chapter 21 Traffic Status The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 97 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN LABEL Connected Interface Packets Sent DESCRIPTION This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently connected. Data Error Drop This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface. This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface. Packets Received Data Error Drop more...hide more Disabled Interface Packets Sent This indicates the number of received packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface. This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface. Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them. This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently disconnected. Data Error Drop This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface. This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface. Packets Received Data Error Drop This indicates the number of received packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface. This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface. 21.3 The LAN Status Screen Click System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN to open the following screen. The figure in this screen shows the interface that is currently connected on the Device. Figure 126 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN The following table describes the fields in this screen. DESCRIPTION Table 98 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN LABEL Refresh Interval Select how often you want the Device to update this screen. Interface Bytes Sent This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 246 Chapter 21 Traffic Status Table 98 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN (continued) LABEL more...hide more Interface Sent (Packets) This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. DESCRIPTION Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them. Data Error Drop This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface. This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface. Received (Packets) Data Error Drop This indicates the number of received packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface. This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 247 Chapter 21 Traffic Status VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 248 CHAPTER 22 ARP Table 22.1 Overview Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address, also known as a Media Access Control or MAC address, on the local area network. An IP (version 4) address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet LAN, MAC addresses are 48 bits long. The ARP Table maintains an association between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address. 22.1.1 How ARP Works When an incoming packet destined for a host device on a local area network arrives at the device, the device's ARP program looks in the ARP Table and, if it finds the address, sends it to the device. If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts the request to all the devices on the LAN. The device fills in its own MAC and IP address in the sender address fields, and puts the known IP address of the target in the target IP address field. In addition, the device puts all ones in the target MAC field (FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF is the Ethernet broadcast address). The replying device (which is either the IP address of the device being sought or the router that knows the way) replaces the broadcast address with the target's MAC address, swaps the sender and target pairs, and unicasts the answer directly back to the requesting machine. ARP updates the ARP Table for future reference and then sends the packet to the MAC address that replied. 22.2 ARP Table Screen Use the ARP table to view IP-to-MAC address mapping(s). To open this screen, click System Monitor > ARP Table. Figure 127 System Monitor > ARP Table The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 99 System Monitor > ARP Table LABEL
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IP Address DESCRIPTION This is the ARP table entry number. This is the learned IP address of a device connected to a port. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 249 Chapter 22 ARP Table Table 99 System Monitor > ARP Table (continued) LABEL MAC Address Device DESCRIPTION This is the MAC address of the device with the listed IP address. This is the type of interface used by the device. You can click on the device type to go to its configuration screen. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 250 CHAPTER 23 Routing Table 23.1 Overview Routing is based on the destination address only and the Device takes the shortest path to forward a packet. 23.2 The Routing Table Screen Click System Monitor > Routing Table to open the following screen. Figure 128 System Monitor > Routing Table The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 100 System Monitor > Routing Table LABEL Destination Gateway Subnet Mask Flag DESCRIPTION This indicates the destination IP address of this route. This indicates the IP address of the gateway that helps forward this routes traffic. This indicates the destination subnet mask of this route. This indicates the route status. U-Up: The route is up.
!-Reject: The route is blocked and will force a route lookup to fail. G-Gateway: The route uses a gateway to forward traffic. H-Host: The target of the route is a host. R-Reinstate: The route is reinstated for dynamic routing. Metric D-Dynamic (redirect): The route is dynamically installed by a routing daemon or redirect. M-Modified (redirect): The route is modified from a routing daemon or redirect. The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the best route for transmission by choosing a path with the lowest "cost". The smaller the number, the lower the "cost". VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 251 Chapter 23 Routing Table Table 100 System Monitor > Routing Table (continued) LABEL Service Interface DESCRIPTION This indicates the name of the service used to forward the route. This indicates the name of the interface through which the route is forwarded. br0 indicates the LAN interface. ptm0 indicates the WAN interface using IPoE or in bridge mode. ppp0 indicates the WAN interface using PPPoE. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 252 CHAPTER 24 IGMP Status 24.1 Overview Use the IGMP Status screens to look at IGMP group status and traffic statistics. 24.2 The IGMP Group Status Screen Use this screen to look at the current list of multicast groups the Device has joined and which ports have joined it. To open this screen, click System Monitor > IGMP Group Status. Figure 129 System Monitor > IGMP Group Status The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 101 System Monitor > IGMP Group Status LABEL Interface DESCRIPTION This field displays the name of an interface on the Device that belongs to an IGMP multicast group. Multicast Group This field displays the name of the IGMP multicast group to which the interface belongs. Filter Mode INCLUDE means that only the IP addresses in the Source List get to receive the multicast groups traffic. Source List EXCLUDE means that the IP addresses in the Source List are not allowed to receive the multicast groups traffic but other IP addresses can. This is the list of IP addresses that are allowed or not allowed to receive the multicast groups traffic depending on the filter mode. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 253 Chapter 24 IGMP Status VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 254 CHAPTER 25 xDSL Statistics 25.1 The xDSL Statistics Screen Use this screen to view detailed DSL statistics. Click System Monitor > xDSL Statistics to open the following screen. Figure 130 System Monitor > xDSL Statistics VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 255 Chapter 25 xDSL Statistics The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 102 Status > xDSL Statistics LABEL Refresh Interval Line xDSL Training Status Mode Traffic Type DESCRIPTION Select the time interval for refreshing statistics. Select which DSL lines statistics you want to display. This displays the current state of setting up the DSL connection. This displays the ITU standard used for this connection. This displays the type of traffic the DSL port is sending and receiving. Inactive displays if the DSL port is not currently sending or receiving traffic. This displays how long the port has been running (or connected) since the last time it was started. These are the statistics for the traffic direction going out from the port to the service provider. Downstream These are the statistics for the traffic direction coming into the port from the service provider. These are the data transfer rates at which the port is sending and receiving data. These are the rates at which the port is sending and receiving the payload data without transport layer protocol headers and traffic. This displays whether or not the port is using Trellis coding for traffic it is sending and receiving. Trellis coding helps to reduce the noise in ADSL transmissions. Trellis may reduce throughput but it makes the connection more stable. This is the upstream and downstream Signal-to-Noise Ratio margin (in dB). A DMT sub-
carriers SNR is the ratio between the received signal power and the received noise power. The signal-to-noise ratio margin is the maximum that the received noise power could increase with the system still being able to meet its transmission targets. This is the upstream and downstream interleave delay. It is the wait (in milliseconds) that determines the size of a single block of data to be interleaved (assembled) and then transmitted. Interleave delay is used when transmission error correction (Reed- Solomon) is necessary due to a less than ideal telephone line. The bigger the delay, the bigger the data block size, allowing better error correction to be performed. This is the upstream and downstream far end actual aggregate transmit power (in dBm). Upstream is how much power the port is using to transmit to the service provider. Downstream is how much port the service provider is using to transmit to the port. Upstream is how much power the service provider is receiving from the port. Downstream is how much power the port is receiving from the service provider. Sudden spikes in the lines level of external noise (impulse noise) can cause errors and result in lost packets. This could especially impact the quality of multimedia traffic such as voice or video. Impulse noise protection (INP) provides a buffer to allow for correction of errors caused by error correction to deal with this. The number of DMT (Discrete Multi-
Tone) symbols shows the level of impulse noise protection for the upstream and downstream traffic. A higher symbol value provides higher error correction capability, but it causes overhead and higher delay which may increase error rates in received multimedia data. Link Uptime xDSL Port Details Upstream Line Rate Actual Net Data Rate Trellis Coding SNR Margin Actual Delay Transmit Power Receive Power Actual INP Total Attenuation This is the upstream and downstream line attenuation, measured in decibels (dB). This attenuation is the difference between the power transmitted at the near-end and the power received at the far-end. Attenuation is affected by the channel characteristics (wire gauge, quality, condition and length of the physical line). These are the highest theoretically possible transfer rates at which the port could send and receive payload data without transport layer protocol headers and traffic. Attainable Net Data Rate xDSL Counters VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 256 Chapter 25 xDSL Statistics Table 102 Status > xDSL Statistics (continued) LABEL Downstream These are the statistics for the traffic direction coming into the port from the service DESCRIPTION Upstream FEC CRC ES SES UAS LOS LOF LOM provider. These are the statistics for the traffic direction going out from the port to the service provider. This is the number of Far End Corrected blocks. This is the number of Cyclic Redundancy Checks. This is the number of Errored Seconds meaning the number of seconds containing at least one errored block or at least one defect. This is the number of Severely Errored Seconds meaning the number of seconds containing 30% or more errored blocks or at least one defect. This is a subset of ES. This is the number of UnAvailable Seconds. This is the number of Loss Of Signal seconds. This is the number of Loss Of Frame seconds. This is the number of Loss of Margin seconds. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 257 Chapter 25 xDSL Statistics VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 258 CHAPTER 26 User Account 26.1 Overview In the Users Account screen, you can change the password of the user account that you used to log in the Device. 26.2 The User Account Screen Click Maintenance > User Account to open the following screen. Figure 131 Maintenance > User Account The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 103 Maintenance > User Account LABEL User Name Old Password DESCRIPTION This field displays the name of the account that you used to log in the system. Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field. Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new password to access the Device. Type the new password again for confirmation. New Password Retype to confirm Apply Cancel Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 259 Chapter 26 User Account VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 260 CHAPTER 27 Remote Management 27.1 Overview Remote Management allows you to manage your Device from a remote location through the following interfaces:
LAN WAN Trust Domain Note: The Device is managed using the Web Configurator. 27.2 The Remote MGMT Screen Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) users can use which service(s) to manage the Device. Click Maintenance > Remote MGMT to open the following screen. Figure 132 Maintenance > Remote MGMT VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 261 Chapter 27 Remote Management The following table describes the fields in this screen. DESCRIPTION Table 104 Maintenance > Remote MGMT LABEL Trust Domain Status IP Address Services LAN/WLAN WAN Trust Domain Port Certificate HTTPS Certificate Apply Cancel This field displays whether the Trust Domain is active or not. Enter the Trust Domain IP address. This is the service you may use to access the Device. Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the Device from the LAN/WLAN. Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the Device from the WAN. Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the Device from the Trust Domain. You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management. Select a certificate the HTTPS server (the Device) uses to authenticate itself to the HTTPS client. You must have certificates already configured in the Certificates screen. Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 262 CHAPTER 28 TR-069 Client 28.1 Overview This chapter explains how to configure the Devices TR-069 auto-configuration settings. 28.2 The TR-069 Client Screen TR-069 defines how Customer Premise Equipment (CPE), for example your Device, can be managed over the WAN by an Auto Configuration Server (ACS). TR-069 is based on sending Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) between an ACS and a client device. RPCs are sent in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format over HTTP or HTTPS. An administrator can use an ACS to remotely set up the Device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the Device. You have to enable the device to be managed by the ACS and specify the ACS IP address or domain name and username and password. Click Maintenance > TR-069 Client to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure your Device to be managed by an ACS. Figure 133 Maintenance > TR-069 Client VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 263 Chapter 28 TR-069 Client The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 105 Maintenance > TR-069 Client LABEL Inform Inform Interval DESCRIPTION Select Enable for the Device to send periodic inform via TR-069 on the WAN. Otherwise, select Disable. Enter the time interval (in seconds) at which the Device sends information to the auto-
configuration server. Enter the URL or IP address of the auto-configuration server. If you select Any_WAN, you should also select the pre-configured WAN connection(s). ACS URL ACS User Name Enter the TR-069 user name for authentication with the auto-configuration server. Enter the TR-069 password for authentication with the auto-configuration server. ACS Password WAN Interface Select a WAN interface through which the TR-069 traffic passes. used by TR-069 client Display SOAP messages on serial console Connection Request Authentication Connection Request User Name Select Enable to show the SOAP messages on the console. Enter the connection request user name. When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this user name is used to authenticate the ACS. Enter the connection request password. Select this option to enable authentication when there is a connection request from the ACS. Connection Request Password Connection Request URL Local certificate used by TR-069 client Apply Cancel When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this password is used to authenticate the ACS. This shows the connection request URL. The ACS can use this URL to make a connection request to the Device. You can choose a local certificate used by TR-069 client. The local certificate should be imported in the Security > Certificates > Local Certificates screen. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 264 CHAPTER 29 TR-064 29.1 Overview This chapter explains how to configure the Devices TR-064 auto-configuration settings. 29.2 The TR-064 Screen TR-064 is a LAN-Side DSL CPE Configuration protocol defined by the DSL Forum. TR-064 is built on top of UPnP. It allows the users to use a TR-064 compliant CPE management application on their computers from the LAN to discover the CPE and configure user-specific parameters, such as the username and password. Click Maintenance > TR-064 to open the following screen. Figure 134 Maintenance > TR-064 The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 106 Maintenance > TR-064 LABEL State Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Select Enable to activate management via TR-064 on the LAN. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 265 Chapter 29 TR-064 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 266 CHAPTER 30 Time Settings 30.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval. 30.2 The Time Screen To change your Devices time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the Devices time based on your local time zone. Figure 135 Maintenance > Time Setting VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 267 Chapter 30 Time Settings The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 107 Maintenance > Time Setting LABEL Current Date/Time Current Time DESCRIPTION This field displays the time of your Device. Current Date Each time you reload this page, the Device synchronizes the time with the time server. This field displays the date of your Device. Each time you reload this page, the Device synchronizes the date with the time server. NTP Time Server First ~ Fifth NTP time server Time Zone Time zone offset Daylight Saving State Start rule:
End rule Select an NTP time server from the drop-down list box. Otherwise, select Other and enter the IP address or URL (up to 29 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Select None if you dont want to configure the time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information. Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Daylight Saving Time is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening. Select Enable if you use Daylight Saving Time. Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you enabled Daylight Saving. You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific week in a particular month. The Time field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States, set the day to Second, Sunday, the month to March and the time to 2 in the Hour field. Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment
(1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday and the month to March. The time you select in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would select 2 in the Hour field because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you enabled Daylight Saving. You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific week in a particular month. The Time field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would set the day to First, Sunday, the month to November and the time to 2 in the Hour field. Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment
(1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday, and the month to October. The time you select in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would select 2 in the Hour field because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 268 Chapter 30 Time Settings Table 107 Maintenance > Time Setting (continued) LABEL Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 269 Chapter 30 Time Settings VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 270 CHAPTER 31 E-mail Notification 31.1 Overview A mail server is an application or a computer that runs such an application to receive, forward and deliver e-mail messages. To have the Device send reports, logs or notifications via e-mail, you must specify an e-mail server and the e-mail addresses of the sender and receiver. 31.2 The Email Notification Screen Click Maintenance > Email Notification to open the Email Notification screen. Use this screen to view, remove and add mail server information on the Device. Figure 136 Maintenance > Email Notification The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION Click this button to create a new entry. This field displays the server name or the IP address of the mail server. Table 108 Maintenance > Email Notification LABEL Add New Email Mail Server Address Username Password Email Address This field displays the user name of the senders mail account. This field displays the password of the senders mail account. This field displays the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the e-
mail that the Device sends. Click this button to delete the selected entry(ies). Remove 31.2.1 Email Notification Edit Click the Add button in the Email Notification screen. Use this screen to configure the required information for sending e-mail via a mail server. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 271 Chapter 31 E-mail Notification Figure 137 Email Notification > Add The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 109 Email Notification > Add LABEL Mail Server Address DESCRIPTION Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail address specified in the Account Email Address field. Authentication Username Authentication Password Account Email Address Apply Cancel If this field is left blank, reports, logs or notifications will not be sent via e-mail. Enter the user name (up to 32 characters). This is usually the user name of a mail account you specified in the Account Email Address field. Enter the password associated with the user name above. Enter the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the e-mail notification that the Device sends. If you activate SSL/TLS authentication, the e-mail address must be able to be authenticated by the mail server as well. Click this button to save your changes and return to the previous screen. Click this button to begin configuring this screen afresh. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 272 CHAPTER 32 Logs Setting 32.1 Overview You can configure where the Device sends logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the Device records in the Logs Setting screen. 32.2 The Log Settings Screen To change your Devices log settings, click Maintenance > Logs Setting. The screen appears as shown. Figure 138 Maintenance > Logs Setting VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 273 Chapter 32 Logs Setting The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 110 Maintenance > Logs Setting LABEL Syslog Setting Syslog Logging DESCRIPTION The Device sends a log to an external syslog server. Select Enable to enable syslog logging. Mode Select the syslog destination from the drop-down list box. If you select Remote, the log(s) will be sent to a remote syslog server. If you select Local File, the log(s) will be saved in a local file. If you want to send the log(s) to a remote syslog server and save it in a local file, select Local File and Remote. Enter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs. Enter the port number used by the syslog server. Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via E-mail. Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the system log e-mail message that the Device sends. Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the security log e-mail message that the Device sends. The Device sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank, the Device does not send logs via E-mail. Alerts are real-time notifications that are sent as soon as an event, such as a DoS attack, system error, or forbidden web access attempt occurs. Enter the E-mail address where the alert messages will be sent. Alerts include system errors, attacks and attempted access to blocked web sites. If this field is left blank, alert messages will not be sent via E-mail. Specify how often the alarm should be updated. Set what percent of the Devices log storage space can be filled before the Device sends a log e-mail. Select this to delete all the logs after the Device sends an E-mail of the logs. Select the categories of system logs that you want to record. Select the categories of security logs that you want to record. Select log categories for which you want the Device to send E-mail alerts immediately. Click Apply to save your changes. Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings. Syslog Server UDP Port E-mail Log Settings Mail Server System Log Mail Subject Security Log Mail Subject Send Log to Send Alarm to Alarm Interval Allowed Capacity Before Email Clear log after sending mail Active Log and Alert System Log Security Log Send immediate alert Apply Cancel 32.2.1 Example E-mail Log An "End of Log" message displays for each mail in which a complete log has been sent. The following is an example of a log sent by e-mail. You may edit the subject title. The date format here is Day-Month-Year. The date format here is Month-Day-Year. The time format is Hour-Minute-Second. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 274 Chapter 32 Logs Setting
"End of Log" message shows that a complete log has been sent. Figure 139 E-mail Log Example Subject:
Firewall Alert From Date:
Fri, 07 Apr 2000 10:05:42 From:
user@zyxel.com To:
user@zyxel.com 1|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |default policy |forward
| 09:54:03 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00> |
2|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131 To:192.168.1.255 |default policy |forward
| 09:54:17 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00> |
3|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.6 To:10.10.10.10 |match |forward
| 09:54:19 |UDP src port:03516 dest port:00053 |<1,01> |
..{snip}.. .{snip}.. 126|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward
| 10:05:00 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> |
127|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward
| 10:05:17 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> |
128|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward
| 10:05:30 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> |
End of Firewall Log VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 275 Chapter 32 Logs Setting VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 276 CHAPTER 33 Firmware Upgrade 33.1 Overview This chapter explains how to upload new firmware to your Device. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your devices performance. Only use firmware for your devices specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your Device. 33.2 The Firmware Screen Click Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade to open the following screen. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot. Do NOT turn off the Device while firmware upload is in progress!
Figure 140 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade The following table describes the labels in this screen. DESCRIPTION This is the present Firmware version and the date created. Table 111 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade LABEL Current Firmware Version File Path Browse... Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes. Upload After you see the firmware updating screen, wait two minutes before logging into the Device again. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 277 Chapter 33 Firmware Upgrade Figure 141 Firmware Uploading The Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop. Figure 142 Network Temporarily Disconnected After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen. If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Firmware Upgrade screen. Figure 143 Error Message VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 278 CHAPTER 34 Configuration 34.1 Overview The Configuration screen allows you to backup and restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default. 34.2 The Configuration Screen Click Maintenance > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next. Figure 144 Maintenance > Configuration Backup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the Devices current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the Devices current configuration to your computer. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 279 Chapter 34 Configuration Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your Device. Table 112 Restore Configuration LABEL File Path Browse... Upload DESCRIPTION Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Click this to begin the upload process. Do not turn off the Device while configuration file upload is in progress. After the Device configuration has been restored successfully, the login screen appears. Login again to restart the Device. The Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop. Figure 145 Network Temporarily Disconnected If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix A on page 295 for details on how to set up your computers IP address. If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Configuration screen. Figure 146 Configuration Upload Error Reset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 280 Chapter 34 Configuration Figure 147 Reset Warning Message Figure 148 Reset In Process Message You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your Device. Refer to Section 1.6 on page 22 for more information on the RESET button. 34.3 The Reboot Screen System restart allows you to reboot the Device remotely without turning the power off. You may need to do this if the Device hangs, for example. Click Maintenance > Reboot. Click Reboot to have the Device reboot. This does not affect the Device's configuration. Figure 149 Maintenance > Reboot VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 281 CHAPTER 35 Diagnostic 35.1 Overview The Diagnostic screens display information to help you identify problems with the Device. The route between a CO VDSL switch and one of its CPE may go through switches owned by independent organizations. A connectivity fault point generally takes time to discover and impacts subscribers network access. In order to eliminate the management and maintenance efforts, IEEE 802.1ag is a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) specification which allows network administrators to identify and manage connection faults. Through discovery and verification of the path, CFM can detect, analyze and isolate connectivity faults in bridged LANs. 35.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup screen lets you ping an IP address or trace the route packets take to a host (Section 35.3 on page 283). The 802.1ag screen lets you perform CFM actions (Section 35.5 on page 285). The OAM Ping Test screen lets you send an ATM OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) packet to verify the connectivity of a specific PVC. (Section 35.5 on page 285). 35.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. How CFM Works A Maintenance Association (MA) defines a VLAN and associated Maintenance End Point (MEP) ports on the device under a Maintenance Domain (MD) level. An MEP port has the ability to send Connectivity Check Messages (CCMs) and get other MEP ports information from neighbor devices CCMs within an MA. CFM provides two tests to discover connectivity faults. Loopback test - checks if the MEP port receives its Loop Back Response (LBR) from its target after it sends the Loop Back Message (LBM). If no response is received, there might be a connectivity fault between them. Link trace test - provides additional connectivity fault analysis to get more information on where the fault is. If an MEP port does not respond to the source MEP, this may indicate a fault. Administrators can take further action to check and resume services from the fault according to the line connectivity status report. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 282 Chapter 35 Diagnostic 35.3 Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup Use this screen to ping, traceroute, or nslookup an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic >
Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup to open the screen shown next. Figure 150 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 113 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup LABEL URL or IP Address Ping TraceRoute DESCRIPTION Type the IP address of a computer that you want to perform ping, traceroute, or nslookup in order to test a connection. Click this to ping the IP address that you entered. Click this button to perform the traceroute function. This determines the path a packet takes to the specified computer. Click this button to perform a DNS lookup on the IP address of a computer you enter. Nslookup 35.4 802.1ag Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > 8.2.1ag to open the following screen. Use this screen to perform CFM actions. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 283 Chapter 35 Diagnostic Figure 151 Maintenance > Diagnostic > 802.1ag The following table describes the fields in this screen. DESCRIPTION Select a level (0-7) under which you want to create an MA. Enter the target devices MAC address to which the Device performs a CFM loopback test. Table 114 Maintenance > Diagnostic > 802.1ag LABEL 802.1ag Connectivity Fault Management Maintenance Domain (MD) Level Destination MAC Address 802.1Q VLAN ID VDSL Traffic Type Loopback Message (LBM) Linktrace Message (LTM) Set MD Level Send Loopback Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LBM (Loop Back Message) to a specified This shows how many Loop Back Messages (LBMs) are sent and if there is any inorder or outorder Loop Back Response (LBR) received from a remote MEP. This shows the destination MAC address in the Link Trace Response (LTR). Click this button to configure the MD (Maintenance Domain) level. This shows whether the VDSL traffic is activated. Type a VLAN ID (0-4095) for this MA. Send Linktrace remote end point. Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LTMs (Link Trace Messages) to a specified remote end point. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 284 Chapter 35 Diagnostic 35.5 OAM Ping Test Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM Ping Test to open the screen shown next. Use this screen to perform an OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) F4 or F5 loopback test on a PVC. The Device sends an OAM F4 or F5 packet to the DSLAM or ATM switch and then returns it to the Device. The test result then displays in the text box. ATM sets up virtual circuits over which end systems communicate. The terminology for virtual circuits is as follows:
Virtual Channel (VC) Virtual Path (VP) Virtual Circuits Logical connections between ATM devices A bundle of virtual channels A series of virtual paths between circuit end points Figure 152 Virtual Circuit Topology Think of a virtual path as a cable that contains a bundle of wires. The cable connects two points and wires within the cable provide individual circuits between the two points. In an ATM cell header, a VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) identifies a link formed by a virtual path; a VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) identifies a channel within a virtual path. A series of virtual paths make up a virtual circuit. F4 cells operate at the virtual path (VP) level, while F5 cells operate at the virtual channel (VC) level. F4 cells use the same VPI as the user data cells on VP connections, but use different predefined VCI values. F5 cells use the same VPI and VCI as the user data cells on the VC connections, and are distinguished from data cells by a predefinded Payload Type Identifier (PTI) in the cell header. Both F4 flows and F5 flows are bidirectional and have two types. segment F4 flows (VCI=3) end-to-end F4 flows (VCI=4) segment F5 flows (PTI=100) end-to-end F5 flows (PTI=101) OAM F4 or F5 tests are used to check virtual path or virtual channel availability between two DSL devices. Segment flows are terminated at the connecting point which terminates a VP or VC segment. End-to-end flows are terminated at the end point of a VP or VC connection, where an ATM link is terminated. Segment loopback tests allow you to verify integrity of a PVC to the nearest neighboring ATM device. End-to-end loopback tests allow you to verify integrity of an end-to-end PVC. Note: The DSLAM to which the Device is connected must also support ATM F4 and/or F5 to use this test. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 285 Chapter 35 Diagnostic Note: This screen is available only when you configure an ATM layer-2 interface. Figure 153 Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM Ping Test The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 115 Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM Ping Test LABEL DESCRIPTION Select a PVC on which you want to perform the loopback test. Press this to perform an OAM F4 segment loopback test. Press this to perform an OAM F4 end-to-end loopback test. Press this to perform an OAM F5 segment loopback test. Press this to perform an OAM F5 end-to-end loopback test. F4 segment F4 end-end F5 segment F5 end-end VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 286 CHAPTER 36 Troubleshooting This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs Device Access and Login Internet Access Wireless Internet Access USB Device Connection UPnP 36.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs The Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on. 1 Make sure the Device is turned on. 2 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the Device. 3 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on. 4 5 Turn the Device off and on. If the problem continues, contact the vendor. One of the LEDs does not behave as expected. 1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on page 21. 2 3 4 Check the hardware connections. Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables. Turn the Device off and on. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 287 Chapter 36 Troubleshooting 5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor. 36.2 Device Access and Login I forgot the IP address for the Device. 1 2 3 The default LAN IP address is 192.168.1.1. If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser. If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 22. I forgot the password. 1 2 The default admin password is 1234. If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 22. I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. 1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address. The default IP address is 192.168.1.1. If you changed the IP address (Section 8.2 on page 135), use the new IP address. If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the Device. 2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See Section 1.5 on page 21. 3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java enabled. See Appendix C on page 323. 4 If it is possible to log in from another interface, check the service control settings for HTTP and HTTPS (Maintenance > Remote MGMT). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 288 Chapter 36 Troubleshooting 5 6 Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the Device with the default IP address. See Section 1.6 on page 22. If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions. Advanced Suggestions Make sure you have logged out of any earlier management sessions using the same user account even if they were through a different interface or using a different browser. Try to access the Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the Device does not respond to HTTP. I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the Device. 1 Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default admin password is 1234. The field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2 3 4 You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the Device. Log out of the Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out. Turn the Device off and on. If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 36.1 on page 287. I cannot Telnet to the Device. See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser. I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware. See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 289 Chapter 36 Troubleshooting 36.3 Internet Access I cannot access the Internet. 1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 21. 2 Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the Network Setting >
Broadband screen. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure that you enabled the wireless LAN in the Device and your wireless client and that the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the Device. 4 Disconnect all the cables from your device and reconnect them. 5 If the problem continues, contact your ISP. I cannot access the Internet through a DSL connection. 1 Make sure you have the DSL WAN port connected to a telephone jack (or the DSL or modem jack on a splitter if you have one). 2 Make sure you configured a proper DSL WAN interface (Network Setting > Broadband screen) with the Internet account information provided by your ISP and that it is enabled. 3 4 Check that the LAN interface you are connected to is in the same interface group as the DSL connection (Network Setting > Interface Group). If you set up a WAN connection using bridging service, make sure you turn off the DHCP feature in the LAN screen to have the clients get WAN IP addresses directly from your ISPs DHCP server. I cannot connect to the Internet using a second DSL connection. ADSL and VDSL connections cannot work at the same time. You can only use one type of DSL connection, either ADSL or VDSL connection at one time. I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore. 1 Your session with the Device may have expired. Try logging into the Device again. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 290 Chapter 36 Troubleshooting 2 3 4 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 21. Turn the Device off and on. If the problem continues, contact your ISP. 36.4 Wireless Internet Access What factors may cause intermittent or unstabled wireless connection? How can I solve this problem?
The following factors may cause interference:
Obstacles: walls, ceilings, furniture, and so on. Building Materials: metal doors, aluminum studs. Electrical devices: microwaves, monitors, electric motors, cordless phones, and other wireless devices. To optimize the speed and quality of your wireless connection, you can:
Move your wireless device closer to the AP if the signal strength is low. Reduce wireless interference that may be caused by other wireless networks or surrounding wireless electronics such as cordless phones. Place the AP where there are minimum obstacles (such as walls and ceilings) between the AP and the wireless client. Reduce the number of wireless clients connecting to the same AP simultaneously, or add additional APs if necessary. Try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. If the wireless client is sending or receiving a lot of information, it may have too many programs open that use the Internet. What is a Server Set ID (SSID)?
An SSID is a name that uniquely identifies a wireless network. The AP and all the clients within a wireless network must use the same SSID. What wireless security modes does my Device support?
Wireless security is vital to your network. It protects communications between wireless stations, access points and the wired network. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 291 Chapter 36 Troubleshooting The available security modes in your Device are as follows:
WPA2-PSK: (recommended) This uses a pre-shared key with the WPA2 standard. WPA-PSK: This has the device use either WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depending on which security mode the wireless client uses. WPA2: WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. It requires the use of a RADIUS server and is mostly used in business networks. WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. It requires the use of a RADIUS server and is mostly used in business networks. WEP: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and the access points to keep network communications private. 36.5 USB Device Connection The Device fails to detect my USB device. 1 Disconnect the USB device. 2 3 4 Reboot the Device. If you are connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is connected to an appropriate power source that is on. Re-connect your USB device to the Device. 36.6 UPnP When using UPnP and the Device reboots, my computer cannot detect UPnP and refresh My Network Places > Local Network. 1 Disconnect the Ethernet cable from the Devices LAN port or from your computer. 2 Re-connect the Ethernet cable. The Local Area Connection icon for UPnP disappears in the screen. Restart your computer. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 292 Chapter 36 Troubleshooting I cannot open special applications such as white board, file transfer and video when I use the MSN messenger. 1 Wait more than three minutes. 2 Restart the applications. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 293 Chapter 36 Troubleshooting VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 294 APPENDIX A Setting up Your Computers IP Address All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed. Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package. TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems. After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to
"communicate" with your network. If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the Devices LAN port. Windows 95/98/Me Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network window. Figure 154 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 295 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Installing Components The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks. If you need the adapter:
In the Network window, click Add. Select Adapter and then click Add. Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK. If you need TCP/IP:
In the Network window, click Add. Select Protocol and then click Add. Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers. Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK. If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
Click Add. Select Client and then click Add. Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers. Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK. Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 Configuring 1 2 In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click Properties Click the IP Address tab. If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically. If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 296 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 155 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address 3 Click the DNS Configuration tab. If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS. If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in). Figure 156 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration 4 Click the Gateway tab. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 297 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address If you do not know your gateways IP address, remove previously installed gateways. If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add. 5 6 7 Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window. Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted. Turn on your Device and restart your computer when prompted. Verifying Settings 1 2 3 Click Start and then Run. In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window. Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default gateway. Windows 2000/NT/XP The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme. 1 Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel. Figure 157 Windows XP: Start Menu 2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 298 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 158 Windows XP: Control Panel 3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties. Figure 159 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties 4 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 299 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 160 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties 5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP). If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically. If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields. Click Advanced. Figure 161 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 300 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK. Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add. In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add. Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add. Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways. In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric. Click Add. Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add. Click OK when finished. Figure 162 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties 7 In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):
Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es). If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields. If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 301 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 163 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties 8 9 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window. 10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT). 11 Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings 1 2 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt. In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab. Windows Vista This section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0. 1 Click the Start icon, Control Panel. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 302 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 164 Windows Vista: Start Menu 2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet. Figure 165 Windows Vista: Control Panel 3 Click Network and Sharing Center. Figure 166 Windows Vista: Network And Internet 4 Click Manage network connections. Figure 167 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 303 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 5 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties. Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue. Figure 168 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center 6 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties. Figure 169 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties 7 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab). If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 304 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields. Click Advanced. Figure 170 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties 8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK. Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add. In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add. Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add. Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways. In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric. Click Add. Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add. Click OK when finished. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 305 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 171 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties 9 In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):
Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es). If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields. If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 306 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 172 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties 10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window. 11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window. 12 Close the Network Connections window. 13 Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings 1 2 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt. In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab. Macintosh OS 8/9 1 Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP Control Panel. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 307 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 173 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu 2 Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list. Figure 174 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP 3 4 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list. For statically assigned settings, do the following:
VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 308 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address From the Configure box, select Manually. Type your IP address in the IP Address box. Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box. Type the IP address of your Device in the Router address box. 5 6 7 Close the TCP/IP Control Panel. Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration. Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window. Macintosh OS X 1 Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window. Figure 175 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu 2 Click Network in the icon bar. Select Automatic from the Location list. Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list. Click the TCP/IP tab. 3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 309 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 176 Macintosh OS X: Network 4 5 6 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
From the Configure box, select Manually. Type your IP address in the IP Address box. Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box. Type the IP address of your Device in the Router address box. Click Apply Now and close the window. Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window. Linux This section shows you how to configure your computers TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release version. Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 310 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE) Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE. 1 Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click Network. Figure 177 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices 2 Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device General screen displays as shown. Figure 178 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and select dhcp from the drop down list. If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields. 3 Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 311 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 4 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 179 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS 5 6 Click the Devices tab. Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save the changes in all screens. Figure 180 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate 7 After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network Configuration screen. Using Configuration Files Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address. 1 Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with any plain text editor. If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure shows an example. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 312 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 181 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=dhcp USERCTL=no PEERDNS=yes TYPE=Ethernet If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Figure 182 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=192.168.1.10 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 USERCTL=no PEERDNS=yes TYPE=Ethernet 2 3 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP addresses are specified. Figure 183 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf nameserver 172.23.5.1 nameserver 172.23.5.2 After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example. Figure 184 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card
[root@localhost init.d]# network restart Shutting down interface eth0: [OK]
Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]
Setting network parameters: [OK]
Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]
Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]
Verifying Settings Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 313 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Figure 185 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties
[root@localhost]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44 inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb) Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000
[root@localhost]#
VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 314 APPENDIX B IP Addresses and Subnetting This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts. Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. Introduction to IP Addresses One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered. Structure An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal. The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 315 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Figure 186 Network Number and Host ID How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet Masks A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term subnet is short for sub-network. A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a 1 then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is 0 then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal). Table 116 Subnet Masks IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Network Number Host ID 1ST OCTET:
(192) 11000000 11111111 11000000 2ND OCTET:
(168) 10101000 11111111 10101000 3RD OCTET:
(1) 00000001 11111111 00000001 4TH OCTET
(2) 00000010 00000000 00000010 By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits. Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a 1 value). For example, an 8-bit mask means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 316 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Table 117 Subnet Masks BINARY 1ST OCTET 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 8-bit mask 16-bit mask 24-bit mask 29-bit mask 2ND OCTET 00000000 11111111 11111111 11111111 3RD OCTET 00000000 00000000 11111111 11111111 4TH OCTET 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111000 DECIMAL 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.248 Network Size The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 118 Maximum Host Numbers SUBNET MASK 8 bits 16 bits 24 bits 29 bits 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.24 8 HOST ID SIZE 24 bits 16 bits 8 bits 3 bits 224 2 216 2 28 2 23 2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS 16777214 65534 254 6 Notation Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a /
followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. Table 119 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 ALTERNATIVE NOTATION
/24
/25
/26 LAST OCTET
(BINARY) 0000 0000 1000 0000 1100 0000 LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL) 0 128 192 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 317 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Table 119 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued) SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 ALTERNATIVE NOTATION
/27
/28
/29
/30 LAST OCTET
(BINARY) 1110 0000 1111 0000 1111 1000 1111 1100 LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL) 224 240 248 252 Subnetting You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons. In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 2 or 254 possible hosts. The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 187 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting You can borrow one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-
networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25). The borrowed host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-
networks, A and B. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 318 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Figure 188 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnets address itself, all ones is the subnets broadcast address). 192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254. Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to borrow two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnets broadcast address). Table 120 Subnet 1 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER IP Address (Decimal) IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 0 00000000 11000000 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 319 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Table 121 Subnet 2 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER IP Address IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127 Table 122 Subnet 3 IP/SUBNET MASK IP Address IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191 Table 123 Subnet 4 IP/SUBNET MASK IP Address IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126 NETWORK NUMBER 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190 NETWORK NUMBER 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 64 01000000 11000000 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 128 10000000 11000000 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 192 11000000 11000000 Example: Eight Subnets Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet. SUBNET Table 124 Eight Subnets SUBNET ADDRESS 0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FIRST ADDRESS 1 33 65 97 129 161 193 225 LAST ADDRESS 30 62 94 126 158 190 222 254 BROADCAST ADDRESS 31 63 95 127 159 191 223 255 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 320 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Subnet Planning The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number. NO. SUBNETS SUBNET MASK Table 125 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning NO. BORROWED HOST BITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 255.255.255.128 (/25) 255.255.255.192 (/26) 255.255.255.224 (/27) 255.255.255.240 (/28) 255.255.255.248 (/29) 255.255.255.252 (/30) 255.255.255.254 (/31) 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET 126 62 30 14 6 2 1 The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. NO. SUBNETS SUBNET MASK Table 126 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning NO. BORROWED HOST BITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 255.255.128.0 (/17) 255.255.192.0 (/18) 255.255.224.0 (/19) 255.255.240.0 (/20) 255.255.248.0 (/21) 255.255.252.0 (/22) 255.255.254.0 (/23) 255.255.255.0 (/24) 255.255.255.128 (/25) 255.255.255.192 (/26) 255.255.255.224 (/27) 255.255.255.240 (/28) 255.255.255.248 (/29) 255.255.255.252 (/30) 255.255.255.254 (/31) 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 32768 NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET 32766 16382 8190 4094 2046 1022 510 254 126 62 30 14 6 2 1 Configuring IP Addresses Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask. If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the Device. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 321 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise. Private IP Addresses Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses. Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 322 APPENDIX C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
Web browser pop-up windows from your device. JavaScripts (enabled by default). Java permissions (enabled by default). Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary. Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your devices IP address. Disable Pop-up Blockers 1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 189 Pop-up Blocker You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab. 1 2 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy. Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 323 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Figure 190 Internet Options: Privacy 3 Click Apply to save this setting. Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps. 1 2 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab. Select Settingsto open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 324 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Figure 191 Internet Options: Privacy 3 4 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix http://. For example, http://192.168.167.1. Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites. Figure 192 Pop-up Blocker Settings VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 325 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 5 6 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScripts If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed. 1 In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 193 Internet Options: Security 2 3 Click the Custom Level... button. Scroll down to Scripting. 4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default). 5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default). 6 Click OK to close the window. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 326 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Figure 194 Security Settings - Java Scripting Java Permissions 1 2 3 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Click the Custom Level... button. Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected. 5 Click OK to close the window. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 327 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Figure 195 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun) 1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2 Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected. 3 Click OK to close the window. Figure 196 Java (Sun) VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 328 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Mozilla Firefox Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears. Figure 197 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen. Figure 198 Mozilla Firefox Content Security VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 329 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 330 APPENDIX D Wireless LANs Wireless LAN Topologies This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies. Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 199 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network BSS A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 331 Appendix D Wireless LANs Figure 200 Basic Service Set ESS An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS). This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 332 Appendix D Wireless LANs Figure 201 Infrastructure WLAN Channel RTS/CTS A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance. Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11. A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 333 Appendix D Wireless LANs Figure 202 RTS/CTS When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations. RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked. When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission. Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy. Fragmentation Threshold A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames. A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference. If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 334 Appendix D Wireless LANs IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 127 IEEE 802.11g DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION 1 2 5.5 / 11 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/
54 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed) DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) CCK (Complementary Code Keying) OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Wireless Security Overview Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network. Wireless security methods available on the Device are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the Device identity. The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your Device. Table 128 Wireless Security Levels SECURITY LEVEL Least Secure SECURITY TYPE Unique SSID (Default) Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled MAC Address Filtering WEP Encryption IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) WPA2 Most Secure Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the Device and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. IEEE 802.1x In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 335 Appendix D Wireless LANs User based identification that allows for roaming. Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUS RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
Authentication Determines the identity of the users. Authorization Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network. Accounting Keeps track of the clients network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS Messages The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
Access-Request Sent by an access point requesting authentication. Access-Reject Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access. Access-Accept Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access. Access-Challenge Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
Accounting-Request Sent by the access point requesting accounting. Accounting-Response Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 336 Appendix D Wireless LANs In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client proves that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security) With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the senders identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-
side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 337 Appendix D Wireless LANs authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco. LEAP LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. Dynamic WEP Key Exchange The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed. If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled. Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types. Table 129 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types EAP-TLS Yes Yes Yes Yes Strong Hard No Mutual Authentication Certificate Client Certificate Server Dynamic Key Exchange Credential Integrity Deployment Difficulty Client Identity Protection EAP-MD5 No No No No None Easy No EAP-TTLS Yes Optional Yes Yes Strong Moderate Yes PEAP Yes Optional Yes Yes Strong Moderate Yes LEAP Yes No No Yes Moderate Moderate No WPA and WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 338 Appendix D Wireless LANs If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not. Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2. Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP). TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically. The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but its still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP) User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 339 Appendix D Wireless LANs messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices. Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again. Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it. Wireless Client WPA Supplicants A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system. 1 2 3 4 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly. A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client. The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 340 Appendix D Wireless LANs Figure 203 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example WPA(2)-PSK Application Example A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows. 1 2 3 4 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols). The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches. The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID. The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them. Figure 204 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 341 Appendix D Wireless LANs Security Parameters Summary Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features. Table 130 Wireless Security Relational Matrix AUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL Open ENCRYPTIO N METHOD None No ENTER MANUAL KEY Open Shared WPA WPA-PSK WPA2 WPA2-PSK Antenna Overview WEP WEP TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes IEEE 802.1X Disable Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Enable Disable Enable Disable An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Antenna Characteristics Frequency An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN Radiation Pattern A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antennas coverage area. Antenna Gain Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 342 Appendix D Wireless LANs 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLAN There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications. Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications. Positioning Antennas In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-topoint application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 343 Appendix D Wireless LANs VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 344 APPENDIX E IPv6 Overview IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses. IPv6 Addressing The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000. IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:
Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0. Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15. Prefix and Prefix Length Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as /x where x is a number. For example, 2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32 means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix. Link-local Address A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a private IP address in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows. Table 131 Link-local Unicast Address Format 1111 1110 10 10 bits Interface ID 64 bits 0 54 bits VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 345 Global Address Appendix E IPv6 A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a public IP address in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3. Unspecified Address An unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does not have its own address. It is similar to 0.0.0.0 in IPv4. Loopback Address A loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4. Multicast Address In IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses. Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts in a multicast group. Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast addresses. Table 132 Predefined Multicast Address MULTICAST ADDRESS FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 DESCRIPTION All hosts on a local node. All routers on a local node. All hosts on a local connected link. All routers on a local connected link. All routers on a local site. All DHCP severs on a local site. The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned to a multicast group. Table 133 Reserved Multicast Address MULTICAST ADDRESS FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 346 Appendix E IPv6 Table 133 Reserved Multicast Address (continued) MULTICAST ADDRESS FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 Subnet Masking Both an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character (1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each blocks 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000. Interface ID In IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One interface should have a unique interface ID. EUI-64 The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-
byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and fourth bytes of the MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC address. See the following example. MAC 00 : 13
: 49
: 12
: 34
: 56 EUI-64 02 : 13
: 49
: FF
: FE
: 12
: 34
: 56 Identity Association An Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. Each IA must be associated with exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP information. The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 347 Appendix E IPv6 the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's discretion. T1 T2 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Rebind to S2 Rebind to S2 DHCP Relay Agent A DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a well-
known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network. The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string, such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts. Prefix Delegation Prefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The Device uses the received IPv6 prefix (for example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements
(RAs) regularly by multicast, the Device passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses. ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping". Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol used to discover other IPv6 devices and track neighbors reachability in a network. An IPv6 device uses the following ICMPv6 messages types:
Neighbor solicitation: A request from a host to determine a neighbors link-layer address (MAC address) and detect if the neighbor is still reachable. A neighbor being reachable means it responds to a neighbor solicitation message (from the host) with a neighbor advertisement message. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 348 Appendix E IPv6 Neighbor advertisement: A response from a node to announce its link-layer address. Router solicitation: A request from a host to locate a router that can act as the default router and forward packets. Router advertisement: A response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast advertisement from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters. IPv6 Cache An IPv6 host is required to have a neighbor cache, destination cache, prefix list and default router list. The Device maintains and updates its IPv6 caches constantly using the information from response messages. In IPv6, the Device configures a link-local address automatically, and then sends a neighbor solicitation message to check if the address is unique. If there is an address to be resolved or verified, the Device also sends out a neighbor solicitation message. When the Device receives a neighbor advertisement in response, it stores the neighbors link-layer address in the neighbor cache. When the Device uses a router solicitation message to query for a router and receives a router advertisement message, it adds the routers information to the neighbor cache, prefix list and destination cache. The Device creates an entry in the default router list cache if the router can be used as a default router. When the Device needs to send a packet, it first consults the destination cache to determine the next hop. If there is no matching entry in the destination cache, the Device uses the prefix list to determine whether the destination address is on-link and can be reached directly without passing through a router. If the address is unlink, the address is considered as the next hop. Otherwise, the Device determines the next-hop from the default router list or routing table. Once the next hop IP address is known, the Device looks into the neighbor cache to get the link-layer address and sends the packet when the neighbor is reachable. If the Device cannot find an entry in the neighbor cache or the state for the neighbor is not reachable, it starts the address resolution process. This helps reduce the number of IPv6 solicitation and advertisement messages. Multicast Listener Discovery The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3. MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4. MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join. MLD Messages A multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report message for that address. An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if other devices connected to this port should remain in the group. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 349 Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/Vista Appendix E IPv6 By default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This also displays how to use the ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses. C:\>ipv6 install Installing... Succeeded. C:\>ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IP Address. : 10.1.1.46 Subnet Mask . : 255.255.255.0 IP Address. : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4 Default Gateway . : 10.1.1.254 IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available for the interface on your computer. Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XP Windows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment, you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore this section.) This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:
1 2 3 Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer. After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client Install as service. Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services. 4 Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 350 Appendix E IPv6 5 Click Start and then OK. 6 Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server. Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7 Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7 computer. To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:
1 2 3 Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection. Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it. Click OK to save the change. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 351 Appendix E IPv6 4 5 Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen. Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. 6 Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server. C:\>ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IPv6 Address. : 2001:b021:2d::1000 Link-local IPv6 Address . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11 IPv4 Address. : 172.16.100.61 Subnet Mask . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11 172.16.100.254 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 352 APPENDIX F Services The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like. Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number. Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number. If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number. Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 353 Appendix F Services Table 134 Examples of Services NAME PROTOCOL AH (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined PORT(S) 51 AIM AUTH BGP BOOTP_CLIENT BOOTP_SERVER CU-SEEME DNS TCP TCP TCP UDP UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined FINGER FTP H.323 HTTP HTTPS ICMP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP User-Defined ICQ IGMP (MULTICAST) UDP User-Defined IKE IMAP4 IMAP4S IRC UDP TCP TCP TCP/UDP MSN Messenger TCP NetBIOS TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP 5190 113 179 68 67 7648 24032 53 50 79 20 21 1720 80 443 1 4000 2 500 143 993 6667 1863 137 138 139 445 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 354 DESCRIPTION The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service. AOLs Internet Messenger service. Authentication protocol used by some servers. Border Gateway Protocol. DHCP Client. DHCP Server. A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software. Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for instance www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers. The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service. Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on. File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail. NetMeeting uses this protocol. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/
server protocol for the world wide web. HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce. Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic purposes. This is a popular Internet chat program. Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts. The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management. The Internet Message Access Protocol is used for e-mail. This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that runs over SSL. This is another popular Internet chat program. Microsoft Networks messenger service uses this protocol. The Network Basic Input/Output System is used for communication between computers in a LAN. Appendix F Services Table 134 Examples of Services (continued) NAME NEW-ICQ NEWS NFS NNTP PING POP3 POP3S PPTP PROTOCOL TCP TCP UDP PORT(S) 5190 144 2049 TCP 119 User-Defined 1 TCP TCP TCP 110 995 1723 PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined 47 RCMD REAL_AUDIO REXEC RLOGIN ROADRUNNER RTELNET RTSP SFTP SMTP SMTPS TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP/UDP TCP TCP/UDP TCP TCP TCP SNMP SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP TCP/UDP 512 7070 514 513 1026 107 554 115 25 465 161 162 DESCRIPTION An Internet chat program. A protocol for news groups. Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments. Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service. Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable. Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other). This is a more secure version of POP3 that runs over SSL. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel. PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel. Remote Command Service. A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web. Remote Execution Daemon. Remote Login. This is an ISP that provides services mainly for cable modems. Remote Telnet. The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old way of transferring files between computers. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another. This is a more secure version of SMTP that runs over SSL. Simple Network Management Program. Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215). VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 355 Appendix F Services Table 134 Examples of Services (continued) NAME SQL-NET PROTOCOL TCP PORT(S) 1521 SSDP SSH STRM WORKS SYSLOG TACACS TELNET VDOLIVE UDP TCP/UDP UDP UDP UDP TCP TCP UDP 1900 22 1558 514 49 23 7000 user-
defined DESCRIPTION Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers. The Simple Service Discovery Protocol supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP). Secure Shell Remote Login Program. Stream Works Protocol. Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server. Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System). Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/
IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems. A videoconferencing solution. The UDP port number is specified in the application. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 356 APPENDIX G Legal Information Copyright Copyright 2014 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation. Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved. Disclaimer ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice. Certifications Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
This device may not cause harmful interference. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations. This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1 2 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 357 Appendix G Legal Information 3 4 Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. FCC Radiation Exposure Statement This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
!
Notices Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France. Ce produit est conu pour les bandes de frquences 2,4 GHz et/ou 5 GHz conformment la lgislation Europenne. En France mtropolitaine, suivant les dcisions n03-908 et 03-909 de lARCEP, la puissance dmission ne devra pas dpasser 10 mW (10 dB) dans le cadre dune installation WiFi en extrieur pour les frquences comprises entre 2454 MHz et 2483,5 MHz. This Class [*] digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003. Cet appareil numrique de la classe [*] est conforme la norme NMB-003 du Canada. ZyXEL Limited Warranty ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 358 Appendix G Legal Information warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions. Note Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser. To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country. Registration Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products. Safety Warnings Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool. Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids. Do NOT store things on the device. Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device. Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information. Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports. Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them. Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling. Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe). Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord. If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source. Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution. Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one. Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord. Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). This product is for indoor use only (utilisation intrieure exclusivement). The screen of the coaxial cable is intended to be connected to earth in the building installation. Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately. VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 359 Appendix G Legal Information VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 360 Index Index A ACL rule 218 ACS 263 activation firewalls 215 media server 211 SIP ALG 190 SSID 110 adding a printer example 62 Address Resolution Protocol 249 administrator password 26 alternative subnet mask notation 317 antenna directional 343 gain 342 omni-directional 343 AP (access point) 333 applications Internet access 18 media server 210 activation 211 iTunes server 210 applications, NAT 194 ARP Table 249, 251 authentication 120, 121 RADIUS server 121 Auto Configuration Server, see ACS 263 B backup configuration 279 Basic Service Set, See BSS 331 Basic Service Set, see BSS blinking LEDs 21 Broadband 75 broadcast 99 BSS 123, 331 example 123 C CA 233, 337 Canonical Format Indicator See CFI CCMs 282 certificate factory default 234 Certificate Authority See CA. certificates 233 authentication 233 CA creating 234 public key 233 replacing 234 storage space 234 Certification Authority 233 Certification Authority. see CA certifications 357 notices 358 CFI 99 CFM 282 CCMs 282 link trace test 282 loopback test 282 MA 282 MD 282 MEP 282 MIP 282 channel 333 interference 333 channel, wireless LAN 119 client list 138 compatibility, WDS 114 configuration backup 279 firewalls 215 reset 280 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 361 restoring 280 static route 96, 158, 198 Connectivity Check Messages, see CCMs copyright 357 CoS 176 CoS technologies 164 creating certificates 234 CTS (Clear to Send) 334 CTS threshold 117, 120 D data fragment threshold 117, 120 DDoS 214 default server address 189 Denials of Service, see DoS DHCP 134, 153 Differentiated Services, see DiffServ 176 DiffServ 176 marking rule 177 digital IDs 233 disclaimer 357 DLNA 210 DMZ 189 DNS 134, 154 DNS server address assignment 99 Domain Name 195 Domain Name System, see DNS Domain Name System. See DNS. DoS 214 DS field 176 DS, dee differentiated services DSCP 176 dynamic DNS 197 wildcard 198 Index E EAP Authentication 337 ECHO 195 e-mail log example 274 Encapsulation 96 MER 97 PPP over Ethernet 97 encapsulation 76 encryption 122, 339 ESS 332 Extended Service Set IDentification 104, 111 Extended Service Set, See ESS 332 F FCC interference statement 357 File Sharing 208 file sharing 20 filters MAC address 111, 121 Finger 195 firewalls 213 add protocols 215 configuration 215 DDoS 214 DoS 214 LAND attack 214 Ping of Death 214 SYN attack 214 firmware 277 version 73 forwarding ports 182 fragmentation threshold 117, 120, 334 FTP 182, 195 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP dynamic WEP key exchange 338 DYNDNS wildcard 198 G General wireless LAN screen 102 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 362 H hidden node 333 HTTP 195 I IANA 322 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority see IANA IBSS 331 IEEE 802.11g 335 IEEE 802.1Q 98 IGA 193 IGMP 99 multicast group list 253 version 99 ILA 193 Independent Basic Service Set See IBSS 331 initialization vector (IV) 339 Inside Global Address, see IGA Inside Local Address, see ILA interface group 201 Internet wizard setup 33 Internet access 18 wizard setup 33 Internet Protocol version 6 77 Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6 Internet Service Provider, see ISP IP address 134, 154 ping 283 private 155 WAN 76 IP Address Assignment 98 IP alias NAT applications 195 IPv6 77, 345 addressing 77, 100, 345 EUI-64 347 global address 346 interface ID 347 link-local address 345 Index Neighbor Discovery Protocol 345 ping 345 prefix 77, 100, 345 prefix delegation 79 prefix length 77, 100, 345 unspecified address 346 ISP 76 iTunes server 210 L LAN 133 client list 138 DHCP 134, 153 DNS 134, 154 IP address 134, 135, 154 MAC address 139 status 73 subnet mask 134, 135, 154 LAND attack 214 LAN-Side DSL CPE Configuration 265 LBR 282 limitations wireless LAN 122 WPS 130 link trace 282 Link Trace Message, see LTM Link Trace Response, see LTR login 25 passwords 25, 26 logs 241, 245, 253, 273 Loop Back Response, see LBR loopback 282 LTM 282 LTR 282 M MA 282 MAC address 112, 139 filter 111, 121 MAC authentication 111 Mac filter 224 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 363 Maintenance Association, see MA Maintenance Domain, see MD Maintenance End Point, see MEP managing the device good habits 17 MBSSID 123 MD 282 media server 210 activation 211 iTunes server 210 MEP 282 MoCA 151 MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) 98 multicast 99 Multiple BSS, see MBSSID N NAT 181, 183, 192, 193, 321 applications 194 IP alias 195 example 194 global 193 IGA 193 ILA 193 inside 193 local 193 outside 193 port forwarding 182 port number 195 services 195 SIP ALG 190 activation 190 NAT example 196 Network Address Translation see NAT Network Address Translation, see NAT Network Map 71 network map 29 NNTP 195 Index P Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 339, 341 passwords 25, 26 PBC 125 Per-Hop Behavior, see PHB 177 PHB 177 PIN, WPS 125 example 127 Ping of Death 214 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 195 POP3 195 port forwarding 182 ports 21 PPP over Ethernet, see PPPoE PPPoE 76, 97 Benefits 97 PPTP 195 preamble 117, 120 preamble mode 124 prefix delegation 79 Printer Server 211 printer sharing 62 configuration 62 requirements 211 private IP address 155 product registration 359 protocol 76 PSK 339 push button 23 Push Button Configuration, see PBC push button, WPS 125 Q QoS 163, 176 marking 164 setup 163 tagging 164 versus CoS 164 Quality of Service, see QoS VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 364 R RADIUS 336 message types 336 messages 336 shared secret key 337 RADIUS server 121 registration product 359 related documentation 2 remote management TR-069 263 Remote Procedure Calls, see RPCs 263 reset 22, 280 restart 281 restoring configuration 280 RFC 1058. See RIP. RFC 1389. See RIP. RFC 3164 241 RIP 161 router features 18 Routing Information Protocol. See RIP RPPCs 263 RTS (Request To Send) 334 threshold 333, 334 RTS threshold 117, 120 S security wireless LAN 120 Security Log 243 Security Parameter Index, see SPI service access control 261 Service Set 104, 111 Services 195 setup firewalls 215 static route 96, 158, 198 Single Rate Three Color Marker, see srTCM SIP ALG 190 activation 190 SMTP 195 Index SNMP 195 SNMP trap 195 SPI 214 srTCM 178 SSID 121 activation 110 MBSSID 123 static route 157, 271 configuration 96, 158, 198 example 157 static VLAN status 71 firmware version 73 LAN 73 WAN 73 wireless LAN 73 status indicators 21 subnet 315 subnet mask 134, 154, 316 subnetting 318 SYN attack 214 syslog protocol 241 severity levels 241 system firmware 277 version 73 passwords 25, 26 reset 22 status 71 LAN 73 WAN 73 wireless LAN 73 time 267 T Tag Control Information See TCI Tag Protocol Identifier See TPID TCI TFTP 152 The 76 thresholds data fragment 117, 120 RTS/CTS 117, 120 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 365 time 267 TPID 98 TR-064 265 TR-069 263 ACS setup 263 authentication 264 trTCM 179 Two Rate Three Color Marker, see trTCM U unicast 99 Universal Plug and Play, see UPnP upgrading firmware 277 UPnP 140 cautions 135 example 141 installation 141 NAT traversal 134 USB features 20 V VID Virtual Local Area Network See VLAN VLAN 98 Introduction 98 number of possible VIDs priority frame static VLAN ID 98 VLAN Identifier See VID VLAN tag 98 W WAN status 73 Wide Area Network, see WAN 75 warranty note 359 WDS 114, 124 Index compatibility 114 example 124 web configurator 25 login 25 passwords 25, 26 WEP 122 WEP Encryption 106, 107 WEP encryption 105 WEP key 105 Wi-Fi Protected Access 338 wireless client WPA supplicants 340 Wireless Distribution System, see WDS wireless LAN 101, 118 authentication 120, 121 BSS 123 example 123 channel 119 encryption 122 example 119 fragmentation threshold 117, 120 limitations 122 MAC address filter 111, 121 MBSSID 123 preamble 117, 120 RADIUS server 121 RTS/CTS threshold 117, 120 security 120 SSID 121 activation 110 status 73 WDS 114, 124 compatibility 114 example 124 WEP 122 WPA 122 WPA-PSK 122 WPS 124, 127 example 128 limitations 130 PIN 125 push button 23, 125 wireless security 335 Wireless tutorial 40 wizard setup Internet 33 WLAN interference 333 security parameters 342 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 366 Index WPA 122, 338 key caching 340 pre-authentication 340 user authentication 339 vs WPA-PSK 339 wireless client supplicant 340 with RADIUS application example 340 WPA2 338 user authentication 339 vs WPA2-PSK 339 wireless client supplicant 340 with RADIUS application example 340 WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 339 WPA2-PSK 339 application example 341 WPA-PSK 122, 339 application example 341 WPS 124, 127 example 128 limitations 130 PIN 125 example 127 push button 23, 125 VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 367 Index VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 368 Index VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 369 Index VMG4381-B10A Users Guide 370
This product uses the FCC Data API but is not endorsed or certified by the FCC