FCC ID: NDD9573260713 802.11g Wireless LAN PCI Card

880022..1111gg WWiirreelleessss LLAANN PPCCII CCaarrdd User Manual Version: 2.0

(Jun, 2006) COPYRIGHT Copyright 2005/2006 by this company. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of this company This company makes no representations or warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the contents hereof and specifically disclaims any warranties, merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Any software described in this manual is sold or licensed "as is". Should the programs prove defective following their purchase, the buyer (and not this company, its distributor, or its dealer) assumes the entire cost of all necessary servicing, repair, and any incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect in the software. Further, this company reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the contents hereof without obligation to notify any person of such revision or changes. All brand and product names mentioned in this manual are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Federal Communication Commission Interference Statement This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

1. Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. 2. 3. Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. receiver is connected. 4. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio technician for help. FCC Caution The antenna(s) used for this transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the authority to operate equipment. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Radiation Exposure Statement This equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20 centimeters between the radiator and your body. R&TTE Compliance Statement This equipment complies with all the requirements of DIRECTIVE 1999/5/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL of March 9, 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunication terminal Equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R&TTE) The R&TTE Directive repeals and replaces in the directive 98/13/EEC

(Telecommunications Terminal Equipment and Satellite Earth Station Equipment) As of April 8, 2000. Safety This equipment is designed with the utmost care for the safety of those who install and use it. However, special attention must be paid to the dangers of electric shock and static electricity when working with electrical equipment. All guidelines of this and of the computer manufacture must therefore be allowed at all times to ensure the safe use of the equipment. EU Countries Intended for Use The ETSI version of this device is intended for home and office use in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The ETSI version of this device is also authorized for use in EFTA member states:

Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. EU Countries Not intended for use None. CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 1 1.1 Features......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Specifications................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Package Contents.......................................................................................................... 2 2 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ..................................................... 3 First Way ................................................................................................................................ 5 Second Way............................................................................................................................ 6 3 CONFIGURATION UTILITY ......................................................... 8 3.1 Utility Overview ........................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Available Network ........................................................................................................ 9 3.3 General........................................................................................................................ 11 3.4 Profile.......................................................................................................................... 12 3.4.1 Configure the Profile ............................................................................................13 3.5 Advanced .................................................................................................................... 17 3.6 Status........................................................................................................................... 19 3.7 Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 19 3.8 Software AP ................................................................................................................ 20 3.8.1 AP Properties Setting ...........................................................................................21 3.8.2 AP Advanced .......................................................................................................21 3.8.3 AP Statistics ........................................................................................................22 3.8.4 SoftAP .................................................................................................................23 4 RT-SET WIZARD .......................................................................... 24 5 TROUBLESHOOTING .................................................................. 27 1 Introduction Thank you for purchasing the 802.11g Wireless LAN PCI Card. This card complies with IEEE 802.11g standard, which supports up to 54Mbps high-speed wireless network connections. It can also work with IEEE 802.11b devices. When the card connects to 11b devices, the link speed will be up to 11Mbps. For WLAN security issues, this card supports 64/128-bit WEP data encryption that protects your wireless network from eavesdropping. It also supports WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) feature technology. Client users are required to authorize before accessing to APs or AP Routers, and the data transmitted in the network is encrypted/decrypted by a dynamically changed secret key. Furthermore, this card supports WPA2 function, WPA2 provides a stronger encryption mechanism through AES

(Advanced Encryption Standard), which is a requirement for some corporate and government users. The power consumption of the card is also very low. Furthermore, this card provides several levels of power saving modes allowing user customizes the way of saving the power from his/her portable or handheld devices. This card is cost-effective, together with the versatile features; it is the best solution for you to build your wireless network. 1.1 Features Works with both IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g products. High-speed transfer data rate - up to 54Mbps. High throughput supports multi-media data bandwidth requirement. Supports 64/128-bit WEP Data Encryption, WPA/WPA2 (TKIP with IEEE 802.1x) and AES. Automatic fallback increases data security and reliability. Supports the most popular operating system: Windows 98SE/Me/2000/XP. Supports 32-bit PCI interface. 1.2 Specifications Interface: 32-bit PCI Standard: IEEE 802.11b/g Frequency Band: 2.4000 ~ 2.4835GHz (Industrial Scientific Medical Band) Modulation: OFDM with BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (11g) BPSK, QPSK, CCK (11b) Data Rate: 54/48/36/24/18/12/11/9/6/5.5/2/1Mbps auto fallback Security: 64/128-bit WEP Data Encryption, WPA/WPA2 (TKIP with IEEE 802.1x) and AES Antenna: External detachable dipole antenna (Connector: RP-SMA connector) Drivers: Windows 98SE/Me/2000/XP 1 LEDs: Link, TX/RX Transmit Power: 17dBm2dBm Power Consumption: TX: 340mA, RX: 320mA Dimension: 19(H) x 127(W) x 121(D) mm Temperature: 32~131F (0 ~55C) Humidity: Max. 95% (NonCondensing) Certification: FCC, CE 1.3 Package Contents Before you begin the installation, please check the items of your package. The package should include the following items:

One PCI Card One Antenna One CD (Driver/Utility/Users Manual.) One Quick Guide If any of the above items is missing, contact your supplier as soon as possible. 2 2 Installation Procedure Install the Card I. A. Turn off your computer and remove its cover. B. Insert the PCI card to an available PCI slot firmly. C. Secure this card to the rear of the computer chassis and put back the cover. D. Secure the antenna to the antenna connector of the card. E. Turn on the computer. II. Install the Driver and Utility Before you proceed with the installation, please notice following descriptions. Note1: The following installation was operated under Windows XP. (Procedures are similar for Windows 98SE/Me/2000.) Note2: If you have installed the Wireless PCI Card driver & utility before, please uninstall the old version first. A. Insert the Installation CD to your CD-ROM Drive. Execute the Setup.exe program. B. Select the Setup Language and click OK to proceed. C. Click Next to start installing driver and utility. 3 D. E. F. The system starts to install the driver and utility. 4 G. Click Finish to complete the driver and utility installation. III. Use the Configuration Utility To start configuring the card, double click the icon in the system tray. For Windows XP, there is a Windows Zero Configuration Tool for you to setup wireless clients. By default, this Windows Zero Configuration Tool is enabled. If you want to use the Utility of the card, please follow one of the ways as below. First Way A. Double click the icon in the system tray. 5 B. The utility of the card is displayed and it alerts you that you are in the Windows Zero Configuration mode. Click OK. C. Uncheck Windows Zero Config to enable the utility of the card. Second Way A. Right-click the icon and select View Available Wireless Networks. B. Click Advanced. 6 C. Uncheck Use Windows to configure my wireless network settings to enable the utility for the card. 7 3 Configuration Utility The Configuration Utility is a powerful application that helps you configure the Wireless LAN PCI Card and monitor the link status and the statistics during the communication process. The Configuration Utility appears as an icon on the system tray and desktop of Windows. You can open it by double-click on the icon. In the Desktop In the System Tray Right click the icon in the system tray there are some items for you to operate the configuration utility.

Open Config Utility Select Open Config Utility to open the configuration utility.

RT-Set Wizard Select RT-Set Wizard to open the RT-Set wizard.

About Select About to show the utility information.

Hide Select Hide to hide the utility in the system tray. 3.1 Utility Overview There are several parts in the utility screen. Please refer to the following table for the description. E A B C D 8 Parameter A B C D E 3.2 Available Network Description Refresh Refresh card list in the B block. RT-Set Open the RT-Set wizard. Mode There are two modes: Station and Access Point. If Station is selected, the card works as a wireless card. If Access Point is selected, the card will works as a wireless AP. View Enable Status Bar and the D block in the utility will display the current status of the utility. About To check the version of the utility, select this item. This is a list for you to configure several cards in your PC from the utility. Show Tray Icon To show the icon in the system tray, select the item. Windows Zero Config To configure the card from Windows XP Zero Configuration, check the item. Radio Off This function is for you to turn off or turn on the radio of the card. If the radio is turned off, the card will not work. Disable Adapter This function is for you to disable or enable the card. It is the status bar that displays the current status of the utility. To close it, please disable the Status Bar in the View item. There are several tabs in the block for you to setup the function of the card. Please refer to the description in the following sections. When you open the Configuration Utility, the system will scan all the channels to find all the access points/stations within the accessible range of your card and automatically connect to the wireless network with the highest signal strength. From the Available Network tab, all the networks nearby will be listed. You can change the connection to another network. 9 Parameter Available Network(s) Refresh Add to Profile Description This list shows all information of the available wireless networks within the range of your card. The information includes SSID, Channel, Encryption, Network Authentication, Signal and etc. If you want to connect to any network on the list, double-click the selected network. Click Refresh to update the available networks list. It is recommended that refresh the list while you have changed the connection network. A profile stores the setting of a network, so that you can connect to the network quickly. To add the selected network to a profile, click this button. 10 3.3 General To check the connection status of the card, select General. This screen shows the information of Link Speed, Network Type, Encryption Method, SSID, Signal Strength, Link Quality and Network Address of the card. Parameter Status Speed Type Encryption SSID Signal Strength Description It will show the connection status of the card. It shows the current speed Infrastructure This operation mode requires the presence of an 802.11 Access Point. All communication is done via the Access Point or Router. IBSS Select this mode if you want to connect to another wireless stations in the Wireless LAN network without through an Access Point or Router. It displays the encryption setting of the current connection including None, WEP, TKIP or AES. The SSID (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) is the unique name identified in a WLAN. The ID prevents the unintentional merging of two co-located WLANs. It indicates the wireless signal strength. 11 Parameter Link Quality Network Address 3.4 Profile Description It indicates the wireless link quality. It shows the MAC, IP address and other information of the card. The Profiles List is for you to manage the networks you connect to frequently. You are able to Add/Remove/Edit/Duplicate/Set Default to manage a profile. Parameter Available Profile(s) Add/ Remove/ Edit Button Duplicate Set Default Description This list shows the preferred networks for the wireless connection. You can add, remove, edit, duplicate the preferred networks or set one of the networks as the default connection. Click these buttons to add/ delete/ edit the selected profiles. If you like to build up the new profile with the same settings as the current profile, then you can select this feature. To designate a profile as the default network for the connection from the available profiles list, click the button. 12 3.4.1 Configure the Profile Parameter Profile Name Network Name (SSID) Description Define a recognizable profile name for you to identify the different networks. The SSID (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) is the unique name identified in a WLAN. The ID prevents the unintentional merging of two co-located WLANs. You may specify a SSID for the card and then only the device with the same SSID can interconnect to the card. There are two kinds of network type described as follows. This is a computer-to-computer (ad Infrastructure This operation mode requires the presence of an hoc) network; wireless access points are not used. 802.11 Access Point. All communication is done via the Access Point or Router. Ad Hoc Connect to another wireless card in the Wireless LAN network without through an Access Point or Router. If this item is selected, the card will work in Ad Hoc mode. This setting is only available for Ad Hoc mode. Select the number of the radio channel used for the networking. The channel setting should be the same with the network you are connecting to. Channel 13 Parameter Network Authentication Description This setting has to be consistent with the wireless networks that the card intends to connect. Open System No authentication is needed among the wireless network. Shared Key Only wireless stations using a shared key (WEP Key identified) are allowed to connecting each other. WPA 802.1X WPA provides a scheme of mutual authentication using either IEEE 802.1x/Extensible Authentication Protocol

(EAP) authentication or pre-shared key (PSK) technology. It provides a high level of assurance to enterprises, small businesses and home users that data will remain protected and that only authorized users may access their networks. For enterprises that have already deployed IEEE 802.1x authentication, WPA offers the advantage of leveraging existing authentication databases and infrastructure. WPA-PSK It is a special mode designed for home and small business users who do not have access to network authentication servers. In this mode, known as Pre-Shared Key, the user manually enters the starting password in their access point or gateway, as well as in each wireless stations in the network. WPA-PSK takes over automatically from that point, keeping unauthorized users that dont have the matching password from joining the network, while encrypting the data traveling between authorized devices. WPA2 802.1X Like WPA, WPA2 supports IEEE 802.1x/EAP authentication or PSK technology. It also includes a new advanced encryption mechanism using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES is required to the corporate user or government users. The difference between WPA and WPA2 is that WPA2 provides data encryption via the AES. In contrast, WPA uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). WPA2-PSK WPA2-PSK is also for home and small business. The difference between WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK is that WPA2-PSK provides data encryption via the AES. In contrast, WPA-PSK uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). WEP 802.1X Its a special mode for using IEEE 802.1x/EAP technology for authentication and WEP keys for data encryption. 14 Parameter Data Encryption ASCII Passphrase Network Key Confirm Network Key Key Index (advanced) Description Disabled Disable the WEP Data Encryption. WEP Enable the WEP Data Encryption. When the item is selected, you have to continue setting the WEP Encryption keys. TKIP TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) changes the temporal key every 10,000 packets (a packet is a kind of message transmitted over a network.) This insures much greater security than the standard WEP security. AES AES has been developed to ensure the highest degree of security and authenticity for digital information and it is the most advanced solution defined by IEEE 802.11i for the security in the wireless network. Note: All devices in the network should use the same encryption method to ensure the communication. WEP Key can be ASCII format. Alphanumeric values or signs are allowed to be the WEP key. It is more recognizable for user. It is a text string with a maximum of 32 alphanumeric characters, for example: Test. The WEP Key is based upon the Passphrase determined by you. This passphrase may not work with other vendors products due to possible incompatibility with other vendors passphrase generators. You must use the same passphrase or WEP key settings for all wireless computers within the network. The keys are used to encrypt data transmitted in the wireless network. Fill the text box by following the rules below. 64-bit Input 10-digit Hex values as the encryption keys. For example: 0123456aef. 128-bit Input 26-digit Hex values as the encryption keys. For example: 01234567890123456789abcdef. Enter the same network key to confirm. Select one of the four keys to be the data encryption key. 15 Parameter EAP Type Tunnel Username Identity Password Certificate Description GTC GTC is an authentication protocol which allows the exchange of clear text authentication credentials across the network. TLS TLS is the most secure of the EAP protocols but not easy to use. It requires that digital certificates be exchanged in the authentication phase. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the servers certificate, the client presents a client certificate to the server for validation. LEAP LEAP is a pre-EAP, Cisco-proprietary protocol, with many of the features of EAP protocols. Cisco controls the ability of other vendors to implement this protocol, so it should be selected for use only when limited vendor choice for client, access-point, and server products is not a concern. When you have set up LEAP authentication, you have to enter the user name and password of your computer. PEAP & TTLS PEAP and TTLS are similar and easier than TLS in that they specify a stand-alone authentication protocol be used within an encrypted tunnel. TTLS supports any protocol within its tunnel, including CHAP, MSCHAP, MSCHAPv2 and PAP. PEAP specifies that an EAP-compliant authentication protocol must be used; this adaptor supports MD5, TLS, GTC (Generic Token Card) and MSCHAPv2. The client certificate is optional required for the authentication. Includes MD5, GTC, TLS, CHAP, MSCHAP, MSCHAP-v2 and PAP. The certificate username in the RADIUS server. Users identity in the RADIUS server. Users password in the RADIUS server. The certificate for RADIUS server for certification. 16 3.5 Advanced The Advanced option enables you to configure more advanced settings, for example: Power Save, Turbo Mode, Wireless Mode and etc. Parameter Power Save Turbo Mode Wireless Mode Description None The card will always set in active mode. Min Enable the card in the power saving mode when it is idle, but some components of the card are still alive. In this mode, the power consumption is larger than Max mode. Max Enable the card in the power saving mode when it is idle. Off Turn off the turbo mode. On Turn on the turbo mode. Auto The card will detect the AP is RTL8186-based AP or not to transmit data in turbo mode automatically. 802.11 b This card can be compatible with both 802.11g and 802.11b wireless stations. If there are only 802.11b wireless stations in the network, you can set the card to this mode. 802.11 g/b If you have a mix of 802.11b and 802.11g wireless stations in your network, it is recommended to setting the card to this mode. 17 Parameter 802.11b Preamble Mode Region Domain Fragment Threshold RTS Threshold Set Defaults Apply Description The preamble defines the length of the CRC block for communication among the wireless stations. There are three mode including Long, Short and Auto. High network traffic areas should use the shorter preamble type. If Auto mode is selected, the card will auto switch the preamble mode depending on the wireless stations that the card is connecting to. Note that the parameter is only active in the Ad Hoc operation mode. The available channel differs from different countries. For example: USA (FCC) is channel 1-11, Europe (ETSI) is channel 1-13. The channel of the card has been set depends on the country you are located. If you are in different country, you could change the channel from the pull-down list. The value defines the maximum size of packets; any packet size larger than the value will be fragmented. If you have decreased this value and experience high packet error rates, you can increase it again, but it will likely decrease overall network performance. Select a setting within a range of 256 to 2432 bytes. Minor change is recommended. Minimum packet size required for an RTS (Request To Send). For packets smaller than this threshold, an RTS is not sent and the packet is transmitted directly to the wireless network. Select a setting within a range of 0 to 2432 bytes. Minor change is recommended. Let the setting values return to default. Confirm the settings in the Advanced. 18 3.6 Status This screen shows the information of manufacturer, driver version, settings of the wireless network the card is connecting to, linking time and link status. If you dont ensure the status of the card and the network you are connecting, please go to the screen for more details. 3.7 Statistics You can get the real time information about the packet transmission and receiving status during wireless communication from the screen. If you want to recount the statistics value, please click Reset. 19 3.8 Software AP This card can run as a wireless AP. The relative configurations of the AP including channel, SSID, WEP encryption and so on are described as follows. Parameter SSID BSSID Associate Table Config Description The SSID (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) is the unique name identified in a WLAN. The ID prevents the unintentional merging of two co-located WLANs. The default SSID of the AP is fae_AP. Wireless cards connect to the AP should set up the same SSID as the AP. Display the MAC address of the card. All the wireless cards connected to the software AP will be displayed in the list. Click Config for setting more configuration of the AP. 20 3.8.1 AP Properties Setting Please refer to Section 3.4.1 for the setting of the parameters for AP. Note that Ad Hoc mode is not enabled for AP. 3.8.2 AP Advanced 21 Parameter Beacon Interval DTIM Period Preamble Mode Set Defaults Apply 3.8.3 AP Statistics Description Beacon Interval that specifies the duration between beacon packets (milliseconds). The range for the beacon period is between 20-1000 milliseconds with a typical value of 100. Determines the interval the Access Point will send its broadcast traffic. Default value is 3 beacons. The preamble defines the length of the CRC block for communication among the wireless stations. There are three mode including Long, Short and Auto. High network traffic areas should use the shorter preamble type. If Auto mode is selected, the AP will auto switch the preamble mode depending on the wireless cards. Set the setting values return to defaults. Confirm the settings in the Advanced. You can get the real time information about the packet transmission and receiving status during wireless communication from the screen. If you want to recount the statistics value, please click Reset. 22 3.8.4 SoftAP If you want to connect to the internet through this SoftAP, you will need to make a bridge between our SoftAP and your internet connect. Select the internet connection in your SoftAP host machine and press the Apply button. 23 4 RT-Set Wizard The RT-Set wizard can help users to connect to a wireless LAN or build an Ad-hoc wireless network. For example, if you want to connect to a wireless LAN in infrastructure mode:

A. Open the RT-Set wizard and choose the Station (infrastructure) mode. B. The site survey results will show up. Please select the one youd like to connect to and click the Next button. 24 C. In the Wireless network properties dialog, please fill in the security settings for this wireless network youd like to connect to. D. Please specify the IP settings for this wireless network and click the Finish button. 25 E. Now you can connect to the wireless network successfully. 26 5 Troubleshooting This chapter provides solutions to problems usually encountered during the installation and operation of the card. 1. What is the IEEE 802.11g standard?

802.11g is the new IEEE standard for high-speed wireless LAN communications that provides for up to 54 Mbps data rate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11g is quickly becoming the next mainstream wireless LAN technology for the home, office and public networks. 802.11g defines the use of the same OFDM modulation technique specified in IEEE 802.11a for the 5 GHz frequency band and applies it in the same 2.4 GHz frequency band as IEEE 802.11b. The 802.11g standard requires backward compatibility with 802.11b. The standard specifically calls for:

A. A new physical layer for the 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, known as the extended rate PHY (ERP). The ERP adds OFDM as a mandatory new coding scheme for 6, 12 and 24 Mbps (mandatory speeds), and 18, 36, 48 and 54 Mbps

(optional speeds). The ERP includes the modulation schemes found in 802.11b including CCK for 11 and 5.5 Mbps and Barker code modulation for 2 and 1 Mbps. B. A protection mechanism called RTS/CTS that governs how 802.11g devices and 802.11b devices interoperate. 2. What is the IEEE 802.11b standard The IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN standard subcommittee, which formulates the standard for the industry. The objective is to enable wireless LAN hardware from different manufactures to communicate. 3. What does IEEE 802.11 feature support The product supports the following IEEE 802.11 functions:

CSMA/CA plus Acknowledge Protocol

Multi-Channel Roaming

Automatic Rate Selection

RTS/CTS Feature

Fragmentation

Power Management 4. What is Ad-hoc An Ad-hoc integrated wireless LAN is a group of computers, each has a Wireless LAN card, Connected as an independent wireless LAN. Ad hoc wireless LAN is applicable at a departmental scale for a branch or SOHO operation. 5. What is Infrastructure An integrated wireless and wireless and wired LAN is called an Infrastructure configuration. Infrastructure is applicable to enterprise scale for wireless access to central database, or wireless application for mobile workers. 27 6. What is BSS ID A specific Ad hoc LAN is called a Basic Service Set (BSS). Computers in a BSS must be configured with the same BSS ID. 7. What is WEP WEP is Wired Equivalent Privacy, a data privacy mechanism based on a 40 bit shared key algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802 .11 standard. 8. What is TKIP?

TKIP is a quick-fix method to quickly overcome the inherent weaknesses in WEP security, especially the reuse of encryption keys. TKIP is involved in the IEEE 802.11i WLAN security standard, and the specification might be officially released by early 2003. 9. What is AES?

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), a chip-based security, has been developed to ensure the highest degree of security and authenticity for digital information, wherever and however communicated or stored, while making more efficient use of hardware and/or software than previous encryption standards. It is also included in IEEE 802.11i standard. Compare with AES, TKIP is a temporary protocol for replacing WEP security until manufacturers implement AES at the hardware level. 10. Can Wireless products support printer sharing Wireless products perform the same function as LAN products. Therefore, Wireless products can work with Netware, Windows 2000, or other LAN operating systems to support printer or file sharing. 11. Would the information be intercepted while transmitting on air WLAN features two-fold protection in security. On the hardware side, as with Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum technology, it has the inherent security feature of scrambling. On the software side, WLAN series offer the encryption function (WEP) to enhance security and Access Control. Users can set it up depending upon their needs. 12. What is DSSSWhat is FHSSAnd what are their differences Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) uses a narrowband carrier that changes frequency in a pattern that is known to both transmitter and receiver. Properly synchronized, the net effect is to maintain a single logical channel. To an unintended receiver, FHSS appears to be short-duration impulse noise. Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) generates a redundant bit pattern for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip (or chipping code). The longer the chip is, the greater the probability that the original data can be recovered. Even if one or more bits in the chip are damaged during transmission, statistical techniques embedded in the radio can recover the original data without-the need for retransmission. To an unintended receiver, DSSS appears as low power wideband noise and is rejected (ignored) by most narrowband receivers. 28 13. What is Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum technology is a wideband radio frequency technique developed by the military for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical communication systems. It is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency for reliability, integrity, and security. In other words, more bandwidth is consumed than in the case of narrowband transmission, but the trade off produces a signal that is, in effect, louder and thus easier to detect, provided that the receiver knows the parameters of the spread-spectrum signal being broadcast. If a receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a spread spectrum signal looks like background noise. There are two main alternatives, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS). 29