all | frequencies |
|
exhibits | applications |
---|---|---|---|---|
manual |
app s | submitted / available | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
|
User Manual | Users Manual | 1.93 MiB | ||||
1 | Cover Letter(s) | |||||||
1 | Cover Letter(s) | |||||||
1 | Cover Letter(s) | |||||||
1 | External Photos | |||||||
1 | ID Label/Location Info | |||||||
1 | Internal Photos | |||||||
1 | RF Exposure Info | |||||||
1 | Test Report | |||||||
1 | Test Setup Photos |
1 | User Manual | Users Manual | 1.93 MiB |
KR-12X8/15X8 OPERATOR'S MANUAL TFT LCD COLOR MARINE RADAR SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
"DANGER","WARNING" and "CAUTION" notices throughout this manual. It is the responsibility of the operator and the installer of the equipment to read, understand and follows these notices. If you have any questions regarding these safety instructions, please contact a ONWA agent or dealer. WARNING Do not open the equipment. Hazardous voltage which can cause electrical shock, burn or serious injury exists inside the equipment. Only qualified personnel should work inside the equipment. Wear a safety belt and hard hat when working on the antenna unit. Serious injury or death can result if someone falls from the radar antenna mast. Stay away from transmitting antenna. The radar antenna emits microwave radiation which can be harmful to the human body, particularly the eyes. Never look directly into the antenna radiator from a distance of less than 1 m when the radar is in operation. Turn off the radar power switch before servicing the antenna unit. Post a warning sign near the switch indicating it should not be turned on while the antenna unit is being serviced. Prevent the potential risk of someone begin struck by the rotating antenna and exposure to the RF radiation hazard. Do not disassemble or modify the equipment. Fire electrical shock or serious injury can result. Turn off the power immediately if water leaks into the equipment or the equipment is emitting smoke or fire. Continued use of the equipment can cause fire or electrical shock. Do not place liquid-filled containers on the top of the equipment. Fire or electrical shock can result if a liquid spills into the equipment. CAUTION Use the proper fuse. Use of a wrong fuse can result in fire or permanent equipment damage. Do not use the equipment for other than its intended purpose. Personal injury can result if the equipment is used as a chair or stepping stool, for example. Do not objects on the top of the equipment. The equipment can overheat or personal injury can result if the object falls. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD KR-1238/1538 SPECIFICATION KR-1268/1568 SPECIFICATION INTERFACE IEC61162
(NMEA0183) CONFIGURATION OF KR-1238/1268/1538/1568 1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 1.1 What is Radar?
1.2 How Ships Determined Position Before Radar 1.3 How Radar Determines Range 1.4 How Radar Determines Bearing 1.5 Radar Wave Speed and Antenna Rotation Speed 1.6 The Radar Display 2. BASIC OPERATION 2.1 Control Description 2.2 Display Indication and Markes 2.3 Turning the Radar On/Off 2.4 Transmitting 2.5 Echo area Reference Position 2.6 2.7 Own Ship Marker 2.8 Stand-by 2.9 Selecting the Range 2.10 Adjusting Picture Brilliance 2.11 Setup display color 1 2 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 13 14 15 15 15 Stern marker 2.12 Adjusting Receiver Sensitivity 2.13 Adjusting the A/C SEA Control (reducing sea clutter) 2.14 Apply the A/C RAIN (reducing rain clutter) 2.15 Erasing the Heading Line 2.16 2.17 Measuring the Range 2.18 Measuring the Bearing 2.19 Using the Offset EBL 2.20 2.21 Shifting (off centering) the Pcture 2.22 Zoom 2.23 Outputting Target Position Point of reference for origin point of offset EBL 3. MENU OPERATION Length 3.1 Basic Menu Operation 3.2 Selecting the Presentation Mode 3.3 Magnifying Long Range Echoes (echo stretch) 3.4 Echo Trail 3.5 Suppressing Radar Interference 3.6 Selecting Pulse 3.7 Guard Alarm 3.8 Watchman 3.9 Display Navigation Data 3.10 3.11 VIDEO MENU Description 3.12 3.13 3.14 Adjusting Brilliance of Markers Function Keys Suppressing Noise FUNCTION MENU Description 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 4. FALSE ECHOES 4.1 Multiple Echoes 4.2 Side-lobe Echoes 4.3 Indirect Echoes 4.4 Blind and Shadow Sectors 5. MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING 5.1 Preventative Maintenance 5.2 Replacing the Fuse 5.3 Troubleshooting 5.4 Self Test 5.5 Life Expectancy of Magnetron 6. INSTALLATION 6.1 Antenna Unit Installation Sitting handling considerations 6.2 Display Unit Installation Mounting considerations 6.3 Exchange of Fuse for 24/32V Power Supply 6.4 Checking the Installation 6.5 Adjustments 7. ARPA 8. AIS 9. DISPLAY UNIT AND ANTENNA UNIT SIZE 10. ABBREVIATIONS 37 37 37 38 39 40 41 41 41 41 43 44 44 52 55 55 55 61 71 79 83 FOREWORD Thank you for your choice of ONWA MODEL KR-12X8/15X8 Marine Radar. The radar is designed and constructed to meet the rigorous demands of the marine environment. However, no machine can perform its intended function unless properfly installed and maintained. Please carefully read and follow the recommended procedures for installation, operation and maintenance. While this unit can be installed by the purchaser, any purchaser who has doubts about his or her technical abilities may wish to have the unit installed by a ONWA representative or other qualified techician. The importance of a through installation can not be overemphasized. We would appreciate hearing from you, the enduser, about whether we are achieving our purposes. Thank you for considering and Purchasing ONWA equipment. Features Your radar has a large variety of functions, all contained in a remarkably small cabinet. The main features of the MODEL KR-12X8/15X8 are. Traditional ONWA reliability and quality in a compact, lightweight and low-cost radar. Durable brushless antenna motor. On-screen alphanumeric readout of all operational information. Standard features include EBL (Electronic Bearing Line), VRM (Variable Range Marker), Guard Alarm, Display Off Center, and Echo Trail. Watchman feature periodically transmits the radar to check for radar targets which may be entering the alarm zone. Ships position in latitude and longitude and range and bearing to waypoint,
'
and ship's speed/ heading/course can be shown in the right hand side text area.
(Requires a navigation aid which can output such data in IEC61162 format.) Zoom feature provided. 1 KR-1238/1538 SPECIFICATION
:
:
ANTENNA UNIT 1. Radiator Slotted waveguide array 2. Radiator length 55 cm
:
3. Horizontal beamwidth 4 4. Vertical beamwidth 25 5. Sidelobe Within Outside 6. Polarization Horizontal
:
7. Antenna rotation speed 24 rpm ( 2) 8. Wind resistance Relative wind speed 100 knots (51.5 m/s) off mainlobe; less than -18 dB off mainlobe; less than -23 dB 20 20
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
S, 1200 Hz (1.5, 2, 3nm) TRANSCEIVER MODULE (contained in radome) 1. Transmitting tube MSF1421B or MAF1421B 2. Frequency 9410 MHz 30MHz 3. Peak output power 4kW nominal
:
4. Pulselength & pulse repetition rate 0.08 S, 2100 Hz (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5nm) 0.3 0.8 S, 600 Hz (3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36nm) 5. Warm up time: 1:30 minutes 6. Modulator: FET switching method 7. I.F.: 60MHz 8. Tuning: Automatic or manual 9. Receiver front end: MIC (Microwave IC) 10. Bandwidth:
Tx pulselength 0.3 S and 0.08 S: 25MHz Tx pulselength 0.8 S: 3MHz 11. Duplexer: Circulator with diode limiter 2 0.75(0.25,3), 1(0.25,4), 1.5(0.25,6),
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
0.5(0.125,4), or 15 LED backlight, 32-bit TFT Color LCD Display DISPLAY UNIT 1. Indication system LCD digital display 2. Display 12 3. Range scale (nm) Range, Range interval and no. of Rings:
0.125(0.0625,2), 0.25(0.125,2), 2(0.5,4), 3(0.5,6), 4(1,4), 6(1,6), 8(2,4), 12(2,6), 16(4,4), 24(4,6), 36(6,6)
:
4. Bearing resolution 4
:
5. Bearing accuracy Within 1 6. Range discrimination Better than 30 m 7. Range ring accuracy 0.9% or range in use or 8 m, whichever is larger 8. Minimum range Better than 25 m 9. Markers Heading line, Bearing scale, Range ring, VRM, EBL Tuning indicator, Cursor, Alarm zone, North mark (heading sensor input required) 10. Alphanumeric indication Range, Range ring interval, Pulselength, Interference rejection (IR), VRM, EBL, Stand-by (ST-BY), Radar alarm, Echo stretch (ES), Range to cursor, Bearing to cursor, Echo trailing (TRAIL), Trail time, Trail elapsed time, Navigation data (navigation input required), heading (HDG, heading sensor input required) 11. Vibration Vibration Total amplitude 1 to 12.5 Hz 12.5 to 25 Hz 25 to 30 Hz
:
12. Temperature Antenna unit; -25 Display unit; -10 13. Humidity Relative humidity 93% or less at + 40 14. Power supply & power consumption : 12V, 24V or 32VDC (10.5V to 40 VDC) 60W 15. Compass safe distance 1.6mm 0.38mm to + 70 to + 50 0.10mm
:
:
:
:
:
Standard Compass Steering Compass Antenna unit Display unit 130cm 75cm 3 95cm 60m KR-1268/1568 SPECIFICATION
:
:
:
:
:
:
20 20
:
off mainlobe; less than -24 dB off mainlobe; less than -30 dB ANTENNA UNIT 1. Radiator: Slotted waveguide array 2. Radiator length 120 cm
:
3. Horizontal beamwidth 1.9 4. Vertical beamwidth 22 5. Sidelobe Within Outside 6. Polarization Horizontal
:
7. Antenna rotation speed 24 rpm 8. Wind resistance Relative wind speed 100 knots(51.5 m/s) TRANSCEIVER MODULE (contained in antenna) 1. Transmitting tube MAF1422 or MSF1422 2. Peak output power 6KW nominal
:
3. Pulselength & pulse repetition rate 0.08 S, 2100 Hz (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5nm) 0.3 0.8 S, 600 Hz (3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 64, 72nm) 4. Bandwidth:
Tx pulselength 0.3 S and 0.08 S: 25MHz Tx pulselength 0.8 S: 3MHz 5. Other: See KR-1238/1538 DISPLAY UNIT 1. Range scale (nm):
Range, Range interval and no. of Rings:
3(0.5,6), 4(1,4), 6(1,6), 8(2,4), 12(2,6), 16(4,4), 24(4,6), 36(6,6) 64(16,4) 72 6 2. Compass safe distance:
S, 1200 Hz (1.5, 2, 3nm) 12 0.125(0.0625,2), 0.25(0.125,2), 0.75(0.25,3), 1(0.25,4), 1.5(0.25,6), 2(0.5,4),
, 48(8,6), Standard Compass Steering Compass Antenna unit Display unit Performance Monitor 130cm 75cm 60cm 95cm 60cm 35cm 3. Power supply & power consumption: 12V, 24V or 32VDC (10.5V to 40VDC) 60W. 4 INTERFACE IEC61162
(NMEA0183) Input data sentences:
Own ship`s position: GGA>RMA>RMC>GLL Speed: RMA>RMC>VTG>VHW Heading (True): HDT>HDG*>HDM*>VHW*
Course (True): RMA>RMC>VTG Course (Magnetic): VTG>RMA*>RMC Waypoint (Range, Bearing): RMB>BWC>BWR Loran time difference: RMA>GLC>GTD Water depth: DPT>DBT Water temperature: MDA>MTW XTE: RMB>XTE>APB
*: Calculated value based Magnetic variation. AIS: VDO>VDM>ACA>ACS>ALR>ACK Output data sentences:
Own ship data: OSD Radar system data: RSD Target label: TLB Target latitude and longitude: TLL Tacked target data: TTD Tracked target message TTM
:
5 CONFIGERATION OF KR-1238/1268/1538/1568 ANTENNA UNIT KR-1238/1538 KR-1268/1568 Antenna cable KRC-003-15/20/30 15/20/30m Display UNIT NMEA-1 5 Pin NMEA-2 6 Pin 4 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin UPGRADE VGA(Option) RS422 3M 10.5 to 40VDC 6 1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 1.1 What is Radar?
The term "RADAR" is an acronym meaning "RAdio Detection And Ranging". Although the basic principles of radar were developed during World War II, echoes as an aid to navigation is not a new development. 1.2 How Ships Determined Position Before Radar Before the invention of radar, when running in fog near a rugged shoreline, ships would sound a short blast on their whistles, fire a shot, or strike a bell. The time between the origination of the sound and the returning of the echo indicated how far the ship was from the cliffs or the shore. The direction from which the echo was heard indicated the relative bearing of the shore. 1.3 How Radar Determines Range Radar determines the distance to the target by calculating the time difference between the transmission of a radar signal and the reception of the reflected echo. It is a known fact that radar waves travel at a nearly constant speed of 162,000 nautical miles per second. Therefore the time required for a transmitted signal to travel to the target and return as an echo to the source is a measure of the distance to the target. Note that the echo makes a complete round trip, but only half the time of travel is needed to determine the one-way distance to the target. This radar automatically takes this into account it making the range calculation. 1.4 How Radar Determines Bearing The bearing to a target found by the radar is determined by the direction in which the radar scanner antenna is pointing when it emits an electronic pulse and then eceives a returning echo. Each time the scanner rotates pulses are transmitted in the full 360 degree circle, each pulse at a slightly differentbearing from the previous one. Therefore, if one knows the direction in whichthe signal is sent out, one knows the direction from which the echo must return. 1.5 Radar Wave Speed and Antenna Rotation Speed Note that the speed of the radar waves out to the target and back again as echoes is extremely fast compared to the speed of totation of the antenna. By the time radar echoes have returned to the scanner, the amount of scanner rotation after initial transmitting of the radar pulse is extremely small. 7 1.6 The Radar Display The range and bearing of a target is displayed on what is called a Plan Position Indicator (PPI). This display is essentially a polar diagram, with the transmitting ship's position at the center. Images of target echoes are received and displayed at their relative bearings, and at their distance from the PPI center. With a continuous display of the images of targets, the motion of the transmitting ship is also displayed. Targets Heading line Range and bearing of a target, relative to own ship, are readable on the PPI Own ship
(radar) Own ship in center
(A) Bird's eye view of situation
(B) Radar picture of (A) Figure 1-1 How radar works 8 2. BASIC OPERATION 2.1 Control Description Brief press:
Displays the data of target selected with the cursor Long press:
Terminates plotting of the target selected with the cursor. SELECT CANCEL ACQ ENTER Omnipad Shifts cursor, VRM and EBL;
select items and options on menu.
(1) Acquires the target selected with the ominipad.
(2) Registers selection on menus. Opens/closes menus MENU GUARD Sets guard zone area. Selects:
EBL1/EBL2/VRM1/VRM2 Control:
Adjusts sensitivity. Switch:
Temporarily erases heading line (and north mark if displayed). Control:
Reduces sea clutter. Switch*:
Change background color Control:
Reduces rain clutter. Switch*:
Change echo color
+
Sets radar range. EBL/VRM SELECT EBL/VRM CONTROL GAIN Enables/erases EBL1/EBL2/VRM1/VRM2 TLL Outputs target position data. HM-OFF A/C SEA A/C AUTO BRILL ST BY TX F1 A/C RAIN F2 Automatically reduces sea and rain clutters. Adjusts display brilliance. Sets radar in stand-by;
transmits radar pulse. Turns power on/off.
*Default switch function. Figure 2-1 Control panel 9 2.2 Display Indication and Markers Range Range ring interval Pulselength Display mode GUARD ZONE 1 EBL1 VRM1 VRM2 EBL2 36 NM 6 LP HU 300 270 240 115 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 360 99.9NM RANGE RING PI LINE Off center Zoom Tuning indicator Interference rejector Echo Stretch A/C Auto 000 330 030 AUTO IR OFF ES OFF OFF-CENT ZOOM TRAIL OFF A/C Auto OFF OWN SHIP 30.0V 060 HDG 270 COG 255 T X-band SOG 03.5KT WAYPOINT 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 115 TTG
**.**
GUARD ZONE 1 Off GUARD ZONE 2 1.02~2.10NM IN (or OUT) MARKERS 090 VRM1 25.0 NM EBL1 138 K VRM1 10.9 NM EBL2 152 K CURSOR R/B RANGE:
BEARING:
210 150 120 VESSEL A Safe ARP VESSEL SOG 15.0KT RNG 130.0NM CPA 10.1NM COG 270 M BRG 99 M TCPA 10:20:30 AIS VESSEL VESSEL 1 Safe VRM1 EBL1 15.8NM 281 K VRM2 EBL2 31.8NM 180 K SPD 12.0KT RNG 20.0NM CPA 9.1NM CRS 128M BRG 99 M TCPA 24:30:30 GUARD ZONE 2 VRM2 range VRM1 range EBL2 range EBL1 range Figure 2-2 Display indications 10 2.3 Turning the Radar On/Off Press the [POWER] key to turn the radar on or off. The control panel lights and a timer displays the time remaining for warm up of the magnetron (the device which produces radar pulses), counting down from 1:30 to 0:01. 2.4 Transmitting After the power is turned on and the magnetron has warmed up, STAND-BY appears at the screen center. This means the radar is now fully operational. In stand-by the radar is available for use at anytime - but no radar waves are being transmitted. Press the [ST-BY/TX] key to transmit. When transmitting, any echoes from targets appear on the display. This radar displays echoes in eight tones of green according to echo strength. 2.5 Echo area The echo display area for the B, C and W types is available in three configurations:
round, wide, and full screen. You can select a configuration with 7 ECHO AREA on the ECHO menu. Round Wide Full 2.6 Reference Position The reference position for measurements (range, bearing, etc.) and markers (heading line, stern mark, etc.) can be antenna position or consistent common reference point
(CCRP), which is a location on own ship to which all horizontal measurements, for example range, bearing, relative course, relative speed, closest point of approach
(CPA) or time to closest point of approach (TCPA), are normally referenced. To select reference position, press the [MENU] key to enter the Main Menu, select REFERENCE POINT and press [ACQ/ENTER] key, in the pop-up window select
"
ANT or CCRP and press [ACQ/ENTER] key.
"
The position of the own ship marker changes according to reference position as shown below. If the CCRP is positioned outside of the effective display area, the bearing scale is indicated with the appropriate reduced detail.
"
"
"
"
11 Radar antenna position is at center of display Conning position is at center of display ANT position CCRP position Range and bearing are measured and graphics are drawn according to reference position as in the table below. Marks, measurements and reference point Category Item Range and bearing measurement Graphics Bearing cursor Course, speed CPA,TCPA BCR, BCT Own ship data EBL VRM Cursor PI line Range ring Heading line Stern mark Beam line Own ship vector Own ship track Heading Speed Course over ground Speed over ground Own L/L Reference point CCRP Antenna position Range and bearing measured from CCRP Range and bearing measured from antenna position Drawn from CCRP Drawn from antenna position Drawn with CCRP at center Drawn with antenna position at center Calculated with CCRP at center Calculated with antenna position at center Calculated with CCRP at center Calculated with antenna position at center Calculated from bow position Data from sensor, regardless of reference point selected 12 2.7 Own Ship Marker Own ship marker ( ) may be inscribed on the screen as below. 1. Go to INSTALLATION SETUP menu;
2. Select the OWN SHIP SHAPE and press [ACQ/ENTER] key;
3. Select the DRAW and press [ACQ/ENTER] key;
4. Drawing interface pops up on the screen as follows:
"
"
"
"
"
"
10 01 02 09 08 07 03 04 05 06
. At this time , the cursor is locked point 1, press the arrow keys to adjust the 5 position of point 1 , while the lower right corner of this screen will show the coordinates of the point , after adjustment Press [ACQ/ENTER] key to confirm;
6. Cursor jumps to the point 2 , according to the actual size of the ship followed by the above method is set to point 10 When finished, press [ACQ/ENTER]
key to confirm;
7. Cursor jumps to the CCRP symbols inverted "T word " place, this symbol can only move forward and backward, press the arrow key to the design of the ship with a CCRP coincide , press [ACQ/ENTER] key to confirm;
8. Cursor jumps to the position of the antenna symbol "X" , press the arrow keys to move the symbol to the actual installation of the radar antenna position and press [ACQ/ENTER] key to confirm;
9. Then, in the lower right corner of the interface position you'll be prompted"Save or None", if you choose to save confirm the settings are correct, For re-set then choose None , and press the [ACQ/ENTER] key to confirm that the ship silhouette setting ;
10. If you want to display on the radar screen of the ship shape, in the "Own Ship Shape" menu, select "ON" item and press [ACQ/ENTER] key to confirm . 13 2.8 Stand-by When you won't be using the radar for an extended period, but you want to keep it in a state of readiness, place it in stand-by by pressing the [ST-BY/TX]
key. The display shows "STAND-BY," navigtion data, or goes into the economy mode depending on menu setting. (More on menu operation later.) Economy mode The LCD display can be set to automatically turn itself off when in stand-by, to reduce power consumption. This feature is called the "economy mode."
Power consumption in the economy mode is 28W. Navigation data If a navigation aid inputs navigation data to this radar, navigation data can be displayed during stand-by. You can turn the navigation data display on/off through the menu. Figure 2-3 shows a typical navigation data display during standby. Similarly, if the AIS data input case , AIS data can be display during Stand-by. Note 1: Availability of a particular display item depends on incoming data. Note 2: When Range to Waypoint reaches 0.1nm, the WPT mark jumps to dead ahead Note 3: When cross track error exceeds 1 nm on either side, the XTE mark Stars even though a difference may exist between heading and BRG to WPT. display during stand-by or AIS data Blinking. SPEED DEPTH Speed Depth 10.5 125 Kt m TRIP ST-BY 000.3nm TEMPERATURE
+17.3 Time-to-go to Stand-by Trip distance since power on To Waypoint bearing heading Heading Time-to-go to TO Waypoint N Bearing TO Waypoint Range to TO Waypoint E HDG 092.5 CRS 180.0 M WPT TTG 01:08 BRG 45.0 M RNG 12.0NM OWN SHIP LAT 30 00. 00N LON 135 00.00E XTE R 0.3NM Course S
'
Ship s position in latitude and longitude L XTE W XTE R Cross Track Error Mark
" " shows direction and amount of error. 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 Figure 2-3 Typical navigation data display during stand-by 14 2.9 Selecting the Range The range selected automatically determines the range ring interval, the number of range rings, pulselength and pulse repetition rate, for optimal detection capability in short to long ranges. You can select which ranges and pulselength
(for 1 mile range) to use through the menu. The range, range ring interval and pulselength appear at the botton left-hand corner of the display. To select a range;
When navigating in or around crowded harbors, select a short range to watch for possi ble collision situations. If you select a lower range while on open water, increase the range occasionally to watch for vessels that may be heading your way. 2.10 Adjusting Picture Brilliance The [BRILL] key adjusts the brilliance of the radar picture in eight levels. Press the [BRILL] key to set the brilliance level. The current level momentarily appears on the screen. 2.11 Setup display color In order to adapt to the different environments, the radar echo display the back-ground color and echo color can be set by users themselves, there are five kinds of background colors and three kinds of echo colors available. Setting methods are 1.By menu 1) Press [MENU] key open main menu;
2) Select ''FUNCTION MENU'' and press [ACQ/ENTER] key;
3) Press [
open the color setup menu;
]or [ ] key select ''COLOR SETTING'' & press [ACQ/ENTER] key as follows:
] or [ ] select color desired and press [ACQ/ENTER] key;
] or [ ] key select ''BACKGROUND COLOR'' or ''ECHO COLOR''
4) Press [
press [ACQ/ENTER] key;
5) Press [
6) Press [MENU] key to close the menu. 2.Using the function key The function keys [F1] function default setting for ''BACKGROUND COLOR'' ,
[F2] key default setting for ''ECHO COLOR''. Directly on the keyboard you can press these two keys select the desired color setting. 15 2.12 Adjusting Receiver Sensitivity The [GAIN] control adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver. It works in precisely the same manner as the volume control of a broadcast receiver, amplifying the signals received. The proper setting is such that the background noise is just visible on the screen. If you set up for too little sensitivity, weak echoes may be missed. On the other hand excessive sensitivity yields too much background noise; strong targets may be missed because of the poor contrast between desired echoes and the background noise on the display. To adjust receiver sensitivity, transmit on long range, and adjust the [GAIN] control so background noise is just visible on the screen. 2.13 Adjusting the A/C SEA Control (reducing sea clutter) Echoes from waves can be troublesome, covering the central part of the display with random signals known as "sea clutter." The higher the waves, and the higher the scanner above the water, the further the clutter will extend. Sea clutter appears on the display as many small echoes which might affect radar performance. (See the Figure 2-4.) When sea clutter masks the picture, adjust the A/C SEA control to reduce the clutter. How the A/C SEA control works The [A/C SEA] control reduces the amplification of echoes at short ranges (where clutter is the greatest) and progressively increases amplification will be normal at those ranges where there is no sea clutter. Adjusting the A/C SEA control The proper setting of the A/C SEA should be such that the clutter is broken up into small dots, and small targets become distinguishable. If the control is set Too low, targets will be hidden in the clutter, while if it is set too high, both sea clutter and targets will disappear from the display. In most cases adjust the con-
trol until clutter has disappeared to leeward, but a little is still visible windward. 1. Confirm that the sensitivity is properly adjusted, and then transmit on short range. 2. Adjust the [A/C SEA] control so small targets are distinguishable but some clutter remains on the display. 16 Sea clutter at A/C SEA control adjusted;
display center sea clutter suppressed. Figure 2-4 How to adjust the STC control Tip for adjusting the A/C SEA A common mistake is to over-adjust the circuit so all the clutter is removed. As an example set up for maximum STC. You will see how the center of the display becomes dark. This dark zone can be dangerous (targets may be missed), especially if the sensitivity is not properly adjusted. Always leave a little clutter visible on the display to be sure weak echoes will not be suppressed. If there is no clutter visible on the display, turn off the circuit. 2.14 Apply the A/C RAIN (reducing rain clutter) The vertical beamwidth of the antenna is designed to see surface targets even when the ship is rolling. However, by this design the unit will also detect rain clutter (rain, snow, hail, etc.) in the same manner as normal targets. Figure 2-5 Shows the appearance of rain clutter on the Display. Adjusting A/C RAIN When rain clutter masks echoes, adjust the [A/C RAIN] Control, This control splits up these unwanted echoes into a speckled pattern, making recognition of solid targets easier. Appearance of rain clutter A/C RAIN control adjusted;
rain clutter suppressed. Figure 2-5 Effect of A/C RAIN 17 Note: In addition to reducing clutter, the [A/C RAIN] control can be used in fine weather to clarify the picture when navigating in confined waters. However, with the circuit activated the receiver is less sensitive. Therefore, turn off the circuit when its function is not used. Automatic adjustments of A/C SEA and A/C RAIN Push the [A/C Auto] key. "A/C AUTO at the bottom left-hand corner of the display when the A/C AUTO circuit is on. You can fine tune by adjusting the
[GAIN] controls.
" appears 2.15 Erasing the Heading Line The heading line may occasionally mask a target. To view the target, you can temporarily erase the heading line by pressing and holding down the [GAIN (HM OFF)] control. Release the control to re-display the marks. Heading Line Figure 2-6 Heading line 2.16 Stern marker The stern marker, which is a dot-and-dash line, appears opposite to the heading line. To display or erase this marker do the following:
1. Go to "FUNCTION MENU" ;
2. Select "STERN MARK" item and press [ACQ/ENTER] key ;
3. Select "OFF" or "ON" as appropriate. 4. Push the [MENU] key twice to close the menu. 18 2.17 Measuring the Range You can measure the range to a target three ways: by the range rings, by the cursor, and by the VRM (Variable Range Marker). By range ring Count the number of rings between the center of the display and the target. Check the range ring interval and judge the distance of the echo from the echo from the inner edge of the nearest ring. By cursor Operate the omnipad to place the cursor intersection on the inside edge of the target echo, The range to the target, as well as the bearing, appears at the bottom right-hand corner of the display. By VRM 1. Press the [EBL/VRM SELECT] key to circumscribe a VRM readout (at the bottom center).Each press of the key selects the readout of EBL1,EBL2,VRM1 or VRM2 in that order. VRM1 EBL1 25.0NM 138 R VRM2 EBL2 10.9NM 152 R Figure 2-7 Display bottom, showing location of EBL and VRM readouts 2. Press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key enable control of the VRM by the omnipad. 3. Operate the omnipad to place the outside edge of the VRM on the inside edge of the target. 4. Check the VRM readout at the bottom right-hand corner of the display to find the range to the target. 5. To anchor the VRM, press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key. 6. To erase the VRM, press and hold down the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key about two seconds. 6.0 NM 2.0 Range Range ring Interval Target Cursor Cursor range VRM1 VRM2 VRM1 Range VRM2 Range 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 300 115 3.5NM VRM1 EBL1 4NM 138 R VRM2 EBL2 2NM 152 R Figure 2-8 Measuring range by the cursor, range rings and VRM Note: You can display the range readout of the VRM and cursor in nautical miles, statute miles or kilometers. For details see the next chapter 19 2.18 Measuring the Bearing There are two ways to measure the bearing to a target: by the cursor, and by the EBL (Electronic Bearing Line). By cursor Operate the omnipad to bisect the target with the cursor intersection. The bearing to the target appears at the bottom of the display. By EBL 1. Press the [ERL/VRM SELECT] key to an EBL readout (at the bottom right-hand corner). Each press of the key selects the readout of EBL1, EBL2, 2. Press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key to enable control of the omnipad. 3. Operate the omnipad to bisect the target with the EBL. 4. Check the EBL readout at the bottom left-hand corner of the display to find VRM1 or VRM2 in that order. display the bearing to the target. 5. To anchor the EBL, press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key. 6. To erase the EBL and its readout; press and hold down the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key about two seconds. Target Cursor EBL1 EBL2 EBL1 Bearing EBL2 Bearing VRM1 EBL1 4NM 40 R VRM2 EBL2 2NM 160 R Cursor Bearing 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 115 3.5NM 45 Figure 2-9 How to measure bearing by EBL and cursor Note: The bearing readout for the EBL and the cursor can be display in relative or true bearing (true bearing requires heading sensor input) For north up and course up display modes the bearing reference is always true. For details see the next chapter. 20 Tips for measuring bearing Bearing measurements of smaller targets are more accurate; the center of larger target pips is not as easily identified. Bearings of stationary or slower moving targets are more accurate than Bearings of faster moving targets. To minimize bearing errors keep echoes in the outer half of the picture by changing the range scale; angular difference becomes difficult to resolve as a target approaches the center of the display. 2.19 Using the Offset EBL The offset EBL provides two functions: predict collision course of radar target and measure the range and the bearing between two targets. Predicting collision course 1. Press the omnipad to place the cursor on the center of the target. 2. Press the [EBL/VRM SELECT] key to choose EBL1 readout and then press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key. 3. Select 4. Press [
5. Press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key. 6. Operate EBL1 so it passes through the center of the target.
] or [ ] key select "ON" and press [ACQ/ENTER] key. on the menu and press the [ACQ/ENTER] key.
"EBL OFFSET"
If the target tracks along the EBL towards the center of the display (you vessel's Position), the target may be on a collision course. To cancel, select "EBL OFFSET" and press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. Press
[
] or [ ] key select "OFF" and press [ACQ/ENTER] key. 36 NM 6 LP HU 000 330 030 Target moved Here. 300 EBL1 origin
(Initial position of target) VRM1 270 Offset EBL
(EBL1) 30.0V 060 090 240 120 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 90 115 13NM 210 EBL2 150 VRM1 EBL1 6.1NM 138 R VRM2 EBL2 32NM 152 R Figure 2-10 Predicting collision course by using the offset EBL 21
"A" and target "B" in Figure 2-11.
's origin (cursor) on the center of target Measuring range and bearing between two targets The procedure which follows shows how to measure the range and bearing between target
"A". 1. Press the omnipad to place EBL1 2. Press the [EBL/VRM SELECT] key to choose EBL1 readout and then press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key. 3. Select EBL OFFSET on the menu and press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. EBL1 origin shifts to cursor. 4. Press the [EBL/VRM CONTROL] key. 5. Press the onmipad to bisect target find the bearing between target "A" and target "B". 6. Press the [EBL/VRM SELECT] key to choose VRM1 readout. Press the omnipad to place the outside edge of VRM1 on the inside edge of target "B". Check the VRM1 readout to find the range between target "A" and target "B". 7. To cancel, select EBL OFFSET on the menu and press the [ACQ/ENTER] key.
"B" with EBL1. Check the EBL1 readout to
's EBL1 Cursor Bearing 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 115 5.5NM 20 VRM1 VRM1 Range VRM2 Range VRM1 EBL1 4NM 70 R VRM2 EBL2 2NM 152 R Figure 2-11 Measuring the range and bearing between two targets by using the offset EBL 22
'
"
"
"
"
2.20 Point of reference for origin point of offset EBL The origin point of the offset EBL can be ground stabilized (geographically fixed), north stabilized (true) or referenced to own ship s heading (relative). 1. Go to FUNCTION MENU
"
2. Select EBL OFFSET BASE . 3. Select STAB GND , STAB HDG or STAB NORTH as applicable. STAB GND: Reference to latitude and longitude. Origin position is always fixed regardless of your ship's movement. STAB HDG: Reference to heading. The relationship between origin position and own position is kept always. STAB NORTH: Reference to North. The origin position changes with North position. 4. Push the [MENU] key twice to close the menu.
" "
"
"
"
2.21 Shifting (off centering) the Picture Your vessel's position can be shifted up to 75% (not available on 48nm range) of the range in use to view the situation around your vessel without changing the range or size of targets. 1. Press the omnipad to set cursor where desired. 2. Press the [MENU] key ,select "SHIFT" and press [ACQ ENTER] key;
3. Press [ ] or [ ] key select "ON" and press [ACQ/ENTER] key. OFF-CENT" appears at the top right corner of the display when the picture is shifted.
"
Cursor Cursor Place cursor Where desired Press [OFF CENTER] key to off center display Figure 2-12 Shifting the picture Cancelling shifted picture Repeat the above steps and select "OFF"
23 2.22 Zoom The zoom feature allows you to double the size of the area between your vessel and any location within the current range to take a closer look at an area of interest. 1. Select location with the cursor. 2. Select ZOOM on the menu, ZOOM appears at the top right corner when the ZOOM function is on . Cursor Cursor P lace c ursor W here d esired Press [ZOOM] key to zoom Figure 2-13 Zoom Function Note: Zoom is cancelled when presentation mode is changed. Cancelling Zoom Repeat the above steps and select "OFF"
2.23 Outputting Target Position Target position data can be output to the navaid in format. Press and hold down the [TLL] key to output the data. This function requires position data and heading signal. IEC61162 24 3. MENU OPERATION 3.1 Basic Menu Operation The menu mostly contains less-often used functions which once preset do not require regular adjustment. To open or close the menu, press the [MENU] key. You can select items on the menu with the omnipad. 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the main menu. Figure 3-1 Main menu 2. Press the omnipad to select the item. For example, select RINGS. A message appears at the 3. Press the key to select setting below. of the menu window.
] or [ ]
right
[
Figure 3-2 Messages for RING menu 4. Press the [MENU] key to close the menu. 25
. Press [
If there is no heading sensor connection, 3.2 Selecting the presentation mode This radar provides four presentation modes. Head-up, course-up, north-up and true motion 1. Press the [MENU] key. 2. Operate the omnipad to select "MODE". 3. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. With heading sensor connection the display and the display and the display mode
] or [ ] key select indication at the top lefthand corner of the display. want mode and press [ACQ/ENTER] key. the display mode is always HU. 4. Press the [MENU] key to close the menu. Note: The radar begins operation with last selected display mode (except course up) whenever the unit is turned on. Note however that head up is selected when course up was the last used mode. Head up The picture is oriented so the heading line is at the top of the display. This mode is useful for navigation in congested waters. Course up The course up mode shows display. To get heading desired, steer vessel in direction desired, and the show
"
CU at the top lefthand corner of the display. North up North is at the top of the display and the heading line moves with heading. This mode is useful for determining ship s position and as a navigation monitor on a nautical chart. The picture is stabilized against yaw of vessel, thereby reducing of target echoes. True motion True motion displays own ship and moving objects in their true motion. heading by the heading line, at the top of the Ship's Ship's
"
'
3.3 Magnifying long range echoes (echo stretch) Normally, the reflected echoes from long range target appear on the display as weaker and smaller blips even though they are compensated by the radar's internal circuitry. The echo stretch function magnifies these small blips in all ranges. Two types of echo stretch are available: ES1 which stretches echoes in bearing direction and ES2 which stretches them in both range and bearing directions. To turn the echo stretch on or off;
1. Press the [MENU] key to open the menu.
"
2. Select ECHO STRETCH . 3. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. 4. Press [
] or [ ] Key select ES1, ES2 or Off.
"
26 Bearing direction Bearing direction Range direction Echo stretch 1 Echo stretch 2 Figure 3-3 Echo stretch Note: This function magnifies not only targets but also sea clutter and radar interference. For this reason be sure the controls for adjustment of sea clutter and radar interference are properly adjusted before activating the echo stretch. Note: E 1 and ES2 is not available on Short Range. S 3.4 Echo Trail You can show the movement of all radar targets relative to your vessel in afterglow vessel in afterglow. This function is useful for alerting you to possible collision situations. Starting echo trail 1. Press the [MENU] key to open the menu. 2. Select "ECHO TRAIL" by the omnipad. 3. Select "ON by pressing the [ACQ/ENTER] key.
"
Figure 3-4 How the echo trail feature work TRAIL, the echo trail time selected (on MENU") and elapsed time appear at the top right-hand corner of the display. Then, afterglow starts extending from all target. Note: Trails are restarted when range or mode is changed or zoom or shift is turned on.
"VIDEO 27
"
Fixed time trail 1. When the elapsed time clock counts up to the trail time selected, the elapsed time display freezes. 2. The oldest portions of trails are erased so only the latest trail, equal in length to the trail time selected, is shown. 3. Trail continues. For example, the one minute trail time is selected. When the elapsed time clock counts up to 60 seconds, the elapsed time clock counts up to 60 seconds, the elapsed time display freezes at 60," but the latest one minute of trail are erased and then trail continuous. Continuous trail The maximum continuous trail time is 99 minutes and 59 seconds. When the elapsed time clock counts up to that time the elapsed time display is reset to zero and trail begins again. Cancelling echo trail Select "OFF(deactivate)" at "ECHO TRAIL" on the menu. Changing trail attributes Trail gradation and trail time can be selected on the VIDEO MENU. Item In OTHERS menu Description Trail Tone Trails can be shown in single or multiple gradations. Multiple paints trails getting thinner with time just like the afterglow on an analog PPI radar. Single Multiple Trail Time Trail time can be set for 15sec, 30sec, 1min, 3min, 6min, 15min, 30min or continuous. Table 3-1 Trailing attributes 3.5 Suppressing Radar Interference Radar interference may occur when near another shipborne radar operating in the same frequency hand as you radar. Its on-sereen appearance is many bright dots either scattered at random or in the form of dotted lines extending from the center to the edge of the display. Figure 3-6 illustrates interference in the from of curved spokes. Interference effects are distinguishable from normal echoes because they do not appear in the same place on successive rotations of the antenna. 28 Figure 3-6 Radar interference R R Four levels of interference are available, including off; I 1, I 2, IR3 and OFF,IR3 provides the highest level of rejection. 1. Press the [MENU] key. 2. Select "VIDEO MENU" and press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. 3. Select "INT REJECT". 4. Select level desired by operation the omnipad. 5. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. 6. Press the [MENU] key to close the menu. Figure 3-7 VIDEO MENU is the transmission time of a Single radar pulse. The longer the pulse the greater the direction range capability, however range accuracy and range Pulse Length 3.6 Selecting Pulse length length resolution are reduced. 1. Press [MENU] key. 2. Select "VIDEO MENU and press [ACQ/ENTER] key.
"
3. Select PULSE LENGTH .
"
4. Select SHORT or LONG by operation the omnipad. 5. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. 6. Press the [MENU] key to close the menu. Note:
"
LONG
" : 1.5NM-MP, 3NM-LP,
"
"
"
"
"
"SHORT" : 3NM-MP, 1.5NM-SP 29 3.7 Guard Alarm The guard alarm allows the operator to set the desired range and bearing for a guard zone. When ships, islands, landmasses, etc. Violate the guard zone an audible alarm sounds and the offending target brinks to call the operator's attention. Selection of guard zone type The guard alarm can be set to sound when a target either enters or exits the guard zone. You can select which type of guard alarm you want through the menu. In alarm The alarm sounds on targets entering the guard zone. "IN" appears in the guard zone data field , the guard zone will flash display. Out alarm The alarm sounds on targets exiting the guard zone. "OUT" appears in the guard zone data field , the guard zone will flash display. Dashed line no alarm Guard IN ALARM OUT ALARM Figure 3-8 In and Out alarm Setting a guard zone Preparation 1. Press the [MENU] key, and the select the [ACQ/ENTER] key. 2. Select "GUARD MODE and "IN (alarm on target entering zone) or "OUT"
(alarm on target exiting zone) by operating the omnipad. 3. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. 4. Press the [MENU] key to close the menu. MENU" and pressing FUNCTION
"
"
"
30 To set a guard zone 1. Press the [GUARD] key to open the guard zone setting function. 2. Press [ ] or [ ] key select the guard zone number. 3. Mentally create the guard zone you want to set. 4. Operate the onipad to set the cursor on point A or B. Press the [
key. See Figure 3-9 5. Operate the omnipad to set the cursor on point C or D. See Figure 3-9 (3). 6. Press the [
screen ACQ/ENTER See Figure 3-9 (4).
] key. Alarm zone set, the red dotted line appears on the ACQ/ENTER
]
Guard zone to set A Drag cursor here. 1 Mentally create the guard zone to set. 2 Drag cursor to top left corner of zone and press [GUARD]. Guard zone 4 Guard zone completed. 3 Drag cursor to bottom right corner of zone and press [GUARD]. Figure 3-9 How to set the guard zone 31 3.8 Watchman The watchman function periodically transmits the radar for minute to check for targets in a guard zone. If it finds change in the zone from the previous transmission it sounds the radar continuously. This feature is useful when you do not need the radar's function continuously but want to be alerted to radar targets in a specific area. TX 1min St-by 5 10 or 20 min TX 1 min St-by 5,10 or 20 min Watchman starts. Figure 3-10 How watchman works
"
"
FUNCTION WATCHMAN How watchman works When the time selected for the watchman restperiod has elapsed, the radar autom-
atically transmits for one minute to check the condition inside the guard zone. If there is no change, the radar goes into stand-by (
" appears during stand-by.) If there is change, the radar sounds the audible alarm, cancels the watc-
hman function and transmits continuously. Turning on watchman 1. Create a guard zone (usually 360 degrees) with the guard alarm function. 2. Press the [MENU] key. 3. Select MENU". 4. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key.
"
5. Select "WATCHMAN . 6. Press the omnipad to select watchman rest period; 5 minutes, 10 minutes or 20 minutes.
"WATCHMAN"appears at the top of the screen, the radar transmits for one minute to check for targets inside the guard zone. And the the shuts off and the radar goes into stand-by. Cancelling watchman Go into the Note 1: Watchman can be used without a guard zone. Note 2: The alarm sounds just before the radar starts and stops transmitting.
", and set "WATCHMAN for off. FUNCTION MENU LCD display
"
"
32 3.9 Displaying Navigation Data Navigation data can be displayed in the data boxes if this radar receives navigation input in format. Navigation data include. IEC 61162 position in latitude and longitude range, bearing and time-to-go to both waypoint selected on the navigator and the cursor. speed. AIS information, has been received AIS ship information;
(If the navigation input includes destination data, waypoint position is denoted on the radar display by a dashed ring.) To turn navigation data on or off;
1. Press the [MENU] key. 2. Select the "
3. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. 4. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key to select the message for Navigation display. 5. Prss the [ACQ/ENTER] key to set. 6. Press the [MENU] key to close the menu. For example:OWN SHIP , POSITION or WAYPOINT etc. DATA FIELD
". Waypoint Mark 000 330 030 36 NM 6 LP HU 300 270 240 Navigation Data AUTO IR OFF ES OFF OFF-CENT ZOOM TRAIL OFF A/C Auto OFF OWN SHIP 060 HDG 270 COG 255 T X-band SOG 03.5KT WAYPOINT 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 115 TTG
**.**
GUARD ZONE 1 Off GUARD ZONE 2 1.02~2.10NM IN (or OUT) MARKERS 090 VRM1 25.0 NM EBL1 138 K VRM1 10.9 NM EBL2 152 K CURSOR R/B RANGE:
BEARING:
120 VESSEL A Safe ARP VESSEL SOG 15.0KT RNG 130.0NM CPA 10.1NM COG 270 M BRG 99 M TCPA 10:20:30 AIS VESSEL 115 22 45.135 N 21.237 E 360 99.9NM 210 150 VESSEL 1 Safe VRM1 EBL1 138 K 25.0NM VRM2 EBL2 152 K 10.9NM SPD 12.0KT RNG 20.0NM CPA 9.1NM CRS 128 M BRG 99 M TCPA 24:30:30 Figure 3-11 Typical navigation data display 33 3.10 FUNCTION MENU Description Item Description Panel Dimmer Select level of panel backlight. Mark Brill Select brilliance of VRM, EBL, cursor, guard zone and WP marks. HD Mark Select brilliance of heading mark. Characters Select brilliance of characters. WPT Mark Select"On"to display the waypoint mark. EBL Ref Select EBL reference for relative or true. VRM Unit Select VRM unit STBY Disp Select the display on stand-by; display "STBY"
or navigation data, or go into the economy mode. Guard Mode Select condition which triggers guard alarm; in or out. Alm sense LV Select minimum echo strength which triggers guard alarm. Watchman Turn watchman on (set rest period) or off. Color setting Set background color & Echo color Go to the speed menu. Speed Menu Range Select ranges in use. Self Test Test keys, ROM and RAM, check antenna rotation speed, and display program number Installation Setup Go to the installation setup menu. Table 3-2 FUNCTION MENU Description 34 3.11 VIDEO MENU Description Item Description
"
Select the trail time. Trail Tone Select brillance of echo trails. Int Reject Select level of interference rejection. Pulselength Select pulselength for 1.5 and 3 mile ranges. Trail Time Noise Reject Select ON to reject noise. Tune Select automatic or manual tuning. To tune manually;
control operate the omnipad. MANUAL"appears at the top right-hand corner when manual tuning is in effect. Select "MANUAL by the omnipad. Press the [ENTER] key to enable manual tuning. While pressing and holding down the [GAIN]
1 2 3
"
D.Range Select the video signal sampling ranges. Dead Sector Select ON to display the dead sector.
"
"
Table 3-3 VIDEO MENU Description 3.12 Function Keys The function keys (F1 and F2) work like the auto-dialing feature of a telephone, automatically executing the function assigned to them. The function can be turned off by pressing appropriate function key again. Default settings F1: Background Color F2: Echo Color How to register menu items 1. Press the [MENU] key. 2. Press [A/C SEA] (F1) or [A/C RAIN] (F2) to open the function menu. Press [ ] or [ ] key select item, press [ ] or [ ] key page turning;
3. function desired. 4. Press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. Select 35 5. Press the [MENU] key to close the menu. Figure 3-12 Function menu 3.13 Suppressing Noise Electrical noise can be suppressed by turning on "NOISE REJ" on the menu. VIDEO 3.14 Adjusting Brilliance of Markers
"MARK BRILL" on the as the cursor. FUNCTION menu adjusts the brilliance of markers such 36 4. FALSE ECHOES Occasionally false echoes appear on the screen at positions where there is no target. In some cases the effects can be reduced or eliminated. The operator should familiarize himself or herself with the appearance and effects of these false echoes, so as not to confuse them with echoes from legitimate contacts. 4.1 Multiple Echoes Multiple echoes occur when a short range, strong echo is received from a ship, bridge, or breakwater. A second, a third or more echoes may be observed on the display at double, triple or other multiples of the actual range of the target as shown in Figure 4-1. Multiple reflection echoes can be reduced and often removed by decreasing the sensitivity or properly adjusting the A/C SEA. True Echo Own ship Multiple echo Figure 4-1 Multiple echoes 4.2 Side-lobe Echoes Every time the antenna rotates, some radiation escapes on each side of the beam called
"side-lobes." If a target exists where it can be detected by the side-lobes as well as the main-lobe, the side-lobe echoes may be represented on both sides of the true echo at the same range, as shown in Figure 4-2. Side-lobes show usually only at short ranges and from strong targets. They can be reduced through careful reduction of the sensitivity or proper adjustment of the A/C SEA. 37 Main-lobe True echo Side-lobe Sprious target Antenna Figure 4-2 Side-lobe echoes 4.3 Indirect Echoes Direct path Target Indirect path Obstruction
(mast,funnel etc.). Antenna Target Indirect path Direct path Own ship Bridge Heading Iine True echo Indirect echo Heading Iine True echo Indirect echo Indirect echo Figure 4-3 Indirect echoes 38 Indirect echoes may be returned from either a passing ship or returned from a reflecting surface on your own ship, for example, a stack. In both cases, the echo will return from a legitimate contact to the antenna by the same indirect path. The echo will appear on the same bearing of the reflected surface, but at the same range as the direct echo. Figure 4-3 illustrates the effect of an indirect echo. Indirect echoes may be recognized as follows :
they usually occur in a shadow sector they appear on the bearing of the obstruction but at the range of the legitimate contact when plotted, their movements are usually abnormal, and their shapes may indicate they are not direct echoes. 4.4 Blind and Shadow Sectors Funnels, stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of antenna may reduce the intensity of the radar beam. If the angle subtended at the antenna is more than a few degrees a blind sector may be produced. Within the blind sector small targets at close range may not be detected while larger targets at much greater ranges may be detected. See Figure 4-4. Vessel taller than wharf Wharf Mast, etc. In path of radar beam Wharf Blind sector
(no echo) Size of blind sector depends on target size and range. Figure 4-4 Blind and shadow sectors 39 5. MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING This chapter tells you how to keep your radar in good working order. Before reviewing this chapter please read the safety information which follows. DANGER Turn off the power before performing any maintenance or troubleshooting procedure. Hazardous voltages can shock, burn or cause death. Only qualified personnel totally famillier with electrical circuits should work inside the units. RF RADIATION HAZARD The radar antenna emits high frequency radio radiation which can be harmful, particularly to your eyes. Never look directly into the antenna from a distance of less than two feet when the radar is in operation as you could injure the cornea of your eyes. Always make sure the radar is set to stand-by or is turned off before starting work on the antenna unit. Period Item Check point Remarks 3 to 6 months Exposed nuts and bolts on antenna unit Check for corroded or loosened nuts and bolts. If necessary, clean and repaint them thickly. Replace them if heavily corroded. Sealing compound may be used instead of paint. Apply a small amount of grease between nuts and bolts for easy removal in future. Radome cover
(KR-1538) Check for wear. Permanent damage to the antenna's internal circuitry will result if water leaks into the radome. If a crack is found it should be temporarily repaired by using a samll amount of sealing compound or adhesive. You should then contact your dealer for service. 6 months to 1 year Display unit connectors Check for tight connection and corrosion. If corroded, contact your dealer for replacement. Table 5-1 Recommended maintenance program 40 5.1 Preventative Maintenance Regular maintenance is important for good performance. Always keep the equipment as free as possible from dirt, dust, and water splashes. Make sure all screws securing the components are properly tightened. A maintenance program should be established and should at least include the items listed in table 5-1. 5.2 Replacing the Fuse The fuse in the power cable protects the equipment against reverse polarity or ship's mains, over current, and equipment fault. If the fuse blows, find the cause before replacing it. Never use an incorrect fuse - serious damage to equipment may result and void the warranty. 12 V : 10 A fuse 24/32 V : 5 A fuse 5.3 Troubleshooting Table 5-2 contains simple troubleshooting procedures which you can follow to try to restore normal operation. If you cannot restore normal operation, do not attempt to check inside any unit of the radar system. Any repair work is best left to a qualified technician. 5.4 Self Test The self test facility checks the keyboard, ROM and RAM for proper operation. 1. Press the [MENU] key. 2. Select "FUNCTION MENU". 3. Select "SELF TEST and press the [ACQ/ENTER] key. The following display appears.
"
Figure 5-1 Self test screen 41 If... you pressed the
[POWER] key to turn on the radar But... the control panel does not light nothing appears on the display or display contrast is poor Then... try adjusting the control panel backlighting on the Function menu. battery may have discharged. check fuse. try adjusting the brilliance. characters are distorted request service. the radar has warmed up and you pressed the [ST-BY/TX] key to transmit the antenna does not rotate the problem may be in antenna Unit request service. Characters and indications are abnormal have a qualified technician check the set. you have adjusted the gain with A/C RAIN and A/C SEA off neither noise nor targets appear (indications and markers do) check signal cable for damage. neither indications nor markers appear (noise and targets do) have a qualified technician check the set. the sweep (radial line sweeping around the,display) is not synchronized with antenna rotation the pr oblem m ay be in th e an tenna unit. Request service. there is no change in sensitivity request service. a key is pressed nothing happens key may be faulty. Request service. Table 5-2 Troubleshooting table 42
frequency | equipment class | purpose | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2014-09-19 | 9410 ~ 9410 | MRD - Marine Radar | Original Equipment |
app s | Applicant Information | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Effective |
2014-09-19
|
||||
1 | Applicant's complete, legal business name |
Express Communication & Navigation Company Ltd.
|
||||
1 | FCC Registration Number (FRN) |
0023624380
|
||||
1 | Physical Address |
Zhongyang Building, Pubian Industrial Estate
|
||||
1 |
Shanwei, N/A
|
|||||
1 |
China
|
|||||
app s | TCB Information | |||||
1 | TCB Application Email Address |
k******@emcc.de
|
||||
1 | TCB Scope |
B3: Maritime & Aviation Radio Services equipment in 47 CFR parts 80 & 87
|
||||
app s | FCC ID | |||||
1 | Grantee Code |
2ACD9
|
||||
1 | Equipment Product Code |
KR1238
|
||||
app s | Person at the applicant's address to receive grant or for contact | |||||
1 | Name |
A******** L******
|
||||
1 | Title |
Manager
|
||||
1 | Telephone Number |
86-66********
|
||||
1 | Fax Number |
86-66********
|
||||
1 |
o******@163.com
|
|||||
app s | Technical Contact | |||||
n/a | ||||||
app s | Non Technical Contact | |||||
n/a | ||||||
app s | Confidentiality (long or short term) | |||||
1 | Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | Yes | ||||
1 | Long-Term Confidentiality Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | No | ||||
if no date is supplied, the release date will be set to 45 calendar days past the date of grant. | ||||||
app s | Cognitive Radio & Software Defined Radio, Class, etc | |||||
1 | Is this application for software defined/cognitive radio authorization? | No | ||||
1 | Equipment Class | MRD - Marine Radar | ||||
1 | Description of product as it is marketed: (NOTE: This text will appear below the equipment class on the grant) | MARINE RADAR | ||||
1 | Related OET KnowledgeDataBase Inquiry: Is there a KDB inquiry associated with this application? | No | ||||
1 | Modular Equipment Type | Does not apply | ||||
1 | Purpose / Application is for | Original Equipment | ||||
1 | Composite Equipment: Is the equipment in this application a composite device subject to an additional equipment authorization? | No | ||||
1 | Related Equipment: Is the equipment in this application part of a system that operates with, or is marketed with, another device that requires an equipment authorization? | No | ||||
1 | Grant Comments | RF exposure compliance is addressed at the time of licensing, as required by the responsible FCC Bureau(s) including antenna co-location requirements of Section 1.1307(b)(3). The device must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least 100 cm from all persons during normal operation. End-users and installers must be provided with antenna installation instructions and transmitter operating conditions for satisfying RF exposure compliance. | ||||
1 | Is there an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application? | No | ||||
1 | If there is an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application, has the associated waiver been approved and all information uploaded? | No | ||||
app s | Test Firm Name and Contact Information | |||||
1 | Firm Name |
Ke Mei Ou Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|
||||
1 | Name |
A****** L******
|
||||
1 | Telephone Number |
86755********
|
||||
1 | Fax Number |
86755********
|
||||
1 |
a******@kmolab.com
|
|||||
Equipment Specifications | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Line | Rule Parts | Grant Notes | Lower Frequency | Upper Frequency | Power Output | Tolerance | Emission Designator | Microprocessor Number | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 80 | 9410.00000000 | 9410.00000000 | 4000.0000000 | 67M0P0N |
some individual PII (Personally Identifiable Information) available on the public forms may be redacted, original source may include additional details
This product uses the FCC Data API but is not endorsed or certified by the FCC