EMG3415-B10A Dual-Band Wireless AC/N Gigabit Ethernet Gateway Users Manual-2

 

CHAPTER 32 Backup/Restore 32.1 Overview The Backup/Restore screen allows you to backup and restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default. 32.2 The Backup/Restore Screen Click Maintenance > Backup/Restore. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next. Figure 135 Maintenance > Backup/Restore Backup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the EMGs current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your EMG is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the EMGs current configuration to your computer. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 205 Chapter 32 Backup/Restore Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your EMG. Table 109 Restore Configuration LABEL File Path Choose File Upload DESCRIPTION Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Choose File to find it. Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed

(.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Click this to begin the upload process. Do not turn off the EMG while configuration file upload is in progress. After the EMG configuration has been restored successfully, the login screen appears. Login again to restart the EMG. The EMG automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop. Figure 136 Network Temporarily Disconnected If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.200.1). If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Configuration screen. Figure 137 Configuration Upload Error Reset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the EMG to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 206 Chapter 32 Backup/Restore Figure 138 Reset Warning Message Figure 139 Reset In Process Message You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your EMG. Refer to Section 1.6 on page 17 for more information on the RESET button. 32.3 The ROM-D Screen The ROM-D feature enables service providers to customize the EMGs default configuration settings easily. You can use the ROM-D file to store the customized default settings. Click Save to save the EMGs current configuration to the ROM-D file. Click Clear to reset the customized settings in the ROM-D file to factory defaults. Click Maintenance > Backup/Restore > ROM-D to open the following screen. Figure 140 Backup Restore > ROM-D 32.4 The Reboot Screen System restart allows you to reboot the EMG remotely without turning the power off. You may need to do this if the EMG hangs, for example. Click Maintenance > Reboot. Click Reboot to have the EMG reboot. This does not affect the EMG's configuration. Figure 141 Maintenance > Reboot EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 207 CHAPTER 33 Diagnostic 33.1 Overview The Diagnostic screens display information to help you identify problems with the EMG. The route between a CO VDSL switch and one of its CPE may go through switches owned by independent organizations. A connectivity fault point generally takes time to discover and impacts subscribers network access. In order to eliminate the management and maintenance efforts, IEEE 802.1ag is a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) specification which allows network administrators to identify and manage connection faults. Through discovery and verification of the path, CFM can detect, analyze and isolate connectivity faults in bridged LANs. 33.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup screen lets you ping an IP address or trace the route packets take to a host (Section 33.3 on page 209). 33.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. How CFM Works A Maintenance Association (MA) defines a VLAN and associated Maintenance End Point (MEP) ports on the device under a Maintenance Domain (MD) level. An MEP port has the ability to send Connectivity Check Messages (CCMs) and get other MEP ports information from neighbor devices CCMs within an MA. CFM provides two tests to discover connectivity faults. Loopback test - checks if the MEP port receives its Loop Back Response (LBR) from its target after it sends the Loop Back Message (LBM). If no response is received, there might be a connectivity fault between them. Link trace test - provides additional connectivity fault analysis to get more information on where the fault is. If an MEP port does not respond to the source MEP, this may indicate a fault. Administrators can take further action to check and resume services from the fault according to the line connectivity status report. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 208 Chapter 33 Diagnostic 33.3 Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup Use this screen to ping, traceroute, or nslookup an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic >

Ping&TraceRoute&NsLookup to open the screen shown next. Figure 142 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping & Traceroute & Nslookup The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 110 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup LABEL URL or IP Address Ping TraceRoute DESCRIPTION Type the IP address of a computer that you want to perform ping, traceroute, or nslookup in order to test a connection. Click this to ping the IP address that you entered. Click this button to perform the traceroute function. This determines the path a packet takes to the specified computer. Click this button to perform a DNS lookup on the IP address of a computer you enter. Nslookup EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 209 CHAPTER 34 Troubleshooting This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs EMG Access and Login Internet Access Wireless Internet Access UPnP 34.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs The EMG does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on. 1 Make sure the EMG is turned on. 2 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the EMG. 3 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the EMG and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on. 4 5 Turn the EMG off and on. If the problem continues, contact the vendor. One of the LEDs does not behave as expected. 1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on page 15. 2 Check the hardware connections. 3 4 5 Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables. Turn the EMG off and on. If the problem continues, contact the vendor. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 210 Chapter 34 Troubleshooting 34.2 EMG Access and Login I forgot the IP address for the EMG. 1 2 3 The default LAN IP address is 192.168.200.1. If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the EMG by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the EMG (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser. If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 17. I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. 1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address. The default IP address is 192.168.200.1. If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 90), use the new IP address. If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the EMG. 2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See Section 1.5 on page 15. 3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java enabled. 4 5 6 If it is possible to log in from another interface, check the service control settings for HTTP and HTTPS

(Maintenance > Remote MGMT). Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the EMG with the default IP address. See Section 1.6 on page 17. If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions. Advanced Suggestions Make sure you have logged out of any earlier management sessions using the same user account even if they were through a different interface or using a different browser. Try to access the EMG using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the EMG, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the EMG does not respond to HTTP. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 211 Chapter 34 Troubleshooting I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the EMG. 7 8 9 You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the EMG. Log out of the EMG in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out. Turn the EMG off and on. If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 34.1 on page 210. I cannot Telnet to the EMG. See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser. I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware. See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser. 34.3 Internet Access I cannot access the Internet. 1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 15. 2 Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the Network Setting > Broadband screen. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure that you enabled the wireless LAN in the EMG and your wireless client and that the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the EMG. 4 Disconnect all the cables from your device and reconnect them. 5 If the problem continues, contact your ISP. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 212 Chapter 34 Troubleshooting I cannot connect to the Internet using an Ethernet connection. 1 Make sure you have the Ethernet WAN port connected to a modem or router. 2 Make sure you configured a proper Ethernet WAN interface (Network Setting > Broadband screen) with the Internet account information provided by your ISP and that it is enabled. 3 Check that the LAN interface you are connected to is in the same interface group as the Ethernet WAN connection (Network Setting > Interface Grouping). 4 If you set up a WAN connection using bridging service, make sure you turn off the DHCP feature in the LAN screen to have the clients get WAN IP addresses directly from your ISPs DHCP server. I cannot access the EMG anymore. I had access to the EMG, but my connection is not available anymore. 1 Your session with the EMG may have expired. Try logging into the EMG again. 2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 15. 3 4 Turn the EMG off and on. If the problem continues, contact your vendor. 34.4 Wireless Internet Access What factors may cause intermittent or unstabled wireless connection? How can I solve this problem?

The following factors may cause interference:

Obstacles: walls, ceilings, furniture, and so on. Building Materials: metal doors, aluminum studs. Electrical devices: microwaves, monitors, electric motors, cordless phones, and other wireless devices. To optimize the speed and quality of your wireless connection, you can:

Move your wireless device closer to the AP if the signal strength is low. Reduce wireless interference that may be caused by other wireless networks or surrounding wireless electronics such as cordless phones. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 213 Chapter 34 Troubleshooting Place the AP where there are minimum obstacles (such as walls and ceilings) between the AP and the wireless client. Reduce the number of wireless clients connecting to the same AP simultaneously, or add additional APs if necessary. Try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. If the wireless client is sending or receiving a lot of information, it may have too many programs open that use the Internet. What is a Server Set ID (SSID)?

An SSID is a name that uniquely identifies a wireless network. The AP and all the clients within a wireless network must use the same SSID. 34.5 UPnP When using UPnP and the EMG reboots, my computer cannot detect UPnP and refresh My Network Places > Local Network. 1 Disconnect the Ethernet cable from the EMGs LAN port or from your computer. 2 Re-connect the Ethernet cable. The Local Area Connection icon for UPnP disappears in the screen. Restart your computer. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 214 PART III Appendices Appendices contain general information. Some information may not apply to your device. 215 APPENDIX A Customer Support In the event of problems that cannot be solved by using this manual, you should contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a Zyxel office for the region in which you bought the device. See http://www.zyxel.com/homepage.shtml and also http://www.zyxel.com/about_zyxel/zyxel_worldwide.shtml for the latest information. Please have the following information ready when you contact an office. Required Information Product model and serial number. Warranty Information. Date that you received your device. Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it. Corporate Headquarters (Worldwide) Taiwan Zyxel Communications Corporation http://www.zyxel.com Asia China Zyxel Communications (Shanghai) Corp. Zyxel Communications (Beijing) Corp. Zyxel Communications (Tianjin) Corp. http://www.zyxel.cn India Zyxel Technology India Pvt Ltd http://www.zyxel.in Kazakhstan Zyxel Kazakhstan http://www.zyxel.kz EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 216 Appendix A Customer Support Korea Zyxel Korea Corp. http://www.zyxel.kr Malaysia Zyxel Malaysia Sdn Bhd. http://www.zyxel.com.my Pakistan Zyxel Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. http://www.zyxel.com.pk Philippines Zyxel Philippines http://www.zyxel.com.ph Singapore Zyxel Singapore Pte Ltd. http://www.zyxel.com.sg Taiwan Zyxel Communications Corporation http://www.zyxel.com/tw/zh/

Thailand Zyxel Thailand Co., Ltd http://www.zyxel.co.th Vietnam Zyxel Communications Corporation-Vietnam Office http://www.zyxel.com/vn/vi Europe Austria Zyxel Deutschland GmbH http://www.zyxel.de Belarus Zyxel BY http://www.zyxel.by EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 217 Appendix A Customer Support Belgium Zyxel Communications B.V. http://www.zyxel.com/be/nl/

http://www.zyxel.com/be/fr/

Bulgaria Zyxel http://www.zyxel.com/bg/bg/

Czech Republic Zyxel Communications Czech s.r.o http://www.zyxel.cz Denmark Zyxel Communications A/S http://www.zyxel.dk Estonia Zyxel Estonia http://www.zyxel.com/ee/et/

Finland Zyxel Communications http://www.zyxel.fi France Zyxel France http://www.zyxel.fr Germany Zyxel Deutschland GmbH http://www.zyxel.de Hungary Zyxel Hungary & SEE http://www.zyxel.hu Italy Zyxel Communications Italy http://www.zyxel.it/

EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 218 Appendix A Customer Support Latvia Zyxel Latvia http://www.zyxel.com/lv/lv/homepage.shtml Lithuania Zyxel Lithuania http://www.zyxel.com/lt/lt/homepage.shtml Netherlands Zyxel Benelux http://www.zyxel.nl Norway Zyxel Communications http://www.zyxel.no Poland Zyxel Communications Poland http://www.zyxel.pl Romania Zyxel Romania http://www.zyxel.com/ro/ro Russia Zyxel Russia http://www.zyxel.ru Slovakia Zyxel Communications Czech s.r.o. organizacna zlozka http://www.zyxel.sk Spain Zyxel Communications ES Ltd http://www.zyxel.es Sweden Zyxel Communications http://www.zyxel.se Switzerland Studerus AG EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 219 Appendix A Customer Support http://www.zyxel.ch/

Turkey Zyxel Turkey A.S. http://www.zyxel.com.tr UK Zyxel Communications UK Ltd. http://www.zyxel.co.uk Ukraine Zyxel Ukraine http://www.ua.zyxel.com Latin America Argentina Zyxel Communication Corporation http://www.zyxel.com/ec/es/

Brazil Zyxel Communications Brasil Ltda. https://www.zyxel.com/br/pt/

Ecuador Zyxel Communication Corporation http://www.zyxel.com/ec/es/

Middle East Israel Zyxel Communication Corporation http://il.zyxel.com/homepage.shtml Middle East Zyxel Communication Corporation http://www.zyxel.com/me/en/

EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 220 Appendix A Customer Support North America USA Zyxel Communications, Inc. - North America Headquarters http://www.zyxel.com/us/en/

Oceania Africa Australia Zyxel Communications Corporation http://www.zyxel.com/au/en/

South Africa Nology (Pty) Ltd. http://www.zyxel.co.za EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 221 APPENDIX B Wireless LANs Wireless LAN Topologies This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies. Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 143 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network BSS A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 222 Appendix B Wireless LANs Figure 144 Basic Service Set ESS An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS). This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 223 Appendix B Wireless LANs Figure 145 Infrastructure WLAN Channel RTS/CTS A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance. Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11. A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear"

each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 224 Appendix B Wireless LANs Figure 146 RTS/CTS When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations. RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked. When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission. Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost"

of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy. Fragmentation Threshold A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames. A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference. If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 225 Appendix B Wireless LANs IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:

Table 111 IEEE 802.11g DATA RATE (MBPS) 1 2 5.5 / 11 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) MODULATION DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed) DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) CCK (Complementary Code Keying) Wireless Security Overview Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network. Wireless security methods available on the EMG are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the EMG identity. The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your EMG. Table 112 Wireless Security Levels SECURITY LEVEL Least Secure SECURITY TYPE Unique SSID (Default) Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled MAC Address Filtering WEP Encryption IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) WPA2 Most Secure Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the EMG and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. IEEE 802.1x In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:

User based identification that allows for roaming. Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 226 Appendix B Wireless LANs Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUS RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:

Authentication Determines the identity of the users. Authorization Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network. Accounting Keeps track of the clients network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS Messages The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:

Access-Request Sent by an access point requesting authentication. Access-Reject Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access. Access-Accept Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access. Access-Challenge Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:

Accounting-Request Sent by the access point requesting accounting. Accounting-Response Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 227 Appendix B Wireless LANs Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client proves that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security) With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the senders identity. However, to implement EAP-

TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 228 Appendix B Wireless LANs and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco. LEAP LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. Dynamic WEP Key Exchange The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed. If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled. Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types. Table 113 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types EAP-TLS Yes Yes Yes Yes Strong Hard No Mutual Authentication Certificate Client Certificate Server Dynamic Key Exchange Credential Integrity Deployment Difficulty Client Identity Protection EAP-MD5 No No No No None Easy No EAP-TTLS Yes Optional Yes Yes Strong Moderate Yes PEAP Yes Optional Yes Yes Strong Moderate Yes LEAP Yes No No Yes Moderate Moderate No WPA and WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication. If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK

(WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 229 Appendix B Wireless LANs Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2. Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check

(MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP). TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES

(Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically. The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-

guessing attacks but its still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP) User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices. Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again. Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 230 Appendix B Wireless LANs Wireless Client WPA Supplicants A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A"

is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system. 1 2 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly. 3 A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client. 4 The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. Figure 147 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example WPA(2)-PSK Application Example A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows. 1 2 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols). The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 231 Appendix B Wireless LANs 3 4 The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID. The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them. Figure 148 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication Security Parameters Summary Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features. Table 114 Wireless Security Relational Matrix AUTHENTICATION METHOD/

KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL Open ENCRYPTION METHOD None Open Shared WPA WPA-PSK WPA2 WPA2-PSK Antenna Overview WEP WEP TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES ENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Disable Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Enable Disable Enable Disable An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 232 Appendix B Wireless LANs Antenna Characteristics Frequency An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN Radiation Pattern A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antennas coverage area. Antenna Gain Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLAN There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications. Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications. Positioning Antennas In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-topoint application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-

directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 233 APPENDIX C IPv6 Overview IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses. IPv6 Addressing The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000. IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:

Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0. Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15. Prefix and Prefix Length Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as /x where x is a number. For example, 2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32 means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix. Link-local Address A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a private IP address in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-

local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows. Table 115 Link-local Unicast Address Format 1111 1110 10 10 bits 0 54 bits Interface ID 64 bits Global Address A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a public IP address in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 234 Appendix C IPv6 Unspecified Address An unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does not have its own address. It is similar to 0.0.0.0 in IPv4. Loopback Address A loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4. Multicast Address In IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses. Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts in a multicast group. Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast addresses. Table 116 Predefined Multicast Address MULTICAST ADDRESS FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 DESCRIPTION All hosts on a local node. All routers on a local node. All hosts on a local connected link. All routers on a local connected link. All routers on a local site. All DHCP severs on a local site. The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned to a multicast group. Table 117 Reserved Multicast Address MULTICAST ADDRESS FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 235 Appendix C IPv6 Table 117 Reserved Multicast Address (continued) MULTICAST ADDRESS FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 Subnet Masking Both an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character

(1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each blocks 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000. Interface ID In IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One interface should have a unique interface ID. EUI-64 The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and fourth bytes of the MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC address. See the following example. MAC 00

: 13

: 49

: 12

: 34

: 56 EUI-64 02

: 13

: 49

: FF

: FE

: 12

: 34

: 56 Identity Association An Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. Each IA must be associated with exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP information. The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If the time T2 is reached and the server EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 236 Appendix C IPv6 does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's discretion. T1 T2 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Rebind to S2 Rebind to S2 DHCP Relay Agent A DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a well-known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network. The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string, such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the interface-ID option from the Relay-

Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts. Prefix Delegation Prefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The EMG uses the received IPv6 prefix (for example, 2001:db2::/

48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements (RAs) regularly by multicast, the EMG passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses. ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping". Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol used to discover other IPv6 devices and track neighbors reachability in a network. An IPv6 device uses the following ICMPv6 messages types:

Neighbor solicitation: A request from a host to determine a neighbors link-layer address (MAC address) and detect if the neighbor is still reachable. A neighbor being reachable means it responds to a neighbor solicitation message (from the host) with a neighbor advertisement message. Neighbor advertisement: A response from a node to announce its link-layer address. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 237 Appendix C IPv6 Router solicitation: A request from a host to locate a router that can act as the default router and forward packets. Router advertisement: A response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast advertisement from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters. IPv6 Cache An IPv6 host is required to have a neighbor cache, destination cache, prefix list and default router list. The EMG maintains and updates its IPv6 caches constantly using the information from response messages. In IPv6, the EMG configures a link-local address automatically, and then sends a neighbor solicitation message to check if the address is unique. If there is an address to be resolved or verified, the EMG also sends out a neighbor solicitation message. When the EMG receives a neighbor advertisement in response, it stores the neighbors link-layer address in the neighbor cache. When the EMG uses a router solicitation message to query for a router and receives a router advertisement message, it adds the routers information to the neighbor cache, prefix list and destination cache. The EMG creates an entry in the default router list cache if the router can be used as a default router. When the EMG needs to send a packet, it first consults the destination cache to determine the next hop. If there is no matching entry in the destination cache, the EMG uses the prefix list to determine whether the destination address is on-link and can be reached directly without passing through a router. If the address is unlink, the address is considered as the next hop. Otherwise, the EMG determines the next-

hop from the default router list or routing table. Once the next hop IP address is known, the EMG looks into the neighbor cache to get the link-layer address and sends the packet when the neighbor is reachable. If the EMG cannot find an entry in the neighbor cache or the state for the neighbor is not reachable, it starts the address resolution process. This helps reduce the number of IPv6 solicitation and advertisement messages. Multicast Listener Discovery The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3. MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4. MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join. MLD Messages A multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report message for that address. An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if other devices connected to this port should remain in the group. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 238 Appendix C IPv6 Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/Vista By default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This also displays how to use the ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses. C:\>ipv6 install Installing... Succeeded. C:\>ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :

IP Address. : 10.1.1.46 Subnet Mask . : 255.255.255.0 IP Address. : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4 Default Gateway . : 10.1.1.254 IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available for the interface on your computer. Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XP Windows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment, you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore this section.) This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:

1 Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer. 2 After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client Install as service. 3 Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services. 4 Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 239 Appendix C IPv6 5 Click Start and then OK. 6 Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server. Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7 Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7 computer. To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:

1 2 Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection. Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it. 3 Click OK to save the change. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 240 Appendix C IPv6 4 Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen. 5 6 Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global address

(2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server. C:\>ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :

IPv6 Address. : 2001:b021:2d::1000 Link-local IPv6 Address . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11 IPv4 Address. : 172.16.100.61 Subnet Mask . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11 172.16.100.254 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 241 APPENDIX D Services The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like. Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number. Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number. If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number. Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 242 Appendix D Services Table 118 Examples of Services NAME AH (IPSEC_TUNNEL) PROTOCOL User-Defined PORT(S) 51 AIM AUTH BGP BOOTP_CLIENT BOOTP_SERVER CU-SEEME DNS TCP TCP TCP UDP UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined FINGER FTP H.323 HTTP HTTPS ICMP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP User-Defined ICQ IGMP (MULTICAST) UDP User-Defined IKE IMAP4 IMAP4S IRC MSN Messenger NetBIOS NEW-ICQ NEWS UDP TCP TCP TCP/UDP TCP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP TCP 5190 113 179 68 67 7648 24032 53 50 79 20 21 1720 80 443 1 4000 2 500 143 993 6667 1863 137 138 139 445 5190 144 DESCRIPTION The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service. AOLs Internet Messenger service. Authentication protocol used by some servers. Border Gateway Protocol. DHCP Client. DHCP Server. A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software. Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for instance www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers. The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service. Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on. File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail. NetMeeting uses this protocol. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web. HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-

commerce. Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic purposes. This is a popular Internet chat program. Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts. The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management. The Internet Message Access Protocol is used for e-

mail. This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that runs over SSL. This is another popular Internet chat program. Microsoft Networks messenger service uses this protocol. The Network Basic Input/Output System is used for communication between computers in a LAN. An Internet chat program. A protocol for news groups. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 243 Appendix D Services Table 118 Examples of Services (continued) NAME NFS NNTP PING POP3 POP3S PPTP PROTOCOL UDP PORT(S) 2049 TCP User-Defined TCP TCP TCP 119 1 110 995 1723 PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined 47 RCMD REAL_AUDIO REXEC RLOGIN ROADRUNNER RTELNET RTSP SFTP SMTP SMTPS SNMP SNMP-TRAPS SQL-NET SSDP SSH STRM WORKS SYSLOG TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP/UDP TCP TCP/UDP TCP TCP TCP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP UDP TCP/UDP UDP UDP 512 7070 514 513 1026 107 554 115 25 465 161 162 1521 1900 22 1558 514 DESCRIPTION Network File System - NFS is a client/server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments. Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service. Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable. Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other). This is a more secure version of POP3 that runs over SSL. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel. PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel. Remote Command Service. A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web. Remote Execution Daemon. Remote Login. This is an ISP that provides services mainly for cable modems. Remote Telnet. The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol

(RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old way of transferring files between computers. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-

exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another. This is a more secure version of SMTP that runs over SSL. Simple Network Management Program. Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215). Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers. The Simple Service Discovery Protocol supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP). Secure Shell Remote Login Program. Stream Works Protocol. Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 244 Appendix D Services Table 118 Examples of Services (continued) NAME TACACS TELNET VDOLIVE PROTOCOL UDP TCP TCP UDP PORT(S) 49 23 7000 user-

defined DESCRIPTION Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System). Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems. A videoconferencing solution. The UDP port number is specified in the application. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 245 APPENDIX E Legal Information Copyright Disclaimer Copyright 2017 by Zyxel Communications Corporation. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Zyxel Communications Corporation. Published by Zyxel Communications Corporation. All rights reserved. Zyxel does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. Zyxel further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice. Regulatory Notice and Statement UNITED STATES of AMERICA The following information applies if you use the product within USA area. FCC EMC Statement The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and

(2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the users authority to operate the device. This product has been tested and complies with the specifications for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used according to the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this device does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which is found by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the devices Connect the equipment to an outlet other than the receivers Consult a dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for assistance CANADA The following information applies if you use the product with RF function within USA area. FCC Radiation Exposure Statement This device complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This transmitter must be at least 20 cm from the user and must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. The following information applies if you use the product within Canada area. Industry Canada ICES statement CAN ICES-3 (B)/NMB-3(B) Industry Canada RSS-GEN & RSS-247 statement This device complies with Industry Canada license-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 246 Appendix E Legal Information This radio transmitter has been approved by Industry Canada to operate with the antenna types listed below with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance for each antenna type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the maximum gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device. If the product with 5G wireless function operating in 5150-5250 MHz and 5725-5850 MHz, the following attention must be paid. The device for operation in the band 5150-5250 MHz is only for indoor use to reduce the potential for harmful interference to co-channel For devices with detachable antenna(s), the maximum antenna gain permitted for devices in the band 5725-5850 MHz shall be such that the equipment still complies with the e.i.r.p. limits specified for point-to-point and non-point-to-point operation as appropriate; and The worst-case tilt angle(s) necessary to remain compliant with the e.i.r.p. elevation mask requirement set forth in Section 6.2.2(3) of RSS 247 mobile satellite systems. shall be clearly indicated. If the produce with 5G wireless function operating in 5250-5350 MHz and 5470-5725 MHz , the following attention must be paid. For devices with detachable antenna(s), the maximum antenna gain permitted for devices in the bands 5250-5350 MHz and 5470-5725 MHz shall be such that the equipment still complies with the e.i.r.p. limit Le prsent appareil est conforme aux CNR dIndustrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio exempts de licence. Lexploitation est autorise aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) lappareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage; (2) lutilisateur de lappareil doit accepter tout brouillage radiolectrique subi, mme si le brouillage est susceptible den compromettre le fonctionnement. Le prsent metteur radio de modle s'il fait partie du matriel de catgorieI) a t approuv par Industrie Canada pour fonctionner avec les types d'antenne numrs ci-dessous et ayant un gain admissible maximal et l'impdance requise pour chaque type d'antenne. Les types d'antenne non inclus dans cette liste, ou dont le gain est suprieur au gain maximal indiqu, sont strictement interdits pour l'exploitation de l'metteur. Lorsque la fonction sans fil 5G fonctionnant en5150-5250 MHz and 5725-5850 MHz est active pour ce produit , il est ncessaire de porter une attention particulire aux choses suivantes Les dispositifs fonctionnant dans la bande 5150-5250 MHz sont rservs uniquement pour une utilisation lintrieur afin de rduire les risques de brouillage prjudiciable aux systmes de satellites mobiles utilisant les mmes canaux;

Pour les dispositifs munis dantennes amovibles, le gain maximal d'antenne permis (pour les dispositifs utilisant la bande de 5 725 5 850 MHz) doit tre conforme la limite de la p.i.r.e. spcifie pour l'exploitation point point et lexploitation non point point, selon le cas;

Les pires angles dinclinaison ncessaires pour rester conforme lexigence de la p.i.r.e. applicable au masque dlvation, et nonce la section 6.2.2 3) du CNR-247, doivent tre clairement indiqus. Lorsque la fonction sans fil 5G fonctionnant en 5250-5350 MHz et 5470-5725 MHz est active pour ce produit , il est ncessaire de porter une attention particulire aux choses suivantes Pour les dispositifs munis dantennes amovibles, le gain maximal d'antenne permis pour les dispositifs utilisant les bandes de 5 250 5 350 MHz et de 5 470 5 725 MHz doit tre conforme la limite de la p.i.r.e. Industry Canada radiation exposure statement This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20 cm between the radiator and your body. Dclaration dexposition aux radiations:

Cet quipement est conforme aux limites dexposition aux rayonnements IC tablies pour un environnement non contrl.Cet quipement doit tre install et utilis avec un minimum de 20 cm de distance entre la source de rayonnement et votre corps. EUROPEAN UNION The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union. Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive) Compliance information for 2.4GHz and/or 5GHz wireless products relevant to the EU and other Countries following the EU Directive 1999/5/

EC (R&TTE). This device is restricted to indoor use only when operating in the 5150 to 5350 MHz frequency range.

(Bulgarian) Zyxel , 1999/5/C. Espaol

(Spanish) etina

(Czech) Por medio de la presente Zyxel declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE. Zyxel tmto prohlauje, e tento zazen je ve shod se zkladnmi poadavky a dalmi pslunmi ustanovenmi smrnice 1999/5/EC. Dansk (Danish) Undertegnede Zyxel erklrer herved, at flgende udstyr udstyr overholder de vsentlige krav og vrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF. Deutsch

(German) Eesti keel

(Estonian) Hiermit erklrt Zyxel, dass sich das Gert Ausstattung in bereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den brigen einschlgigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet. Kesolevaga kinnitab Zyxel seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/E phinuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele stetele. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 247 Appendix E Legal Information

(Greek) English Franais

(French) Hrvatski

(Croatian) slenska

(Icelandic) Zyxel 1999/5/C. Hereby, Zyxel declares that this device is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC. Par la prsente Zyxel dclare que l'appareil quipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC. Zyxel ovime izjavljuje da je radijska oprema tipa u skladu s Direktivom 1999/5/EC. Hr me lsir, Zyxel v yfir a essi bnaur er samrmi vi grunnkrfur og nnur vieigandi kvi tilskipunar 1999/5/EC. Italiano (Italian) Con la presente Zyxel dichiara che questo attrezzatura conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE. Latvieu valoda

(Latvian) Lietuvi kalba

(Lithuanian) Magyar

(Hungarian) Malti (Maltese) Nederlands

(Dutch) Polski (Polish) Portugus

(Portuguese) Romn

(Romanian) Slovenina

(Slovak) Slovenina

(Slovene) Ar o Zyxel deklar, ka iekrtas atbilst Direktvas 1999/5/EK btiskajm prasbm un citiem ar to saisttajiem noteikumiem. iuo Zyxel deklaruoja, kad is ranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas. Alulrott, Zyxel nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezs megfelel a vonatkoz alapvet kvetelmnyeknek s az 1999/5/EK irnyelv egyb elrsainak. Hawnhekk, Zyxel, jiddikjara li dan tagmir jikkonforma mal-tiijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti orajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC. Hierbij verklaart Zyxel dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentile eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC. Niniejszym Zyxel owiadcza, e sprzt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostaymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC. Zyxel declara que este equipamento est conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposies da Directiva 1999/5/

EC. Prin prezenta, Zyxel declar c acest echipament este n conformitate cu cerinele eseniale i alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC. Zyxel tmto vyhlasuje, e zariadenia spa zkladn poiadavky a vetky prslun ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC. Zyxel izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi doloili direktive 1999/5/EC. Suomi (Finnish) Zyxel vakuuttaa tten ett laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sit koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen. Svenska

(Swedish) Hrmed intygar Zyxel att denna utrustning str I verensstmmelse med de vsentliga egenskapskrav och vriga relevanta bestmmelser som framgr av direktiv 1999/5/EC. Norsk

(Norwegian) Erklrer herved Zyxel at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF. National Restrictions This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC) without any limitation except for the Ce produit peut tre utilis dans tous les pays de lUE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposs la directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune limitation, Questo prodotto utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttiva 1999/5/EC) senza nessuna limitazione, countries mentioned below:

except pour les pays mentionns ci-dessous:

eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:

Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschrnkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen Staaten die der Richtlinie 1999/5/CE folgen) mit Aunahme der folgenden aufgefhrten Staaten:

In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries in which additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable. The requirements for any country may evolve. Zyxel recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless LANs. The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs:. Belgium The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details. Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens. Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extrieur dune distance suprieure 300 mtres doivent tre notifies lInstitut Belge des services Postaux et des Tlcommunications (IBPT). Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples dtails. Denmark In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage. I Danmark m frekvensbndet 5150 - 5350 ogs anvendes udendrs. Italy EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 248 Appendix E Legal Information This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a general authorization. Please check http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details. Questo prodotto conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una Autorizzazione Generale. Consultare http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli. Latvia The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic Communications Office. Please check http://

2.4 GHz frekvenu joslas izmantoanai rpus telpm nepiecieama atauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairk informcijas: http://

www.esd.lv for more details. www.esd.lv. Notes:

1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive 1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries. 2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm). List of national codes COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia AT BE BG HR CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE GR HU IS IE IT LV Safety Warnings Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Sweden Turkey United Kingdom LI LT LU MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SK SI ES CH SE TR GB Do not use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool. Do not expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids. Do not store things on the device. Do not obstruct the device ventilation slots as insufficient airflow may harm your device. For example, do not place the device in an enclosed space such as a box or on a very soft surface such as a bed or sofa. Do not install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device. Do not open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information. Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports. Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them. Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling. Do not remove the plug and connect it to a power outlet by itself; always attach the plug to the power adaptor first before connecting it to Do not allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor a power outlet. or cord. Please use the provided or designated connection cables/power cables/ adaptors. Connect it to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe). If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, it might cause electrocution. Remove it from the device and the power source, repairing the power adapter or cord is prohibited. Contact your local vendor to order a new one. Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. CAUTION: Risk of explosion if battery is replaced by an incorrect type, dispose of used batteries according to the instruction. Dispose them at the applicable collection point for the recycling of electrical and electronic devices. For detailed information about recycling of this product, please contact your local city office, your household waste disposal service or the store where you purchased the product. The following warning statements apply, where the disconnect device is not incorporated in the device or where the plug on the power supply cord is intended to serve as the disconnect device,

- For permanently connected devices, a readily accessible disconnect device shall be incorporated external to the device;

- For pluggable devices, the socket-outlet shall be installed near the device and shall be easily accessible. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 249 Appendix E Legal Information The RJ-45 jacks are not used for telephone line connection. Always disconnect all telephone lines from the wall outlet before servicing or disassembling this product. Les prises RJ-45 ne sont pas utiliss pour la connexion de la ligne tlphonique. Ne pas utiliser ce produit prs de l'eau, par exemple un sous-sol humide ou prs d'une piscine. vitez d'utiliser ce produit (autre qu'un type sans fil) pendant un orage. Il peut y avoir un risque de choc lectrique de la foudre. Toujours dbrancher toutes les lignes tlphoniques de la prise murale avant de rparer ou de dmonter ce produit. Environment Statement ErP (Energy-related Products) Zyxel products put on the EU market in compliance with the requirement of the European Parliament and the Council published Directive 2009/

125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast), so called as "ErP Directive

(Energy-related Products directive) as well as ecodesign requirement laid down in applicable implementing measures, power consumption has satisfied regulation requirements which are:

Network standby power consumption < 8W, and/or Off mode power consumption < 0.5W, and/or Standby mode power consumption < 0.5W.

(Wireless setting, please refer to "Wireless" chapter for more detail.) European Union - Disposal and Recycling Information The symbol below means that according to local regulations your product and/or its battery shall be disposed of separately from domestic waste. If this product is end of life, take it to a recycling station designated by local authorities. At the time of disposal, the separate collection of your product and/or its battery will help save natural resources and ensure that the environment is sustainable development. Die folgende Symbol bedeutet, dass Ihr Produkt und/oder seine Batterie gem den rtlichen Bestimmungen getrennt vom Hausmll entsorgt werden muss. Wenden Sie sich an eine Recyclingstation, wenn dieses Produkt das Ende seiner Lebensdauer erreicht hat. Zum Zeitpunkt der Entsorgung wird die getrennte Sammlung von Produkt und/oder seiner Batterie dazu beitragen, natrliche Ressourcen zu sparen und die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit zu schtzen. El smbolo de abajo indica que segn las regulaciones locales, su producto y/o su batera debern depositarse como basura separada de la domstica. Cuando este producto alcance el final de su vida til, llvelo a un punto limpio. Cuando llegue el momento de desechar el producto, la recogida por separado ste y/o su batera ayudar a salvar los recursos naturales y a proteger la salud humana y medioambiental. Le symbole ci-dessous signifie que selon les rglementations locales votre produit et/ou sa batterie doivent tre limins sparment des ordures mnagres. Lorsque ce produit atteint sa fin de vie, amenez-le un centre de recyclage. Au moment de la mise au rebut, la collecte spare de votre produit et/ou de sa batterie aidera conomiser les ressources naturelles et protger l'environnement et la sant humaine. Il simbolo sotto significa che secondo i regolamenti locali il vostro prodotto e/o batteria deve essere smaltito separatamente dai rifiuti domestici. Quando questo prodotto raggiunge la fine della vita di servizio portarlo a una stazione di riciclaggio. Al momento dello smaltimento, la raccolta separata del vostro prodotto e/o della sua batteria aiuta a risparmiare risorse naturali e a proteggere l'ambiente e la salute umana. Symbolen innebr att enligt lokal lagstiftning ska produkten och/eller dess batteri kastas separat frn hushllsavfallet. Nr den hr produkten nr slutet av sin livslngd ska du ta den till en tervinningsstation. Vid tiden fr kasseringen bidrar du till en bttre milj och mnsklig hlsa genom att gra dig av med den p ett tervinningsstlle. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 250 Appendix E Legal Information Environmental Product Declaration EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 251 Appendix E Legal Information 5.25-5.35 5.25-5.35

- :

:

- -

- -

( : / 110V AC 230V AC)

:

-

-

About the Symbols Various symbols are used in this product to ensure correct usage, to prevent danger to the user and others, and to prevent property damage. The meaning of these symbols are described below. It is important that you read these descriptions thoroughly and fully understand the contents. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 252 Appendix E Legal Information Explanation of the Symbols SYMBOL EXPLANATION Alternating current (AC):

AC is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction. Direct current (DC):

DC if the unidirectional flow or movement of electric charge carriers. Earth; ground:

A wiring terminal intended for connection of a Protective Earthing Conductor. Class II equipment:

The method of protection against electric shock in the case of class II equipment is either double insulation or reinforced insulation. Viewing Certifications Go to http://www.zyxel.com to view this products documentation and certifications. Zyxel Limited Warranty Zyxel warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized Zyxel local distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, Zyxel will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of Zyxel. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions. Note Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. Zyxel shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser. To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php. Registration Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products. Open Source Licenses This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please contact support@zyxel.com.tw to get it. EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 253 Index Index A ACL rule 157 activation firewalls 154 SIP ALG 136 Address Resolution Protocol 181 antenna directional 233 gain 233 omni-directional 233 AP (access point) 224 applications Internet access 13 applications, NAT 141 ARP Table 181, 183 authentication 77, 78 RADIUS server 78 B backup configuration 205 Basic Service Set, See BSS 222 Basic Service Set, see BSS blinking LEDs 16 Broadband 50 broadcast 62 BSS 80, 222 example 80 C CA 169, 228 Canonical Format Indicator See CFI CCMs 208 certificate factory default 170 Certificate Authority See CA. certificates 169 authentication 169 CA creating 170 public key 169 replacing 170 storage space 170 Certification Authority 169 Certification Authority. see CA certifications 249 viewing 253 CFI 62 CFM 208 CCMs 208 link trace test 208 loopback test 208 MA 208 MD 208 MEP 208 MIP 208 channel 224 interference 224 channel, wireless LAN 76 client list 94 configuration backup 205 firewalls 154 reset 206 restoring 206 static route 103, 105, 144 Connectivity Check Messages, see CCMs contact information 216 copyright 246 CoS 123 CoS technologies 110 creating certificates 170 CTS (Clear to Send) 225 CTS threshold 73, 77 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 254 Index customer support 216 customizing default settings 207 Extended Service Set IDentification 66 Extended Service Set, See ESS 223 D data fragment threshold 73, 77 DDoS 154 default server address 136 Denials of Service, see DoS DHCP 89, 101 Differentiated Services, see DiffServ 123 DiffServ 123 marking rule 123 digital IDs 169 disclaimer 246 DMZ 135 DNS 89, 101 DNS server address assignment 63 Domain Name 141 Domain Name System, see DNS Domain Name System. See DNS. DoS 154 DS field 123 DS, dee differentiated services DSCP 123 dynamic DNS 143 wildcard 143 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP dynamic WEP key exchange 229 DYNDNS wildcard 143 E EAP Authentication 228 ECHO 141 e-mail log example 201 Encapsulation 60 MER 60 PPP over Ethernet 60 encryption 79, 230 ESS 223 F filters MAC address 70, 78 Finger 141 firewalls 153 add protocols 155 configuration 154 DDoS 154 DoS 154 LAND attack 154 Ping of Death 154 SYN attack 154 firmware 203 version 47 forwarding ports 128 fragmentation threshold 73, 77, 225 FTP 128, 141 G General wireless LAN screen 65 H hidden node 224 HTTP 141 I IBSS 222 IEEE 802.11g 226 IEEE 802.1Q 62 IGA 139 IGMP 62 multicast group list 185 version 62 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 255 ILA 139 Independent Basic Service Set See IBSS 222 initialization vector (IV) 230 Inside Global Address, see IGA Inside Local Address, see ILA interface group 149 Internet Protocol version 6 51 Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6 IP address 89 ping 209 WAN 51 IP Address Assignment 61 IP alias NAT applications 141 IPv6 51, 234 addressing 51, 63, 234 EUI-64 236 global address 234 interface ID 236 link-local address 234 Neighbor Discovery Protocol 234 ping 234 prefix 51, 63, 234 prefix delegation 53 prefix length 51, 63, 234 unspecified address 235 L LAN 88 client list 94 DHCP 89, 101 DNS 89, 101 IP address 89, 90 MAC address 94 status 48 subnet mask 89, 90 LAND attack 154 LBR 208 limitations wireless LAN 79 WPS 86 link trace 208 Link Trace Message, see LTM Index Link Trace Response, see LTR login 20 logs 175, 178, 185, 200 Loop Back Response, see LBR loopback 208 LTM 208 LTR 208 M MA 208 MAC address 70, 94 filter 70, 78 MAC authentication 70 Mac filter 160 Maintenance Association, see MA Maintenance Domain, see MD Maintenance End Point, see MEP Management Information Base (MIB) 194 managing the device good habits 13 Maximum Burst Size (MBS) 61 MD 208 MEP 208 MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) 62 multicast 62 multiplexing 60 LLC-based 60 VC-based 60 N NAT 127, 128, 129, 139, 140 applications 141 IP alias 141 example 140 global 139 IGA 139 ILA 139 inside 139 local 139 outside 139 port forwarding 128 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 256 port number 141 services 141 SIP ALG 136 activation 136 NAT example 142 Network Address Translation, see NAT Network Map 45 network map 23 NNTP 141 P Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 230, 232 PBC 81 Peak Cell Rate (PCR) 61 Per-Hop Behavior, see PHB 123 PHB 123 PIN, WPS 81 example 83 Ping of Death 154 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, see PPTP POP3 141 port forwarding 128 ports 16 PPPoE 60 Benefits 60 PPTP 142 preamble 74, 77 preamble mode 80 prefix delegation 53 PSK 230 Push Button Configuration, see PBC push button, WPS 81 Q QoS 109, 123 marking 110 setup 109 tagging 110 versus CoS 110 Quality of Service, see QoS Index R RADIUS 227 message types 227 messages 227 shared secret key 227 RADIUS server 78 reset 206 restart 207 restoring configuration 206 RFC 1058. See RIP. RFC 1389. See RIP. RFC 3164 175 RIP 107 ROM-D 207 Routing Information Protocol. See RIP RTS (Request To Send) 225 threshold 224, 225 RTS threshold 73, 77 S security wireless LAN 77 Security Log 176 Security Parameter Index, see SPI service access control 191, 192, 193 Service Set 66 Services 141 setup firewalls 154 static route 103, 105, 144 Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMP Single Rate Three Color Marker, see srTCM SIP ALG 136 activation 136 SMTP 141 SNMP 141, 194, 195 agents 194 Get 195 GetNext 195 Manager 194 managers 194 MIB 194 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 257 network components 194 Set 195 Trap 195 versions 194 SNMP trap 142 SPI 154 srTCM 125 SSID 78 static route 102, 107, 198 configuration 103, 105, 144 example 102 static VLAN status 45 firmware version 47 LAN 48 WAN 47 wireless LAN 48 status indicators 16 subnet mask 89 Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) 61 SYN attack 154 syslog protocol 175 severity levels 175 system firmware 203 version 47 status 45 LAN 48 WAN 47 wireless LAN 48 time 196 T Tag Control Information See TCI Tag Protocol Identifier See TPID TCI The 51 thresholds data fragment 73, 77 RTS/CTS 73, 77 time 196 TPID 62 traffic shaping 61 Index trTCM 126 Two Rate Three Color Marker, see trTCM U unicast 62 Universal Plug and Play, see UPnP upgrading firmware 203 UPnP 95 cautions 90 NAT traversal 89 V Vendor ID 99 VID Virtual Circuit (VC) 60 Virtual Local Area Network See VLAN VLAN 61 Introduction 61 number of possible VIDs priority frame static VLAN ID 62 VLAN Identifier See VID VLAN tag 62 W Wake on LAN 99 WAN status 47 Wide Area Network, see WAN 50 warranty 253 note 253 web configurator 20 login 20 WEP 79 WEP Encryption 68, 69 WEP encryption 67 WEP key 67 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 258 Index WPS 81, 83 example 84 limitations 86 PIN 81 example 83 push button 81 Z ZyXEL Family Safety page 165 Wi-Fi Protected Access 229 wireless client WPA supplicants 231 wireless LAN 64, 75 authentication 77, 78 BSS 80 example 80 channel 76 encryption 79 example 76 fragmentation threshold 73, 77 limitations 79 MAC address filter 70, 78 preamble 74, 77 RADIUS server 78 RTS/CTS threshold 73, 77 security 77 SSID 78 status 48 WEP 79 WPA 79 WPA-PSK 79 WPS 81, 83 example 84 limitations 86 PIN 81 push button 81 wireless security 226 Wireless tutorial 32 WLAN interference 224 security parameters 232 WPA 79, 229 key caching 230 pre-authentication 230 user authentication 230 vs WPA-PSK 230 wireless client supplicant 231 with RADIUS application example 231 WPA2 229 user authentication 230 vs WPA2-PSK 230 wireless client supplicant 231 with RADIUS application example 231 WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 229 WPA2-PSK 229, 230 application example 231 WPA-PSK 79, 229, 230 application example 231 EMG3415-B10A Users Guide 259