FCC ID: ASLGEMRM-10U X-Band Radar Transceiver

NSC 18 Navigational Radar System User Manual 3464 100 037 3748DOC020102 Edition 14.JAN.2005 Weitergabe sowie Vervielfltigung dieser Unterlage, Verwertung und Mitteilung ihres Inhaltes nicht gestattet, soweit nicht ausdrcklich zugestanden. Zuwiderhandlungen verpflichten zu Schadenersatz. Copying of this document, and giving it to others and the use or communication of the contents thereof, are forbidden without express authority. Offenders are liable to the payment of damages. Toute communication ou reproduction de ce document, toute exploitation ou communication de son contenu sont interdites, sauf autorisation expresse. Tout manquement cette rgle est illicite et expose son auteur au versement de dommages et intrts. Sin nuestra expresa autorizacin, queda terminantemente prohibida la reproduccin total o parcial de este documento, as como su uso indebido y/o su exhibicin o comunicacin a terceros. De los infractores se exigir el correspondiente resarcimiento de daos y perjuicios. 3748DOC020102 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Table of Contents 1 Introduction

. 1.1 Radar System

. 2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

. 2.1 2.2 DISPLAY ORGANIZATION AND SUBMENU STRUCTURE

. FIRST STEPS IN OPERATION

. 2.2.1 Switching ON

. How to use the CURSOR 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 Cursor in park position 2.2.2.2 Cursor symbols

. 14 15 21 22 27 28 210 211 212 2.2.3 Radar operator panel

. 213 Softkeys and operator controls in NSC display 2.2.4 2.2.4.1 Softkeys in menu bar 2.2.4.2 Operator controls in NSC display 2.2.4.3 Toggle fields 2.2.4.4 Sliders 2.2.4.5 Drag and drop

. 215 215 217 218 218 220 2.2.5 System reset

. 221 2.2.6 Switching OFF the NSC radar system

. 222 2.3 DISPLAY OPERATIONS AND INDICATORS

. 224 Sensitivity controls 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 Gain and clutter processing 2.3.1.2 TUNE 2.3.1.3 GAIN 2.3.1.4 SEA 2.3.1.5 RAIN RATE 2.3.1.6 Filtering rain clouds FTC 2.3.1.7 CFAR 2.3.1.8 Search and rescue transponder SART ON/OFF (option) 2.3.1.9 Pulse width selection 2.3.1.10 Interference selection 2.3.1.11 Echo expansion

. Radar video displays 2.3.2 2.3.2.1 Ship heading marker 2.3.2.2 Relative Motion (R), Relative Motion (T), True Motion 2.3.2.3 North Up, Head Up, Course Up and Repeater Up

. 225 225 225 227 227 229 230 230 231 233 234 234 235 235 235 239 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 I 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Table of Contents Radar video settings 2.3.3 2.3.3.1 Range RNG 2.3.3.2 RINGS 2.3.3.3 CENTer 2.3.3.4 RESET TM toggle field

. Electronic bearing lines (EBL) and variable range markers (VRM) 2.3.4 2.3.4.1 Enabling EBL / VRM OFFSET using cursor 2.3.4.2 Editing EBL and VRM 2.3.4.3 Deactivating EBL and VRM 2.3.4.4 Parallel index line PI 2.3.4.5 Deactivating the parallel index line PI

. 243 243 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 251 252 2.3.5 Cursor information in the radar video

. 253 Information panel 2.3.6 2.3.6.1 Display of OWN SHIP DATA 2.3.6.2 Display and selection of VECTOR and HISTORY TRACK information 2.3.6.3 Function display 2.3.6.4 Display for ALARM 2.3.6.5 Display for task messages 2.3.6.6 Menu with softkeys

. 254 255 257 259 260 264 265 2.4 ARPA FUNCTION

. 267 2.4.1 General Information

. 267 2.4.2 MANUAL PLOTTING ACQ TGT

. 270 2.4.3 AUTOMATIC PLOTTING ARPA MENU

. 271 2.4.4 2.4.4.1 Determining the CPA/TCPA radius

. CPA/TCPA CREATE ZONE form 2.4.5 2.4.5.1 Select ACQUISITION zone form 2.4.5.2 Select GUARD zone form 2.4.5.3 Select EXCLUSION zone form

. 272 273 274 276 282 286 2.4.6 EDIT ZONE

. 288 2.4.7 DELETE ZONE

. 289 2.4.8 Potential collision points (PCP) and closest point of approach (CPA) symbols

. 290 2.4.9 Closest point of approach (CPA) warning on PCPs

. 294 2.4.10 Closest point of approach CPA warning

. 296 2.4.11 Delete all targets

. 297 3748DOC020102 II Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Table of Contents 2.4.12 Reference target ON/OFF

. 298 2.4.13 ARPA INFO

. 2100 2.4.14 AIS INFO (option) 2.4.14.1 AIS Symbols in the Radar Video 2.4.14.2 AIS symbols

. 2102 2104 2105 2.5 FUNCTION MENU

. 2106 Select MAP MENU 2.5.1 2.5.1.1 MAP MENU EDIT 2.5.1.2 MAP MENU CONTROL 2.5.1.3 MAP MENU EXCHANGE 2.5.1.4 MAP MENU SAVE 2.5.1.5 MAP MENU DELETE 2.5.1.6 MAP MENU LOAD

. 2106 2107 2116 2120 2122 2123 2124 2.5.2 Select TRIAL MANOEUVRE

. 2126 2.5.3 Select ROUTE (option)

. 2130 2.5.4 Select TSCE (ON/OFF)

. 2132 2.5.5 2.5.5.1 Performance monitor Select PERFORMANCE MONITOR

. 2134 2134 2.5.6 Select SECTOR BLANKING (ON/OFF)

. 2137 3 Theory of Operation

. 3.1 3.2 Radar Plotting Terminology

. Radar Pattern Interpretation

. Range 3.2.1 3.2.1.1 Radar Interference 3.2.1.2 Sea Clutter, Rain Clutter 3.2.1.3 Side Lobe Effect 3.2.1.4 Second trace false echo 3.2.1.5 Abnormal Atmospheric Conditions

. 31 31 35 35 36 37 38 39 311 3.3 Vector Presentation

. 312 3.3.1 True Vector Mode

. 312 3.3.2 Relative Vector Mode

. 313 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 III 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.4 Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)

. 314 Table of Contents Sensor Errors 3.4.1 3.4.1.1 Gyro Compass 3.4.1.2 Speed Log 3.4.1.3 Plotting

. Collisions Assessment (Surveillance) 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 Accuracy of Collision Assessment 3.4.2.2 Displaying of CPAs

. 315 315 315 316 318 318 318 3.5 Keep the following points in mind when operating the NSC. 320 Annex 3748DOC020102 IV Edition: 14.JAN.2005 NSC List of Abbreviations M

MTR, Modulator Transmitter Receiver N NUP, NorthUp NM, Nautical Miles P PCP, Potential Collision Point PMU, Performance Monitor Unit POS, Position PPI, Plan Position Indicator R RACON, Receiver/Transmitter Trans-

ponder Devices used as a Navigation aid RUP, Repeater Up RCSE, Relative course RM (R), Relative Motion and Relative Trails RM (T), Relative Motion and True Trails RNG, Range RR, Range Rings RSPD, Relative Speed S STBY, Standby SHM, Ship Heading Marker SP, Short Pulse A ACP, Azimuth Commit Point ARPA, Automatic Plotting Aid ARP, Azimuth Reset Point B BRG, Bearing C CPA, Closest Point of Appoach CUP, Course Up CSE, Course CURS, Cursor D DST, Distance E EBL, Electronic Bearing Line ETA, Estimated Time of Arrival EXCL, Exclusion EXP, Expansion F F, Floating FTC, Fast Time Constant FTM, Fix True Motion H HUP, Head Up HDG, Heading HW, Hardware I ISU, Interswitch Unit L LP, Long Pulse NSC List of Abbreviations

T TSCE, Test scenario TCM, Transceiver control module, TN, Tune TTG, Time to go Tx, Transceiver ON TCPA, Time of Closest Point of Approach TM, True Motion TRU, True TTG, Time To Go TFT, Thin Film Transistor V VRM, Variable Range Marker X XCVR, Transceiver unit RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual QUICK STARTUP GUIDE STDBY/TX MODE TRAILS SPEED VECTOR FILTER (KEY) ECHO EXP NUP RM (T) TRUE LOG (WT) TRUE ON ON ANTICOLLISION AREAS ARPA FWD ARPA OPTIONAL PCP/CPA, CPA WRN on PCPs CUP VECTOR PLOT HISTORY TRAILS REL RM (R) REL RECOMMENDED USER ADJUSTMENTS AFTER SWITCHING ON THE NSC RADAR Cursor Trackball Edition: 03.JAN.2005 3748DOC020102 1. 2. 3. SWITCH ON THE RADAR, SELECT THE BEST PRESETTINGS Switch ON the NSC. Press the button 5s, the main power has to be switched on. The RunUp phase is terminated after 190s. The NSC status is STANDBY. Select this softkey per cursor. The softbutton name changes to TX. The radar is ready for operation. The attitudes selected last are effective:

These are:

PPI presentations and adjustments, Antenna sensitivities, last Sensor choice. Check D the ALARMMessages (detailed information see chapter 2.3.6.4). D the position indication between radar information panel and position sensor. D the radar video with the real area, make a bearing to a known target (bouy, beacon, church). D the magnetron quality. Check it with the performance monitor (see chapter 2.5.5). Select the PPIpresentation in favor. means Relative Motion, own ship is stationary and other objects, including land masses boys, ships at anchor and ships in motion, move with correct relative speed and course means True Motion, land masses, bouys, ships at anchor, etc. appear exactly as they are. Objects in motion, including own ship, move with correct true speed and course across the operating screen. means NorthUp, geographic north is upward Stabilized operation. GYRO Compass information is required for NorthUp operation. means HeadUp, heading is upwards Unstabilized operation*. means CourseUp, course is upwards Stabilized operation. GYRO Compass information is required for CourseUp operation. means ReapterUp, repeater indication is upwards Unstabilized operation. SITUATION SETTINGS PPI adjustments Select your required Range Scale (highest value 96.0 NM, lowest value 0.125 NM). Fade the Range Rings, Rings are used to make quick assessment of targets approximate range from own ship. The ship symbole appears in the range scale between 0.125 NM to 96.0 NM or in the ring scale 0.02 NM to 16 NM. Antenna Sensitivity controls AUTO mode for TUNE. The TUNE control is used to tune the Receiver Frequency to match that of the Transmitter. The tune adjustment should be made on the medium or long range scales that show radar returns. The GAIN control adjusts the sensitivity of the radar display. AUTO mode for SEA, RAIN, FTC (SFAR). The SEA control is used to suppress radar returns which are the result of radar signals reflected from waves. The RAIN control is used to suppress radar returns which are the result of radar signals reflected from rain drops. FTC performs differentiating, or filtering of rain clouds. Search and rescue transponder SART ON is to improve detection of SART. Select the puls length, from short to long pulse and vice versa to optimize the target discrimination with respect to selected range. Select the interference function (ON or OFF). Select the echo expansion (ON or OFF). Day or Night mode Press this button if you want to change in the night mode.

*) Unstabilized operation means. No heading or speedsensor was available. In this case following NSC functions are not possible:

ARPA function, True Motion, Fast Target ON/OFF Afterglow Trail RNSC SHORT OPERATION Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany SHM Radar Video see chapter 2.3.2.1 displays Radar Video settings Information panel MenuBar see chapter see chapter 2.3.2 see chapter 2.3.3 see chapter 2.3.6 2.3.6.6 Antenna sensitivity controls see chapter 2.3.1 North Marker Cursor information in the radar video range, see chapter 2.3.5 T T T T T Navigation Electronic bearing lines (EBL) and variable range markers (VRM) see chapter 2.3.4 Park position automatic cursor position Radar operator panel see chapter 2.2.3 Trackball used as SET button Trackball see chapter 2.2.2 CURSOR SYMBOLS NORMAL CURSOR outside the PPI used to pickup for pickingup and dragging something DEFAULT CURSOR OFFSET CURSOR ECDIS CURSOR (option see chapter 2.2.2.2) Edition: 03.JAN.2005 3748DOC02012 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual IMPORTANT NOTICE AND SAFETY INFORMATIONS This Radar is an aid to navigation. Its accuracy can be affected by many factors such as equipment defect, environmental conditions, or improper operation. It is the users responsibility to exercise common prudence and navigational judgement at all times. ATTENTION This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant IEC 60936 to IEC 60872, IEC 60945. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency en-

ergy and, not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful inter-

ference in which case the user will be required to correct the. interference at his own expense. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 11 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual HIGH VOLTAGE There is absolutely no danger in handling the external controls of the radar while the radar is in operation. In the radars interior, however, are high voltages which are fatally dangerous to anyone careless handling interior components. Be absoluteley sure that the radar power switch is OFF before performing repair work or maintenance . Furthermore, even when the power switch is turned off, a high voltage remains in certain parts of the radar circuits. In particular, be careful of the magnetron heater circuit, cathoderay tube anode circuit, etc.. Utilizing a length of wire with one end fully grounded or an insulated srewdriver, ground all high voltage sections to discharge the residual charges and ensure that no charges remain before touching any part of the high voltage sections. In any case, the most dangerous thing to do is to touch any part of the high voltage sections without making sure that the radar power switch is off. ATTENTION Exercise care when approaching a rotating antenna. Be sure to turn off the radar power switch before performing maintenance or inspection of the antenna. Also, make sure that nothing or no one is near the antenna when turning on the radar power supply. 3748DOC020102 12 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual MICROWAVE RADIATION A short exposure to the microwaves radiated by the radar antenna is harmless. However, avoid prolonged exposure to the microwaves. Never look directly into the wave guide while checking transceiver operation, since microwaves are especially harmful to the eyes. The radiation of microwaves can be checked with a neon tubel . The neon tube will glow in the presence of microwaves. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 13 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 1 Introduction The Operator Manual An operator should become familiar with the location of the display information and the control panel buttons. Manual overview. chapter 1 chapter 2 chapter 3 Glossary of Terms for important safety notes for showing the NSC Radar System for operation short operation for theory of operation The NSC Radar is designed in accordance with the rules of the International Maritime Organization IMO*.

* The International Maritime Organization is the specialized agency of the United Nations with responsibility for safety and security at sea and the prevention of marine pollution from ships. The main components of the NSC Radar system include (see Figure: 1):

the Flat Screen Display (TFT Technology) the Track ball, or alternatively the Radar Operator Panel to operate the Radar the Radar Processor which is, in addition to the NSC software, the interface to the radar antennas (X/SBand) and peripheral equipment (Gyro Compass, GPS, Log Sensor, AIS, SART). The operating surface of the NSC Radar:

The NSC Radar can be completely operated via the trackballcontrolled cursor. The Radar Operator Panel is designed for the execution of certain NSC func-

tions. 3748DOC020102 14 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 1.1 Radar System 10 kW Xband antenna unit

(6 feet array) NSC 18 Radar Display NSC connection board Option: Can Bus GyroInterface for Sperry/Synchro Step Input Power 24V DC possible signal inputs

(NMEA I/O):

Gyro/Speed Sensors, AIS Figure: 1 NSC Radar System Edition: 14.JAN.2005 15 3748DOC020102 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS Three components are essential for operation of the NSC 18 Display Radar control panel Trackball Figure: 21 NSC Radar components for operation Display The display is a highresolution TFT (Thin Film Transistor) flat screen color monitor. It shows radar targets and data as well as a number of menus and software buttons. Trackball All radar functions can be operated by trackball. Radar control panel A range of important functions can also be operated using the radar control panel. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 21 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.1 DISPLAY ORGANIZATION AND SUBMENU STRUCTURE The following figures provide an overview of the organization of the NSC display and its submenu structure. MENU bar, see chapter 2.3.6.6 Radar video Radar video INFORMATION displays, settings, PANEL, see chapter 2.3.2 see chapter 2.3.3 see chapter 2.3.6 SHM see chapter 2.3.2.1 Antenna sensitivity controls, see chapter 2.3.1. PPI Radar compass rose with NORTH MARKER Radar video Cursor information in radar video range, see chapter 2.3.5 Power ON/OFF button see chapter 2.2.1 Reset Dip switch see chapter 2.2.5 North Marker T T T T T Navigation Electronic bearing lines (EBL) and variable range markers (VRM), see chapter 2.3.4 Figure: 22 Display organization Park position automatic cursor position Trackball see chapter 2.2.2 3748DOC020102 22 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Figure: 23 Display and submenu organization Edition: 14.JAN.2005 23 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 5 4

. t 2 r e p a h C

. 4 1 4 2

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. r e p a h C Figure: 24 Display and organization of AIS INFO and ARPA MENUs 3748DOC020102 24 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual

. 7 4 2 r e p a h C t

. 6 4 2 r e p a h C t Figure: 25 Display of ARPA submenu and selected functions Edition: 14.JAN.2005 25 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual

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. 2 Figure: 26 Display of FUNCtion submenu and selected functions 3748DOC020102 26 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.2 FIRST STEPS IN OPERATION This chapter describes following basic functions D Switching ON the NSC radar system, STANDBY mode, synchronization setting of the heading signal (see chapter 2.2.1) D How to use the CURSOR (see chapter 2.2.2) D How to handle the RADAR OPERATOR PANEL (see chapter 2.2.3) D Operator controls in the NSC display (see chapter 2.2.4) D System reset (see chapter 2.2.5) D Switching OFF the NSC radar system (see chapter 2.2.6) Edition: 14.JAN.2005 27 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.2.1 Switching ON Positioned on front, lower left side. Power button Pressing the button switches on the power. RADAR D The Radar Utility Selector window appears in the display. Select the RADAR softkey in the window and press the Left button on the trackball. D After about 40 seconds, the message STANDBY appears in the image center. D The system configuration diagram is shown in the center of the display area (see Figure: 27). Select the desired transceiver combination XCVR ..... and the master/slave assignment if possible (system specific). The STANDBY message changes to WARM UP. D After a few minutes the warm up period is complete and the WARM UP message changes back to STANDBY. D NSC Radar is in STANDBY mode. The NSC beeps when the NSC radar software detects an internal or external malfunction;

a simultaneous alarm message is displayed. Acknowledging the alarm message switches off the acoustic signal. The alarm message is hidden, but it can be called up again. NSC status:

The transceiver is not transmitting. The antenna is not rotating. No radar video in PPI, STANDBY. Service and setup menu accessible. The operating temperature is maintained by the magnetron. 3748DOC020102 28 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Modulator transmitter receiver

(XCVR...) assignment Operating hours counter Radar display as-

signment

. Figure: 27 NSC Radar in STANDBY mode System configuration diagram STBY Switching the radar ON Using the trackball, place the cursor on the STBY softkey and press the Left button on the trackball. Tx The name of the softkey changes to Tx and is highlighted. After 1..2 scans the radar video is displayed in the PPI area. All settings for optimization of the system can be made by using the toggle fields and softkeys that are constantly available. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 29 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.2.2 How to use the CURSOR When using the trackball, the cursor is moved by rolling the ball in the appropriate direction. The trackballguided cursor is the central control for using this radar. Figure: 28 Trackball The trackball is equipped with two buttons. This button is used as the Left button. Left This means:

Using the trackball, place the cursor over a softkey from the menu bar and press the button. The softkey function is activated (see chapter 2.2.4.1). Using the trackball, place the cursor over a text line (e.g. SET, DRIFT) or a toggle field with slider function. Press and hold the upper button and move the trackball. The slider below the text line or toggle field is moved horizontally, and a value is displayed (see chapter 2.2.4.4). Press Left button again to store the value. Left Using the trackball, place the cursor over a slider, e.g. GAIN, press and hold the Left button and move the trackball. The slider will follow the trackball to the left or the right. This button is used for Pick up and drag operations. Right This means:

Normally used in the radar video to pick up a symbol e.g. EBL/VRM and drag the symbol to a new position within the radar video using the trackball. Press the Left button to set up the symbol. 3748DOC020102 210 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.2.2.1 Cursor in park position This function is selectable. Select the CURS button, the CURSOR READOUT displays in the function display. MOUSE PARK POSITION ON means;

If you do not use the cursor for some time, it jumps automatically into park position outside the radar video area, see Figure: 214. Move the trackball and you will see the cursor again. MOUSE PARK POSITION OFF means;

No park position function. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 211 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.2.2.2 Cursor symbols Figure: 29 Cursors illustrate the various cursor symbols that will be seen when using the NSC display. DEFAULT CURSOR OFFSET CURSOR second cursor symbol (in red) appears in the radar video if the NSC Radar and the NSC ECDIS are combined as a system Figure: 29 Cursor symbols 3748DOC020102 212 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.2.3 Radar operator panel The radar operator panel is designed to execute the most commonly used functions. Signaling:

Illumination of the buttons and status indicators is switched on when the relevant action is activated. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 16 12 Figure: 210 Radar operator panel 13 14 11 10 1/6 2 3 4 Status indicators, press toggle switch (7). The function activated is indicated by

( ). Use the dial (16) to adjust the Gain. Use the dial (11) to adjust the Sea. The Gain control adjusts the sensitivity of the radar video. The Sea control is used to suppress radar returns which are the result of radar signals reflected from waves. Radar Video displays, press button to use Head up or North up. Head up means the ships bow is upwards. North up means geographic north is upwards. Radar Video display, press button to use Course up. Course up means the course is upwards. Anticlutter filter ON/OFF, press the button. In case of heavy clutter developing on the Radar Video, the NSC computer creates a profile of the echo. Within this profile, the received echoes are monitored for a certain period (Scantoscan method). Irregular echoes are suppressed on the Radar Video. Regular echoes are indicated on the Radar Video. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 213 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 5 6/1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hides the symbols in the radar video. Press the button and the artificial symbols will disappear. Press again to show the symbols. Symbols are EBLs, VRMs, PL, ARPA zones, MAPs. Status indicators, press toggle switch (7). The activated function is indicated by

Toggle switch. Can be switched between upper position, Gain / Sea and lower position, VRM / EBL. See status indicators (1/6) and use dial (16) or dial (11). Toggle switch. Range selection, switches the radar ranges up and down.

). Use the dial (11) to adjust EBL. Use the dial (16) to adjust VRM. Alarm indicator (flashing) and alarm acknowledgment. Dimmer buttons for button illumination and radar display backlight. Press both buttons to switch between Day/Night mode. Dial, see 6/1. Press button in steps, the Trails indicator changes to the next higher mode. The steps available are OFF, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, OFF, see TRAILS toggle field in infor-

mation panel. Press and hold the button. The Heading Line disappears during this time. Press button to use to change VECTOR LENGTH. Center to reset your own ship to the middle of the PPI or to activate OFF CEN-

TER Dial, see 1/6. Table:1 Radar operator panel Function overview 3748DOC020102 214 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.2.4 Softkeys and operator controls in NSC display 2.2.4.1 Softkeys in menu bar The text on the softkeys always describes the current mode status. Example:

DAY means that the radar is in DAY mode STBY means that the radar is in Standby mode Clicking on the software button changes the status. A selected softkey is distinguished from a nonselected softkey by its lighter contours. Softkeys in action D This softkey function allows manual acquisition of visible targets within the radar video (see chapter 2.4.2). D This softkey function allows individual, acquired targets to be cancelled, except for those which have transmitted a collision alarm. D For the CREATE ZONE, EDIT ZONE, DELETE ZONE, SAVE EXCL ZONE, LOAD ZONE functions (see chapter 2.4). D For the current ARPA tracking information. D For the current AIS information (option). D For additional radar video functions e.g. MAP MENU. The Maps function allows the operator to create and permanently store maps

(see chapter 2.5). D Using the NSC in the STANDBY mode the softkey function FUNC changes to SERV (service mode). The service mode is used to configure your radar system. ACQ TGT DEL TGT ARPA MENU ARPA INFO AIS INFO FUNC SERV Edition: 14.JAN.2005 215 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual D To find the optimum brightness for the visual features of the PPI and for the visual features located around the PPI (see chapter 2.3.6.6). D This softkey function allows you to choose whether the NSC operates in DAY mode or in NIGHT mode (see chapter 2.3.6.6). D This softkey function allows you to exit the NSC RADAR completely (see chapter 2.2.6). D This softkey function allows you to choose between NSC in STANDBY or TRANSCEIVER ON (see chapter 2.3.6.6). NIGHT DAY EXIT RADAR Tx STBY 3748DOC020102 216 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.2.4.2 Operator controls in NSC display To handle this NSC display, you need to use certain builtin operator controls. These operator controls are as follows:

Operator controls Text identifier Softkey Toggle fields Toggle field with slider

(numerical and static indicator) Text line with slider

(numerical indicator) Slider Figure: 211 Operator controls in NSC display All these controls can be selected using the trackballguided cursor and the trackball Left button. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 217 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.2.4.3 Toggle fields

or 2.2.4.4 GAIN Tuning bar Slider and Left Slider GAIN Press and hold and Left Press The toggle field functionalities are called up by pressing the trackball buttons or alternatively (partially) using the buttons on the operator panel. Example:

The range is increased by clicking on the (+) button and decreased using the () button. Sliders The slider settings can be analog or made in steps. Analog slider setting For analog setting, the cursor must be positioned on the slider for the desired function (e.g. GAIN). Press and hold the trackball button, move the trackball. The slider is moved to the right or the left, according to the trackball direction

(see concurrent tuning bar display). The slider setting is transferred to the radar video immediately. Steps, slider setting using trackball For this setting, the cursor must be positioned in the open area of the slider frame (e.g. GAIN). Pressing the trackball button moves the slider gradually towards the cursor position (see concurrent tuning bar display). The slider setting is transferred to the radar video immediately. NOTE Slider settings are individual. Within the NSC technology, these values are treated as transient values. Transient values cease to be valid after switching to STBY or switching off the unit. When the unit is switched on again, the sliders are set to their default values. 3748DOC020102 218 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 127.9 R EBL2 and Left Press and hold 12 SET and Left Press and hold Toggle field with slider Position the cursor on the toggle field, press and hold the trackball button. A slider appears below the toggle field. The slider can make an analog movement in the desired direction using the trackball. In parallel, the numerical value above the slider changes. Releasing the trackball button concludes the setting. Click the numerical field again to store the selected value. Text line with slider (used for SET and DRIFT values) Position the cursor on the text line value field, press and hold the trackball button. A slider appears below the value field. The slider can make an analog movement in the desired direction using the trackball. In parallel, the numerical value above the slider changes. Releasing the trackball button concludes the setting. Click in field again to store the values. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 219 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.2.4.5 Drag and drop This cursor controlled operation is used in radar video;

e.g. if an acquisition zone is to be changed. Pick up:

Position the cursor on the zone Press once Right The zone is now shown in a dotted form, editing markers are shown at the corners. Position the cursor on the desired marker. Press and hold Right Drag the marker to the desired position Drop:

Press once L ef t The change is completed, the zone switches from dotted to continuous form. Editing markers Figure: 212 Drag and drop 3748DOC020102 220 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.2.5 System reset Power ON/OFF button Peak item Reset Dip Switch When a system reset is carried out, only the NSC software is reinitialized; the transceiver remains actuated. Procedure:

Trigger the system reset. Press the dipswitch briefly with a pointed object. The display turns dark briefly and the system is reinitialized. The NSC display appears with the following basic settings. After any restart, the NSC display unit makes certain basic settings. These include in AUTO mode in center position in 0 position in 0 position in 0 position TUNE GAIN SEA RAIN FTC DIMMER in max. position Range Vector in 6NM at 6.0 min Edition: 14.JAN.2005 221 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.2.6 Switching OFF the NSC radar system The following procedure should be used to switch off the NSC radar system. Procedure:

Switching the radar OFF Using the trackball, place the cursor on the TX softkey and press the button from the trackball group. The name of the softkey changes to STBY and is highlighted. radar echo disappears the antenna stops, no transmission the name of the softkey FUNC changes to SERV (Service). the softkey EXIT RADAR appears Pressing this softkey the RADAR Utility selector appears Select Operator Close System and Power Off in the RADAR Utility selector window and press the button from the trackball again. Tx Left STBY EXIT RADAR Left

+++ RADAR Utility selector +++

+++ RADAR Utility selector +++

Utility Selections Utility Selections Operator Change Date/Time Operator Change Date/Time Operator Close System and Power Off Operator Close System and Power Off Operator Refresh Radar Operator Refresh Radar Service Switch to Admin + password Service Switch to Admin + password Service Report Export to USB Service Report Export to USB Service Raytheon Update from USB memory Service Raytheon Update from USB memory Service Display Resolution Service Display Resolution Service Display Network Service Display Network Run Selection Run Selection RADAR RADAR Figure: 213 RADAR Utility selector 3748DOC020102 222 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Power button Press the power button for approx. 4s. The process is complete. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 223 3748DOC020102 MENU bar, see chapter 2.3.6.6 Operator Manual 2.3 DISPLAY OPERATIONS AND INDICATORS This chapter describes the function sections of the NSC display see Figure: 214. Radar video Radar video INFORMATION displays, settings, PANEL, see chapter 2.3.2 see chapter 2.3.3 see chapter 2.3.6 SHM see chapter 2.3.2.1 Antenna sensitivity controls, see chapter 2.3.1. PPI Radar compass rose with NORTH MARKER Radar video Cursor information in radar video range, see chapter 2.3.5 North Marker T T T T T Navigation bearing lines and range rings, see chapter 2.3.4 Park position automatic cursor position Trackball see chapter 2.2.2 Figure: 214 Display organization 3748DOC020102 224 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.1 Sensitivity controls 2.3.1.1 Gain and clutter processing The NSC uses a digital video processing technique called Scan to Scan integration or field processing. This process requires 3 complete antenna rotations or scans of the antenna in order to build up or decay detected targets. To the operator, this means that when a target is first detected, it appears dim. If, on the next scan, it is still present at the same location, it appears at medium brightness and on the third scan, it appears at full brightness. As long as the target is present, it will appear at full brightness. If the target fades in and out, then it will remain on the screen, dropping from full brightness to medium and back to full brightness. If the target is lost altogether, then it will take three scans before it completely disappears. Understanding this 3 scan integration is crucial for operation of the Gain, Sea and Rain clutter controls, because if an adjustment is made to any of these controls, it requires 3 complete scans to properly observe the results of the adjustment. The same applies if a radar target is used as a tuning indicator when manually tuning the radar. 2.3.1.2 TUNE MANual TUNE The tune function uses the trackball to control tuning of the receiver frequency to match that of the transmitter. The tuning should be adjusted on the medium or long range scales (6 NM or higher) that show radar returns. For a preliminary manual setting:

Use the trackball to place the cursor on the TUNE slider then press the Left trackball button. Rotate the trackball for maximum deflection of the slider. As this setting must be averaged over a complete antenna revolution, a peak detector is included for operator convenience. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 225 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual The tip of the tuning bar (yellow color) remains at the peak signal detected during one complete revolution of the antenna. NOTE Bear in mind the fact that the transmitter frequency will drift for the first thirty

(30) minutes of operation from a cold start due to inherent magnetron characteristics. As a result of this, the receiver tuning will change during this time and a final tuning adjustment should be made after approximately thirty

(30) minutes of operation. The tuning should also be checked at fourhourly intervals thereafter. AUTO TUNE (only available in Master mode) When auto tuning is activated, manual tuning is not available. The slider symbol is hidden and the tuning bar color changes to yellow. Auto tune is only available if the NSC radar is working in Master mode. NOTE With automatic receiver adjustment, the tendency indicator adjusts itself to the maximum value. If the magnetron is at the end of its service life and the transmission spectrum has become abnormal, select manual tuning. 3748DOC020102 226 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.1.3 GAIN The GAIN control adjusts the sensitivity of the radar video. If properly adjusted, the GAIN control results in noise appearing as a light speckle at the dim level. This light speckle setting results in maximum detectability of targets against background noise. If GAIN is set too low, weak or distant targets could be missed. Excessive gain increases background noise and could make target detection more difficult. A gain slider is provided to indicate the GAIN control setting. Once the GAIN control has been set, it will automatically maintain the same setting for all ranges. It is not necessary to readjust whenever a new range scale is selected. However, it should be adjusted to optimize the radar video as clutter

(sea and/or rain) conditions change. The gain control function is active over its entire rotation range. 2.3.1.4 SEA Step 2 Step 1 Step 1 Step 1 Select MANual mode Step 2 The Sea control is used to suppress radar returns which are the result of radar signals reflected from waves. This effect is commonly known as sea clutter. The effects of sea clutter are greater (more reflected energy) at close range and vary with wave height and wind. It should also be noted that sea clutter is reduced on the leeward side of the ship as the retreating wave fronts do not provide as many radar returns as oncoming waves. Small targets (buoys etc.) often return nearly the same energy as do the waves and can therefore be lost in the clutter. However, since sea clutter is random in nature, the gain and clutter processing circuitry together with the SEA control allow the operator to reduce the sea returns to a light background speckle at low brightness level while maintaining targets in the sea clutter at full brightness. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 227 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual The effect of the Sea control is at its greatest at short range. Its effect reduces progressively as the range increases. At a range determined by the height of the radar antenna above the water (and other factors), the effect of the SEA control ceases altogether. This is typically about 810nm. The ideal sea control setting will reduce sea returns to a light speckle. Scantoscan integration will keep the sea returns at a low brightness level, while targets in the sea clutter will be shown at full brightness. The sea clutter control should be adjusted in small increments, with pauses to observe 3 scans for the results. In heavy sea clutter, some clutter peaks may come through at brighter levels, especially rollers, so an average setting should be chosen. It is important to note that if the Sea Clutter control is adjusted to completely remove all clutter, then some targets may not be detected. NOTE The NSC uses gyro and speed information as part of the clutter removal process. It is therefore highly recommended that you use gyro stabilization and ensure that the manual speed or speed log input is accurate. In heavy wind driven seas where more sea clutter appears on the windward side of the ship, a slight amount of FTC can balance the clutter (see chapter 2.3.1.6) Then adjust the SEA control to reduce sea clutter. If too much SEA is applied during periods of light clutter, then a band of noise could appear on the edges of the sea clutter. 3748DOC020102 228 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.1.5 RAIN RATE Step 2 Step 1 Step 1 Step 1 Select MANual mode Step 2 The function of the RAIN control is to enable the operator to suppress radar returns which are the result of radar signals reflected from rain drops. This effect is commonly known as rain clutter. As with sea clutter, the rain clutter tends to mask small targets (or large targets if the rain is intense). When heavy rain is falling in the vicinity of the operators ship (up to 610 nm) and the resulting rain clutter is obscuring nearby targets, then the rain rate slider should be used. Advance the rain rate control slightly and observe the results

(wait 3 scans). The ultimate goal is to reduce the nearby rain clutter until it is a very light speckle at the dim level. This setting will reduce the rain returns and will have little effect on strong constant target video returns. Weaker targets (usually appear where rain returns are less intense) may be suppressed along with the rain. Most of these weaker targets can be restored by making an FTC adjustment

(see chapter 2.3.1.6). Edition: 14.JAN.2005 229 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.3.1.6 Filtering rain clouds FTC Step 2 Step 1 Select MANual mode Step 1 Step 2 FTC is responsible for differentiation or filtering of rain clouds. Advance the FTC control slowly (remember the 3 scans) until only the leading edges of the rain clutter are visible. As the FTC is increased, weaker returns will reappear. Stronger returns will begin to reduce in the visible area. The best setting will be a balance between restoration of weaker returns and adequate size of the stronger returns. Use the trackball to place the cursor on the slider then press the upper trackball. Rotate the trackball to increase or decrease the amount of FTC. Adjusting the FTC will also reduce the land echoes and thin out larger targets. With FTC on and in a light sea, it is possible to overcompensate with the SEA control; if so, with FTC ON a false noise ring may be displayed. Too much FTC will shorten or delete RACON responses. 2.3.1.7 CFAR Step 1 Step 1 AUTO When AUTO is activated, the slider symbols for SEA, RAIN and FTC are hidden and the bar color changes to yellow. This AUTO mode activates the CFAR (Constant Fault Alarm Rate) functionality. CFAR describes a control algorithm, which uses the evaluation of echoes to calculate statistical average values for SEA, RAIN and FTC. These average values are used for optimization of the radar video. NOTE Use of CFAR simplifies radar video optimization. However, depending on the weather conditions misinterpretations are possible. In case of doubt, switch to MANUAL compensation for SEA, RAIN and FTC to clarify the situation. RACONs are best seen in MANUAL. 3748DOC020102 230 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.1.8 Search and rescue transponder SART ON/OFF (option) The SART ON/OFF does not activate ownship SART. It changes receiver bandwidth to improve SART detection by this radar. Information about the SART transponder The purpose of the SART is to trigger a secondary alarm when search and rescue units are searching for a life raft/lifeboat in distress. The SART will help the units to pinpoint exactly where the distressed boats are located in a large area. This is done with the help of the radar on the search ship or helicopter. When the SART is interrogated (hit) by a radar signal, it will immediately start to transmit a number of sweeps covering the complete maritime 3 cm radar band. These sweeps are detected on the radar screen and used to navigate directly towards the distressed life raft, for details on radar display. The maximum distance to a ship will normally be about 10 NM or approximately 30 nm to a helicopter, depending on the helicopters altitude. The transponder will not give any alarms further away than this. How is this situation displayed on the NSC Radar?

This situation appears automatically in the radar video. The echo display in the radar video depends on the distance of the transponder from your own ship and can be interpreted as follows. Figure: 215 SART transponder < 0.2 NM Edition: 14.JAN.2005 231 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual The SART transponder is in the immediate vicinity. Figure: 216 SART transponder ~1 NM The SART transponder is in the vicinity. Figure: 217 SART transponder > 2 NM The SART transponder is a long distance away. 3748DOC020102 232 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.1.9 Pulse width selection The pulse width toggle field allows selection of the desired transmitter pulse width for the current range scale selected. If there is no pulse width toggle field, this indicates that it is not available for the range currently being used. Selecting this toggle field allows the pulse length to be switched e.g. from short pulse to medium pulse and vice versa to optimize target discrimination with respect to the selected range. see Figure: 218 NOTE Use of a longer pulse improves target reception but, at the same time, increases clutter returns. When a shorter pulse is used, reception of some weaker targets will decrease, but clutter will also decrease, resulting in better target detection. The available pulse width selections for the NSC display are illustrated in Figure: 218. 10Kw transceiver 6 ft. antenna SHORT pulse = 0.08s MED1 pulse = 0.3s MED2 pulse = 0.6s LONG pulse = 1.2s Information A longer pulse width means;

more power, stronger targets returns but also more disturbances. Long pulses are necessary in high ranges to detect small targets more effectively. Figure: 218 NSC pulse width Edition: 14.JAN.2005 233 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.3.1.10 Interference selection The interference toggle field allows selection of the function interference ON or OFF. The function of interference rejection is activated to eliminate echo effects caused by other radar system from ships nearby. 2.3.1.11 Echo expansion By selection this toggle field, the function of echo expansion is activated to magnify small radar echoes. 3748DOC020102 234 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.2 2.3.2.1 Radar video displays Ship heading marker When the button is pressed, only the ship heading marker (SHM) display is turned OFF, enabling the operator to view a target that is obscured by the heading line. When the button is released, the heading line is turned ON again. 2.3.2.2 Relative Motion (R), Relative Motion (T), True Motion The RM (R), RM (T), TM legend in the upper left of the display shows the current mode for radar video presentation. Position the cursor on the toggle field and press the trackball button. Select the preferred motion. Left General If Relative Motion is selected, your own ship is stationary and all other objects, including land masses, buoys, ships at anchor and ships in motion, move with the correct relative speed and course. In this case Relative Motion provides two special settings linked to the TRAILS toggle field (see chapter 2.3.6.2). The following figures show the differences in the radar video. Relative Motion RM (R) RM (T) for relative motion and relative trails for relative motion and true trails Edition: 14.JAN.2005 235 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Relative Motion without TRAILS If no trails (set 2) are activated, the RM (R) and RM (T) are identical. Set 1 Set 2 Set 1 Buoy Set 2 Ship in motion Figure: 219 Relative Motion without TRAILS 3748DOC020102 236 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Relative Motion (R) with TRAILS A ship in motion in the same speed and heading (e.g. shipping lane) is displayed with no afterglow in the radar video. Relative trails is the original radar method to view plot history (also with EBL) to quickly see which approach own ship. In Figure: 220 the other ships are all heading west (ARPA data). Relative Trails / BCR information is an option for experienced radar operators. Set 1 Set 2 Figure: 220 Relative Motion (R) with TRAILS Edition: 14.JAN.2005 237 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Relative Motion (T) with TRAILS In this case, land masses, buoys, ships at anchor, etc. appear exactly as they are, as stationary objects. Objects in motion, including your own ship, move across the radar video with the correct true speed and course. The trail afterglow displays the track. Set 1 Set 2 Set 1 Buoy Ship in motion Set 2 Figure: 221 Relative Motion (T) with TRAILS TRUE MOTION If True Motion is selected, land masses, buoys, ships at anchor, etc. appear exactly as they are, as stationary objects, while objects in motion, including your own ship, move across the operating screen with the correct true speed and course. True Motion mode is available for range scales from 0.25 nm to 24 nm

(inclusive) and in either N UP or C UP mode. If the range moves above 24 NM, the origin of your own ship is centered. 3748DOC020102 238 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.2.3 North Up, Head Up, Course Up and Repeater Up Selected by or This toggle field is used to select either North Up (N UP), Head Up (H UP), Course Up (C UP) or Repeater Up (R UP) as the orientation of the radar video. The N UP, H UP, C UP and R UP legend in the upper right of the display shows the current orientation mode of the radar video, radar rose and SHM display. Position the cursor on the toggle field and press the Left button. Select the preferred motion. The North Marker continues mark compass north on the radar rose (red circle). North up means that geographic north is upwards. Stabilized operation Gyro information is required for N UP operation. When the unit is switched on, N UP is selected automatically. If the gyro is inoperative, an audible alarm sounds and the words GYRO OUT appear in the WARNING MESSAGES area. ARPA functions are disabled and H UP mode is automatically selected. If N UP mode is selected, 000_ represents compass North (see Figure: 222). Visual impression The radar video is rotated to a northerly direction. North is at the top (000_). This effect is comparable with an ordinary sea chart on which North is at the top. The SHM shows the ships correct compass heading. Response to a change of course:

The SHM rotates in line with the change of course. The radar video remains stationary. Relative or true The radar video can be presented in Relative Motion (RM (..)) or True Motion (TM). Edition: 14.JAN.2005 239 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual North UP North Marker North UP North Marker Figure: 222 North UP in (RM (R)) or (RM (T)) Head UP means the heading is upwards Filter and Trails do not function in Head UP. Course UP is preferred. WARNING The SHM is displayed relative to north. Rain and sea clutter will appear as high level radar video. The radar video is not stabilized by the gyro compass The anticlutter functions RAIN, SEA, FTC are not available Radar bearings are relative bearings (lateral) TRUE MOTION is not possible ARPA continues to function

(manual) Step 1

Step 2 D Manual Head UP alignment (Step 2) can only be selected using the Relative Motion preset (step 1). D Automatic If the gyro compass heading is not available, the radar will switch to Head UP mode automatically. 3748DOC020102 240 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Visual impression Head UP corresponds to the line of vision ships head up. Change of course The radar video rotates in line with the change of course. The SHM remains at heading upwards (relative) (000_). Relative or true The radar video can only be presented in Relative Motion (RM (..)). Course UP means the course is upwards. Stabilized operation Visual impression Course UP corresponds to the line of vision ships head up. The SHM remains on course. Change of course The SHM indicates the change of course. The radar video remains unchanged. If the change of course is to correspond to the line of vision ships head up, the button on the control unit must be pressed. The radar video rotates in line with the change of course. Relative or true The radar video can be presented in Relative Motion (RM (..)) or True Motion (TM). Transfer change of heading to the radar video Functions Filter, Trails and ARPA all functions in Course UP. Functions Filter, Trails and ARPA all functions in Course UP. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 241 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Repeater UP means the repeater indicator is upwards Stabilized operation Filter and Trails do not function in Repeater UP. Course UP is preferred. WARNING Repeater UP is a special feature of the NSC Radar. In this display mode, the bearing scale behaves like a compass rose where the ship heading marker

(SHM) acts as the lubber line. Visual impression Repeater UP corresponds to the line of vision ships head up. Response to a change of course The radar video rotates in line with the change of course. The radar rose rotates in line with the change of course. SHM remains unchanged. Relative or true The radar video can only be presented in Relative Motion (RM (..)). 3748DOC020102 242 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.3 Radar video settings 2.3.3.1 Range RNG

Range (RNG) shows the selected range area in NM. The NSC allows up to 11 range settings. Selecting the relevant toggle fields switches the range image displayed up or down. Range RNG in NM Range ring distance in NM Range rings RR 0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.5 3.0 6.0 12.0 24.0 48.0 96.0 0.0625 0.125 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 16.0 2 2 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Table:2 Overview range, SHM and rings 2.3.3.2 RINGS

The spacing between the rings is defined in the Range Rings (RR) toggle field. The Range Rings toggle field is also used to turn range rings ON/OFF in the radar video. This toggle field automatically shows the distance between the rings in nautical miles. Activating the toggle field displays the rings in the radar video. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 243 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.3.3.3 CENTer Selecting this toggle field changes the name to OFF CENTer, the cursor jumps into the upper area of the radar video range and the cursor symbol changes. Place the cursor at a position within the permitted range and press the Left button (trackball button). Press the OFF CENTer toggle field (or button) if the radar video is to be shown in the CENTer (see Figure: 223), or moved again (both). or using button action using cursor or button Approx. 65% of PPI radius

(circle shown for explanation only, will not be visible) Figure: 223 CENTer and OFF CENTer Pressing CENter key is convenient to activate the OFF CENter cursor and track ball is used to confirm the required position. 3748DOC020102 244 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.3.4 RESET TM toggle field RESET TM can only be used in conjunction with the TM preset. With the TM setting, the radar video is carried in the direction of travel by approx. 65% of the PPI up to a radial limit (see Figure: 223) according to course direction. When this limit is reached, the radar video is reset by this 65% along the current course. RESET TM Activating the toggle field resets the radio video. Depending on the situation, this allows a maximum forward view in the radar video. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 245 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.3.4 Electronic bearing lines (EBL) and variable range markers (VRM) Electronic bearing lines and variable range markers are tools used to determine bearings and distances. T T Group 1 Group 3 T T T Group 2 Figure: 224 Select EBL and VRM Here:

EBL 1/2 for Electronic bearing line with OFFSET function VRM 1/2 Variable range marker with OFFSET function PI 1/2 for Parallel index line SHM EBL1/ VRM1/

OFFSET EBL1 root point EBL2/ VRM2 OFFSET PI1 Figure: 225 Radar video with 2 EBL, 2 VRM and PI 3748DOC020102 246 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.4.1 Enabling EBL / VRM OFFSET using cursor The electronic bearing line EBL is used for the bearing. Starting from your own position, the EBL is placed on a desired target, e.g. using the cursor. The current coordinates are displayed numerically to the right of the toggle field (_). 127.9 T EBL1 The numerical display is normally displaying as true information when the GYRO sensor is available. If the GYRO sensor is not available the numerical display changes automatically to relative information. T(rue) shows the numerical bearing value to the target as a true value

(in terms of North). R(elative) shows the numerical bearing to the target as a relative value

(relative to ship heading). The variable range marker VRM is used to mark a particular range circle. The zone can be your own position or the EBL1 root point, for example. The current radius is displayed to the right of the toggle field (NM). Electronic bearing lines EBL and variable range markers VRM can be used jointly as a group. Identification of the EBL and VRM representation EBL 1 VRM 1 EBL 2 VRM 2 The dotted EBL is drawn from your own ship through the cursor symbol. Place the cursor on a selected target and press the Left button on the trackball. The dotted VRM is extended from your own ship by moving the cursor symbol. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 247 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Use the cursor to move the bearing line or the range marker. Place the cursor on the EBL or VRM. Press the Right button on the trackball to pick up and drag the EBL or VRM. Press the Left button on the trackball to drop the EBL or VRM at the desired position. The OFFSET allows the EBL1 root point and the VRM1 origin to be moved anywhere within the radar video as an EBL/VRM group. NOTE If the floating function is canceled, the point of origin of the EBL/VRM is reset to the image center!

2.3.4.2 Editing EBL and VRM The EBL and/or VRM can be placed and changed using the cursor or the operator panel (see Figure: 226). When using the operator panel, you are restricted to the EBL1 and VRM1 group. The NSC provides 3 options for editing the EBL/VRM, which can be used comprehensively as required. Cursor In this example, the EBL1 is shown, starting from the current position of the ship. Position the cursor on the desired target and press the Right trackball button. This places EBL1. 127.9 T EBL1 OFFSET Select the Offset toggle field if EBL1 is to be moved parallel. Pressing the Left button moves EBL1 to the new position. The bearing and the variable range area can be changed at any time. 3748DOC020102 248 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Bearing and cursor Place the cursor on EBL 1, press the Right trackball button. Find the desired target and press the Left trackball button. 127.9 T EBL1 Bearing / distance and toggle field with slider Depending on the toggle field, the bearing (EBL) or the distance (VRM) can be edited by moving the slider (see chapter 2.2.4.4). Bearing / distance and operator panel This alternative method of operation allows the EBL1/VRM1 function to be displayed or adjusted quickly. Pressing the toggle switch releases the rotary dials for the operation. The EBL and VRM status LEDs light up. The EBL/VRM is always placed at your own position. Parallel movement is not possible when using the operator panel. Adjust the EBL/VRM rotary dials to change the bearing (EBL) or the variable range area (VRM). The variable range area is directly linked to the range rings (RNG) and adapted accordingly in the display. Right dial Left dial 2.3.4.3 Deactivating EBL and VRM The EBL/VRM displays can be hidden by selecting the toggle field again. Position the cursor on the desired toggle field. Press the Left button. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 249 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual EBL SHM EBL and VRM SHM OFFSET SHM Operator panel

(EBL1/VRM1 only) Sequence of actions Left dial Right dial Figure: 226 Navigating with bearing lines and variable range markers 3748DOC020102 250 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.4.4 Parallel index line PI Parallel index lines PI are used to mark the limits of areas or channels. These lines can thus be used to observe the progression of a course, for example. The parallel index lines can only be called up and positioned (distance and bearing) using the trackball. After calling them up, the parallel index lines are shown in the radar video parallel to the position in a ships head up direction. 127.9 PI 1 T 0.150 nm In addition to the toggle field, the current relative or true direction (_) is shown on the left and the current distance (nm) to your own position is shown numerically on the right. Left Left Changing the distance and/or bearing (see Figure: 227) Position the cursor on a parallel index line. Pressing the trackball button displays a symbol on each parallel index line. This symbol corresponds to the image of your own position. The distance for the parallel index lines can now be changed by moving the cursor (step 1). Pressing the trackball button changes the functionality from distance to bearing

(step 2). The direction of the parallel index lines can now be changed by moving the cursor. Position the cursor close to the compass rose and set the desired direction. Pressing the Left trackball button again concludes the two processes. The symbols are hidden. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 251 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Symbols PI 1 or PI 2 selected Step 1 Select the distance Step 2 To change the bearing Left once Press button again Left to complete the task Step 3 Hiding PI 1 or PI 2 Figure: 227 Navigating with parallel index lines 2.3.4.5 Deactivating the parallel index line PI The PI displays can be hidden by selecting the toggle field again

(see Figure: 227). 3748DOC020102 252 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.5 Cursor information in the radar video If the cursor is positioned within the PPI, the position data will be listed in the cursor information area. This data is the cursor position (CURS POS), bearing

(BRG), distance (DST), estimated time of arrival (ETA) and time to go (TTG) relative to your own ship. D Toggle field used to open the CURSOR READOUTS in the function display area of the information panel (see Figure: 228). Select SHOW ETA + TTG or HIDE ETA + TTG or Select MOUSE PARK POSITION ON/OFF. D BRG bearing from cursor to your own ships position. Use the central softkey (see Figure: 23) to select display of true (T) or relative (R) values for the bearing. D DST Distance information from cursor position to your own ships position. D LAT.... LON.... Latitude cursor position with geographic trend marker . Longitude cursor position with geographic trend marker . Selected from CURSOR READOUTS menu D ETA Estimated time of arrival at cursor position if present speed is maintained. D TTG Time to go from your own ships position to cursor position. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 253 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.3.6 Information panel The Info Panel is structured as follows. Display of own ship data Display and selection of VECTOR data and HISTORY TRACK information Function display when us-

ing a SOFTKEY or a TOGGLE FIELD Display for ALARM MESSAGES Display for TASK MESSAGES Menu with softkeys ACQUIRE a TARGET DELETE a TARGET ARPA MENU ARPA INFO FUNCTION MENU DIMMER MENU DAY / NIGHT MODE TRANSCEIVER Tx / STANDBY Figure: 228 NSC information panel 3748DOC020102 254 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.6.1 Display of OWN SHIP DATA This field displays the following parameters for the ships motion:

D HEADING (HDG). The sensor type being used is indicated (e.g. gyro). D Course (CSE) is the true course over ground. The difference between course made good and heading (HDG) is the drift angle commonly referred to as SET. D The speed source defaults to MANUAL when the system is powered up. If a speed log is to be used as the source input, then place the cursor on the toggle field and press the trackball button. Left The SPEED SENSOR SELECTION function display appears. Select a sensor. If the speed source is lost due to malfunction, the system reverts back to MANUAL mode. To set MANUAL input, use the slider function from the numeric indicator. Left Press button to save the value D Indication of SET and DRIFT values, automatically (AUTO) or using the manual (MANUAL) input option. SET indicates the drift bearing in _. DRIFT indicates the drift speed in kt. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 255 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual AUTO mode Set and drift information is derived from the speed sensor input. If the speed source is lost due to malfunction, the values will be canceled. Select another speed sensor if possible or switch to manual or select Reference Target. MANUAL mode Place the cursor on the toggle field and press and hold the Left button on the trackball. To set MANUAL inputs, use the slider function and the trackball. Release the Left button and press it again. The parameter values for SET and DRIFT depend on one another. Both parameters must therefore be defined separately but as a pair. The NSC system will not accept a single parameter value as an input value. D Position sensor selection to select the source sensor to obtain your own ships position data in latitude and longitude. Left Press button to save the value Left If a position sensor is to be selected as the source input, then place the cursor on the toggle field and press the trackball button. The POSITION SENSOR SELECTION function display appears. Select a sensor. 3748DOC020102 256 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.6.2 Display and selection of VECTOR and HISTORY TRACK information This information area allows the operator to select TRUE or RELATIVE VECTORS. True vectors show the true course speed of the target and your own ship. Relative vectors show the targets relative motion compared to your own ship. Your own ship does not have a relative vector. The vector length displayed is determined by the selected time and indicates the distance to be traveled at a given speed. First of all, the desired targets need to be acquired in the radar video

(see chapter 2.4.2). D VECTOR By selecting this softkey, you can define the vector time of the acquired targets, defined by indicating the target vector length derived from the target speed; this can be continuously adjusted between 0.0 and 30.0 min. (see Figure: 229). The variable vector length range is adjustable between 0.0 and 30.0 min. The variable vector length range is adjustable between 0.0 and 30.0 min. Target acquisition Display target vector information Relative vectors show the motion of targets relative to your own ship. Ex-

tending the vectors allows you to clarify any anticipated risk of colli-

sion. Any stationary tracked target dis-

plays a vector opposite to your own ships heading with a length equal to your own ships speed. Target acquisition Display target vector information Absolute vectors allow an overview of the overall traffic situa-

tion (ships and navigation marks). Extending the vectors allows you to clarify any anticipated risk of colli-

sion. Tracked targets which are not mov-

ing do not display a vector. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 257 3748DOC020102 Figure: 229 Vector information Operator Manual D PAST POSITION In addition to their symbol, all acquired targets can be given a history track. With the PAST POSITION function switched on, a past position point is set at the target symbols position (see Figure: 230). The interval between two past positions can be adjusted. Past positions indicate the last completed maneuver of the acquired targets. In absolute (TRUE) view, it is possible to differentiate between changes of course and changes of speed. Last course change High speed Low speed Past position Target Vector Adjustable between OFF and 60 min. (interval) Display Past position dot Information about past motion characteristics Figure: 230 Past position information 3748DOC020102 258 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual D TRAILS With this function, all targets located in the acquisition range are given an artificial afterglow (see Figure: 231). These afterglows indicate the route traveled

(length of artificial afterglow) in the set time. Trails support situation assessment in the radar video. Trails is an ARPA independent function that permits an assessment of the current situation in the acquisition range. Trails can be displayed as RELATIVE or TRUE. Target Artificial afterglow Display See artificial afterglow in the PPI Information about past motion characteristics 2.3.6.3 Function display Figure: 231 TRAILS information This display shows a range of submenus. The different menus are called up using the softkeys in the menu bar and the toggle fields. Some submenus are equipped with softkeys or toggle fields that can be used to select further menus. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 259 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.3.6.4 Display for ALARM Alarms are listed in an alarm message field until the cause no longer exists and the operator has acknowledged them. Alarms provide the operator with an indication of dangerous situations or sensor failure. Alarms are output when there is a situation that is critical to safety. Alarms must be acknowledged, and will only be removed from the alarm list when the situation that caused the alarm no longer exists. These messages are displayed in the alarm readout display. The alarm messages are numbered. The alarm readout display is a scrolling field. You can move up and down the alarm message list by pressing the up and down buttons under the alarm readout display. softbutton for acknowledging the Alarm Messages Indicates the total alarm messages Indicates the number and the alarm mes-

sages Scroll up and down alarm messages Softkey for enabling/disabling the AUDIBLE alarm Figure: 232 Display for alarm messages Sequence of actions As Alarms are received, they are displayed in the chronological order in which they occurred. If (and only if) all current alarms have been acknowledged, the scroll function can be used to scroll through the. When an alarm is received it will be placed at the top of the list. A new alarm will 3748DOC020102 260 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual be shown in RED text strings on a WHITE flashing background. Alarms that have been acknowledged will be shown as RED text string preceded with a number. The Alarm Acknowledge button on the control panel is used to acknowledge the oldest active unacknowledged alarm. Once the alarm is acknowledged, the text string will become RED, a number will appear at the beginning of the alarm text string, and if needed the list will be automatically scrolled down in order to see any other unacknowledged alarms in the list that are not currently displayed. The following ALARM table shows all possible alarm indications and first proposal how to handle an ALARM message. ALARM MESSAGE SLOW ANTENNA XCVR HIGH TEMP GYRO OUT

(HW GYRO OUT ALARM) hw hardware ANTENNA STOPPED a.) Problem Description b.) Corrective Action a. A signal from transceiver/Adaptive Interface which indicates the antenna is not rotating at the correct RPM b. Refer to the maintenance section for troubleshooting and repair a. A signal has been received from the transceiver indicating that excessive temperatures are occurring b. Refer to the maintenance section for troubleshooting and repair a. Gyro compass has become inopera tive. Indicates that an invalid signal has been received b. Refer to the maintenance section for troubleshooting and repair a. A signal from the transceiver/Adapter Interface which indicates that the antenna is not rotating b. Refer to the maintenance section for troubleshooting and repair Edition: 14.JAN.2005 261 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual ALARM MESSAGE DOWNLINK

(DOWN LINK ERROR ALARM) a.) Problem Description b.) Corrective Action a. An error has occurred on the transceiver to the display link UPLINK ERROR

(UP LINK ERROR) b. Refer to the maintenance section for troubleshooting and repair a. An error has occurred on the display to the transceiver link b. Refer to the maintenance section for troubleshooting and repair LOST TGT

(LOST TARGET ALARM) a. CPA TCPA

(CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH or TIME OF CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH) GUARD ZONE

(GUARD ZONE INTRUSION) NO TRIGGER NO POSITION

(POS OUT ALARM) b. a. Track will pass inside CPA limit b. Only Tracks sooner than TCPA limit can be alarm a. Tracks already acquired have moved into a area under watch b. a. Radar probably not transmitted b. a. b. 3748DOC020102 262 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual ALARM MESSAGE TRG RTN ERROR

(GEM TRG RTN ERROR ALARM) TRG Trigger RTN Return TCM TIMEOUT ERROR

(TCM TIMEOUT ALARM ERROR) TCM Transceiver Control Module.... ISU TIMEOUT ERROR

(ISU TIMEOUT ALARM ERROR) ISU Interswitch ISU MALFUNCTION ERROR

(ISU ERROR ALARM ) ISU EMERG MODE ERROR

(ISU EMERGENCY MODE ALARM ) TN INDICATOR

(GEM TN INDICATOR ERROR ALARM) TN Tune NO ACP ACP Azimuth Commit Point NO ARP ARP Azimuth Reset Point CAN BUS ERROR

(GEM CAN BUS ERROR ALARM) a.) Problem Description b.) Corrective Action a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 263 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.3.6.5 Display for task messages On this display, the status of the ANTI CLUTTER Filter and the symbols (EBLs, VRMs, PL, ARPA zone, MAPs) are indicated in clear text. The respective functions can be selected on the Radar Operator Panel via the buttons FILT OFF and Sym Off. Display for Task Messages Filt Off is lit when FILTER is OFF Filt Off is dark when FILTER is ON Radar Operator Panel Figure: 233 Display for Task Messages 3748DOC020102 264 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.3.6.6 Menu with softkeys ACQUIRE TARGET This softkey allows manual acquisition of visible targets within the radar video

(see chapter 2.4.2). DELETE a TARGET The softkey function allows individual, acquired targets to be canceled, except for those that have transmitted a collision alarm. D Press the softkey Left Position the cursor on the target to be canceled;

press the trackball button. The artificial target symbol on top of the echo is eliminated (the echo is maintained). ARPA MENU and ARPA INFO and AIS INFO see chapter 2.4.3 FUNCTION MENU see chapter 2.5 SERVice MENU see Service Manual EXIT RADAR Edition: 14.JAN.2005 265 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual BRIGHTNESS CONTROL Pressing this softkey activates BRIGHTNESS CONTROL. The DIMMER MENU appears in the function display. The DIMMER MENU provides several sliders which allows individual adjustment of the various parts of the radar display. D DIMMER slider used for dimming the whole radar display D RRINGS slider used for dimming the RANGE RINGS D SHM slider used for dimming the ship heading marker D EBL slider used for dimming the electronic bearing line D VRM slider used for dimming the variable range marker D VIDEO slider used for dimming all video information in the PPI D SYMBOLS slider used for dimming all artificial symbols D TEXT slider used for dimming radar rose D ARPA slider used for dimming the ARPA symbols DAY / NIGHT display This softkey is used to switch between DAY and NIGHT modes. When the radar is switched ON, it always starts in DAY mode. STBY / Tx display Pressing the STBY button switches the NSC radar system from STBY to transmit mode 3748DOC020102 266 Edition: 14.JAN.2005

RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.4 ARPA FUNCTION This chapter describes the operation of the automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA). NOTE The NSC ARPA information is considered to assist decision making in the current situation. The resulting assessment with regard to avoiding collisions must be made independently in accordance with the valid regulations!

2.4.1 General Information Requirements for optimum ARPA support The following requirements must be met on the NSC Radar to achieve optimum ARPA functionality. The sensitivity controls are optimally adjusted for the current weather conditions Before you start to use this function you need to select a RANGE

higher than 6 NM for the ZONE settings. The zone might not be visible at lower ranges. Heading e.g. gyro and Speed (log, course over water (W) or course over ground (B)) Target acquisition can be used to manually or automatically acquire up to 70 targets. The tracking data for selected targets is displayed in the ARPA information window. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 267 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual ARPA alarms ARPA displays alarm messages (see also chapter 2.3.6.4) and artificial symbols

(see ARPA SYMBOLS) visually and acoustically. Dangerous Targets Alarm This alarm is triggered as soon as a tracked target exceeds the set limits for CPA or TCPA (see chapter 2.4.2). Guard Zone Alarm This alarm is triggered as soon as an untracked target enters an acquisition / guard zone. Target Lost This alarm indicates that the tracked target has been lost. Target Overflow This alarm is triggered if more than 70 targets have been acquired. This situation can be resolved by deleting acquired targets that are of no interest. ARPA symbols When using the ARPA function, the radar video displays various artificial symbols that describe the following situations. 3748DOC020102 268 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual SHOW Indicates that target data is displayed in the ARPA INFO window. TEMP After acquisition, the target is observed for a set period of time. SHOW This state is indicated if the current CPA/TCPA collision conditions are met. The target vector flashes. CONTACT This state describes a target which has entered the warning/acquisition zone. The symbol flashes. LOST TRIAL TRAIL SITUATION TEST This state is indicated if a target has been lost for a short time. The target has passed the warning and acquisition zones. This state is indicated if the trial maneuver is activated. The symbol flashes. This state is indicated if the current CPA/TCPA collision conditions are met in the trial maneuver. The symbol flashes. This state is indicated if the test function has been called up. The symbol flashes. GROUND Ground referencing. Figure: 234 ARPA display symbols ARPA colors The NSC Radar ARPA function includes the following color assignments. Ship heading marker, SHM Vector (TRUE) WHITE PURPLE Tracked target Vector Past Pos Trails CPA/TCPA zone Acquisition zone Guard zone Exclusion zone RED RED RED GRAY RED YELLOW RED GREEN Artificial ARPA symbols RED

(PCP/CPA) Edition: 14.JAN.2005 269 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.2 MANUAL PLOTTING ACQ TGT Targets can be manually acquired using the trackball and the cursor. The target information (ARPA INFO softkey) can include slight tolerances caused by possible influencing parameters such as weather conditions, heading sensor tolerance or log sensor tolerance. D Click the softkey Left Position the cursor on the object identified as the target; press the Left button. The target is acquired by the computer and given its synthetic symbol, corresponding to the tracking status (TRACKED, MISSED, LOST,..). 3748DOC020102 270 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.4.3 AUTOMATIC PLOTTING ARPA MENU Automatic plotting means that the radar can acquire and track targets automatically. The operator can define acquisition zones. As soon as a target enters such a zone, it is plotted and tracked by the radar. ARPA acquisition zones CPA/TCPA limits Acquisition zone Guard zone Exclusion zone NOTE Despite all the advantages of automatic target acquisition, it may be the case that:

Certain targets cannot be acquired due to the current weather conditions. Targets cannot be acquired due to the set acquisition zone. Targets cannot be acquired due to their size and material. The target information (ARPA INFO softkey) can include slight tolerances caused by possible influencing parameters such as weather conditions, heading sensor tolerance or log sensor tolerance. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 271 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.4 CPA/TCPA ARPA constantly evaluates the closest point of approach (CPA) and the time to closest point of approach (TCPA) status of each tracked target. This CPA/TCPA zone is available with predefined values. The CPA/TCPA values are generally shipspecific and must be adapted to the profile of the ship. The ships profile includes features such as stopping distance, sea area and visibility. Acquired targets that move inside the radius (CPA) or the time threshold (TCPA) generate a CPA/TCPA Alarm in the message display and the relevant target is simultaneously assigned a flashing symbol. The CPA/TCPA zone can be shown or hidden in the radar video as required. 3748DOC020102 272 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.4.4.1 Determining the CPA/TCPA radius The CPA/TCPA radius can quickly be adjusted to the desired situation as shown in Figure: 235. Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Show or hide the radius in the radar video Step 3 Edit and apply individual values for CPA and TCPA Step 4 Complete the input Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Left ARPA symbols Collision conditions Sequence of actions Figure: 235 CPA/TCPA ZONE Result:

If a tracked target moves inside the set limits, a Dangerous Target Alarm is triggered. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 273 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.5 CREATE ZONE form Create zone provides 3 different ARPA zones. Within these zones, various zone forms are available (sector, polygon or circle). You can choose to edit each of these zone forms using the cursor (drag and drop) or a text slider. The desired zone form is initially shown in the radar video with preset values. The zone form can be modified in editing mode. Editing mode can be identified by the editing marks (see Figure: 238). Once acknowledged, the zone becomes effective, the editing marks are hidden and the lines are continuous. Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu Step 3 Select the zone form Step 1 Step 2 Figure: 236 CREATE ZONE Step 3 3748DOC020102 274 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Acquisition zone D The ACQUISITION ZONE is used for automatic target acquisition and subsequent target tracking. If a ship enters the ACQUISITION ZONE the radar outputs a Guard Zone Alarm. The target is automatically acquired and tracked. NOTE The ACQUISITION ZONE is considered to be an essential aid and information source for assessing the situation. The decision as to whether a shortrange situation will develop from this information must be made by the navigator himself!

Guard zone D If an acquired target enters this GUARD ZONE, the radar outputs a Guard Zone Alarm but the target is not acquired and tracked. NOTE The GUARD ZONE and related target acquisition are only intended to draw the radar observers attention to a target. The decision as to whether a shortrange situation will develop from this information must be made by the navigator himself!

Exclusion zone D If the user wants to exclude certain areas from automatic acquisition, he can create an EXCLUSION ZONE. In this zone, all possible targets will be ignored. NOTE Within the exclusion zone, no targets are acquired and displayed in the radar video. The master and navigator are responsible for assessing and considering any possible collision situations that could result from this. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 275 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.5.1 Select ACQUISITION zone form The sequence of operations below can be used to select the acquisition zone form SECTOR (see Figure: 237). The NSC menu provides 3 possible acquisition forms. ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu Step 3 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE menu with the options SECTOR, POLYGON, RING Step 4 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR menu Step 1 Step 3 Step 2 Step 4 Figure: 237 ACQUISITION ZONE FORM 3748DOC020102 276 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

A sector with preset values appears in the direction of travel in the radar video

(see Figure: 238). The sector can be changed immediately using the sector editing marks (1...4). These changes can be made directly using the cursor (drag and drop (see chapter 2.2.4.5)) or using the text lines with slider functions for BEARING and RANGE located in the ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR display field. Using CURSOR function Drag and drop SHM 3NM Editing markers Sequence of actions Pick up and drag Set up 270_ 1NM 90_ Using SLIDER function Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button activates the ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR

(continuous line). Figure: 238 ACQUISITION FORM SECTOR Subsequent changes can be introduced at any time. Several SECTORS can be displayed in the radar video. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 277 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON This function allows the user to create a zone with any shape. Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu Step 3 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE menu containing the options SECTOR, POLYGON, RING Step 4 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON menu Step 1 Step 3 Step 2 Step 4 Figure: 239 ACQUISITION FORM POLYGON 3748DOC020102 278 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

A polygon with preset BEARING and RANGE values appears in the radar video

(see Figure: 240). The polygon can be individually adapted using the editing marks (1....10). The polygon method can be edited to any shape. The default shape is shown in Figure: 240. It must be ensured that the ACQUISITION ZONE AREA includes the ship for the special polygon shape ACQUISITION ZONE. These changes can be made directly using the cursor (drag and drop (see chapter 2.2.4.5)) or using the text lines with slider functions for BEARING and RANGE located in the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON display field. Using CURSOR function drag and drop Editing markers Sequence of actions Pick up and drag Set up Using SLIDER function Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button activates the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON

(continuous line). Figure: 240 ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON Edition: 14.JAN.2005 279 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual ACQUISITION ZONE RING Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu Step 3 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE menu containing the options SECTOR, POLYGON, RING Step 4 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE RING menu Step 1 Step 3 Step 2 Step 4 Figure: 241 ACQUISITION FORM RING 3748DOC020102 280 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

A range area with preset values for range START, range END and own position appears in the radar video (see Figure: 242). The range area is made up of two rings that can be individually adjusted using editing marks. There is an inner ring, which can be edited using drag and drop or the text line

(START) and an outer ring, which can likewise be edited using drag and drop or the text line (END). The default ring is small, as a suggestion for the anchor watch. Using CURSOR function drag and drop Editing markers Sequence of actions Pick up and drag Set up Using SLIDER function or NUMERICAL softkeys Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button activates the ACQUISITION ZONE RING

(continuous line). Figure: 242 ACQUISITION FORM RING Edition: 14.JAN.2005 281 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.5.2 Select GUARD zone form The sequence of operations below can be used to select the GUARD FORM

(step 4). The NSC menu provides 2 possible GUARD zone forms. The GUARD zone detects tracked ARPA targets that penetrate the preselected area. This situation is indicated by an alarm (visual and acoustic). GUARD ZONE SECTOR Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu Step 3 Open the GUARD ZONE menu containing the options SECTOR and RING Step 4 Open the GUARD ZONE SECTOR menu Step 1 Step 3 Step 2 Step 4 Figure: 243 GUARD ZONE SECTOR 3748DOC020102 282 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

A sector with preset values appears in the direction of travel in the radar video

(see Figure: 244). The sector can be changed using the sector editing marks (1...4). These changes can be made directly using the cursor (drag and drop (see chapter 2.2.4.5)) or using the text lines with slider functions for BEARING and RANGE located in the GUARD ZONE SECTOR display field. Using CURSOR function Drag and drop SHM 3NM Editing markers 270_ 1NM 90_ Sequence of actions Pick up and drag Set up Using SLIDER function Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button activates the GUARD ZONE SECTOR

(continuous line). Figure: 244 GUARD FORM SECTOR Subsequent changes can be introduced at any time. Several SECTORS can be displayed in the radar video. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 283 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual GUARD ZONE RANGE Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu Step 3 Open the GUARD ZONE menu containing the options SECTOR and RING Step 4 Open the GUARD ZONE RING menu Step 1 Step 3 Step 2 Step 4 Figure: 245 GUARD ZONE RING 3748DOC020102 284 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

A range area with preset values for range START, range END and own position appears in the radar video (see Figure: 246). The range area is made up of two rings that can be individually adjusted using editing marks. There is an inner ring, which can be edited using drag and drop or the text line

(START) and an outer ring, which can likewise be edited using drag and drop or the text line (END). Using CURSOR function drag and drop Editing markers Sequence of actions Pick up and drag Set up Using SLIDER function or NUMERICAL softkeys Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button activates the GUARD ZONE RING (continuous line). Figure: 246 GUARD ZONE RING Edition: 14.JAN.2005 285 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.5.3 Select EXCLUSION zone form The sequence of operations below can be used to select the EXCLUSION ZONE. Exclusion zones can be relative (moving with the ship) or true (fixed to a position) EXCLUSION ZONE RELATIVE Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu Step 3 Open the EXCLUSION ZONE menu RELATIVE Step 4 Open the EXCLUSION ZONE RELATIVE menu Step 1 Step 3 Step 2 Step 4 Figure: 247 EXCLUSION FORM 3748DOC020102 286 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

NOTE The relative exclusion zone is predominantly shown for sea clutter at close range (approx. 3 nm). However, as well as the sea clutter some targets will also be ignored. The master must be aware of this situation. This example (see Figure: 248) shows a ring centered on your own ship, which may be useful when the sea conditions or observation of buoys near own ship produces numerous false alarm echoes from waves. The exclusion zone will inhibit the auto acquisition function. This function can be used temporarily or left on to eliminate acquisition of false echo effects from the ship structure. The alternative for preventing false echoes is sector blanking, which must be commissioned by a service engineer with shipyard approval. The range area can be individually adjusted using the editing marks. Using CURSOR function drag and drop Editing markers Sequence of actions Pick up and drag Set up Using SLIDER function or NUMERICAL softkeys Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button activates the RELATIVE EXCLUSION ZONE

(continuous line). Figure: 248 EXCLUSION ZONE RELATIVE Edition: 14.JAN.2005 287 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.6 EDIT ZONE EDIT ZONE allows later editing of an active zone. In the example below, the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON is to be changed. Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the EDIT ZONE menu Step 3 Select polygon using Right button (polygon points visible) Step 4 Pick up desired point using Right button, change polygon (dotted lines). Step 5 Drop polygon using Left button, pick up next point. Or complete the editing procedure with step 6. Step 6 Select COMMIT softkey in menu using cursor and Left button. The changed ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON is activated. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Figure: 249 Editing an ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON Step 6 3748DOC020102 288 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.4.7 DELETE ZONE DELETE ZONE allows you to delete a selected zone or all zones located in the radar video. In the example below, the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON is to be deleted. Procedure:

Step 1 Open the ARPA menu Step 2 Open the DELETE ZONE menu Step 3 Select polygon using Right button (editing points visible) Step 4 Select softkey OK in menu using cursor and Left button. The ACQUISITION ZONE is deleted. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Figure: 250 Delete all zones or a selected zone Step 4 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 289 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.8 Potential collision points (PCP) and closest point of approach

(CPA) symbols PCP and CPA symbols are a useful tool that assists the user in identifying possible collision danger. RELative or TRUe REL The function allows the potential collision point (PCP) or the closest point of approach (CPA) for acquired targets to be indicated by a circular symbol in the radar video. The relevant function, PCP (potential collision points) or CPA (closest points of approach), is determined by the setting of TRUE or RELATIVE. TRUE allows the PCPs for all acquired targets to be displayed in the radar video. RELATIVE allows the CPAs for all acquired targets to be displayed in the radar video. Both types of display support prompt assessment of close range situations. TRUE Potential Collision Points (PCP) Potential collision points (PCP) provide a rapid overview of current and potential collision danger (see Figure: 251). Assessment:

There is a current collision danger if a PCP lies on your own ships head up line. There is a potential collision danger if your own ship changes its current course such that a PCP that did not previously lie on the ships head up line will now lie on that line. Potential collision points are calculated by target acquisition. Every target is normally marked with a PCP, which appears as a small circle. Under certain circumstances, it is possible that a target is marked by 2 PCPs. In such a situation, both PCPs are applicable and must be taken into account when viewing the radar image. 3748DOC020102 290 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Procedure:

Target acquisition must first be carried out. Step 1 Select TRUE Step 2 Open the ARPA menu Step 3 Select PCP/CPA SYMBOLS mode Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Figure: 251 Potential Collision Points VECTOR mode TRUE Edition: 14.JAN.2005 291 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Result:

Switching to TRUE VECTORS shows potential collision points (PCP). These are places on the chart where your own vessel could collide or choose to rendezvous with any target. It is similar to half a trial maneuver, in that it shows where your own vessel could meet the other track, at the present speed PCPs move. This is because a choice has no longer been made to meet the vessel. After some time, meeting the vessel becomes more difficult, and can finally be impossible, for example, when following another ship that is faster. 3748DOC020102 292 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual VECTOR mode REL Closest Point of Approach (CPA) In this function, the closest point of approach (CPA) for acquired targets with relative vectors is indicated by a small circle (see Figure: 252) Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Figure: 252 Closest Point of Approach VECTOR mode REL Result:

Adding CPA symbols shows where the approach will be closest, on which quarter of your own vessel. The CPA readout shows when this will occur. Adding CPA warning circles shows the criteria for dangerous TRACK Alarms. This display is optional, but the alarm system is still operational. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 293 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.9 Closest point of approach (CPA) warning on PCPs This function softkey displays the CPA warning ring (see chapter 2.4.4.1) centrally over the potential collision point (PCP) and displays it simultaneously. This type of display supports prompt assessment of close range situations. It is preparation for TRIAL MANEUVER. If does NOT substitute for TRAIL MANEUVER. Procedure:

Step 1 Select the VECTOR mode TRUE Step 2 Open the ARPA menu Step 3 Select CPA WRN on PCPs Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Figure: 253 CPA warning on PCPs 3748DOC020102 294 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

The CPA warning limit and the circle defined by the ships master can be added to the potential collision points, and thus to the no go areas. It is an aid to navigation that indicates how your own ship could avoid CPA alarms. It does NOT indicate the safe maneuver because it does NOT indicate the actual closest point of approach (use Relative Vectors or TRIAL MANEUVER). It is a local range marker only for planing assistance. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 295 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.10 Closest point of approach CPA warning This softkey function allows the CPA warning ring to be shown or hidden in the radar video (see chapter 2.4.4.1). Step 1 Step 2 Figure: 254 CPA warning ring ON/OFF 3748DOC020102 296 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.4.11 Delete all targets Pressing this softkey deletes all acquired targets in the radar video. Step 1 Step 2 Figure: 255 Delete all targets Edition: 14.JAN.2005 297 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.12 Reference target ON/OFF The reference target feature tracks a fixed target (zero speed) to correct your own ships course and speed errors caused by set, drift, speed log, gyro errors, or other factors. The NSC Radar can support this by accepting one echo that the user knows is geostationary. Radar, after 2 minutes, accurately calculates own ship ground velocity until the track is lost or a new echo chosen. ARPA is best with water velocity, so this feature was mostly used to stabilize maps and work up the best Dead Reckoning (DR) position possible. Use of Reference Target is not necessary when GPS is available. If Reference Target work is preferred, GPS must be deselected. The sequence:

The desired target must be acquired at first. step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 opens the ARPA INFO selects the desired target (must be a fixed target), the SHOW symbol indicates the target opens the ARPA MENU select REF TGT OFF/ON the SHOW symbol changes to the REFERENCE TARGET symbol. 3748DOC020102 298 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual step 1. step 3. step 4. step 2. Figure: 256 Reference target ON/OFF Symbol SHOW REFERENCE TARGET(GROUND) Edition: 14.JAN.2005 299 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.13 ARPA INFO The ARPA INFO display can simultaneously show up to 3 items of target information. Identifier no. (1...70) ID STAT Status )*

TCSE True course / can be changed to relative course RCSE TSPD True speed / can be changed to relative speed RSPD DIST Distance TBRG True bearing CPA Closest point of approach TCPA Time of closest point of approach BCR Bow crossing range BCT Bow crossing time

Dangerous situation Target initial, after approx. 10 scans Target normal TCPA TI TN GUARD Target acquired using a GUARD zone REF Info about a reference target Figure: 257 ARPA INFO Procedure:

Initial target selection is carried out using the cursor. The target information is then shown in order from left to right in the ARPA INFO display. Step 1 Open the ARPA INFO display Step 2 Select the relevant targets 3748DOC020102 2100 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Step 1. Step 2 Sequence of actions Figure: 258 Select ARPA targets for ARPA INFO INFO Targets that the ARPA function classifies as dangerous trigger an alarm (visual and acoustic). At the same time the target information for that target is shown in the 1st position in the ARPA INFO display. The previous target information entries are moved to the right. Acknowledging the alarm removes the relevant target information. The other target information entries move back to the left. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2101 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.14 AIS INFO (option) The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is designed for automatic and autonomous data communication between ships. The communication data consist of information such as identification, position, speed, course over ground

(detailed information see AIS Manual). AIS targets can be displayed on the Radar Video, detailed information on AIS Targets can be shown on request and alarms for LOST and DANGEROUS AIS Targets will be generated automatically. The Radar AIS INFO allows to change the following settings:

TARGETS:

SHOW HIDE enables the AIS symbols on the Radar Video disables the AIS symbols on the Radar Video SLEEPING the target symbols indicates the presence and orientation of the vessels equipped with AIS in a certain location. No additional information is present until activated thus avoiding information overload. the target symbols indicate the presence and orientation of the vessels equipped with AIS in a certain location. All additional information are present in the AIS information. The AIS symbols display the total information (see chapter 2.4.14.2) NORMAL RN G ... LOST ... a range at which the AIS Targets shall be displayed can be set from 10 to 55 nm. a range can be defined, above which no LOST Target Alarms will be generated. All Targets which go lost outside this range will disappear immediately without an indication. NOTE Setting AIS LOSTRN = 0 nm will present multiple AIS Alarms and make important standard Radar alarms more visible. 3748DOC020102 2102 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual The Radar AIS INFO gives the following presentation information:

Indication field for 3 items of AIS target informations. The current AIS information is shown in order from left to right. AIS Identifier no. from the ship of interest ID STAT Status )*

CSE Course SPD Speed DIST Distance TBRG True bearing CPA Closest point of approach TCPA Time of closest point of approach

Danger Dangerous situation Figure: 259 AIS INFO Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2103 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.4.14.1 AIS Symbols in the Radar Video Figure: 260 shows a possible Radar Video with AIS Targets and information. step 1. step 3. step 2. Figure: 260 AIS symbols Sequence of actions step 2. Procedure:

After pressing the ARPA INFO softkey, the AIS INFO function is activated. The AIS symbols appear in the Radar Video. The area for receiving the AIS information depends on the used range area RNG ..... ln addition to the position information, the ship specific information can be shown in a second AIS INFO display. Step 1 Open the AIS INFO display Step 2 Select the AIS symbol of interest, three symbols are marked with a square and accordingly no. 1....3 Step 3 Open the second AIS display (showing the ship specifics information) 3748DOC020102 2104 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.4.14.2 AIS symbols The AIS symbols are assigned 5 different pieces of target information. Depending on the situation, each symbol has a different meaning (see following table). Symbol AIS Target AIS targets Targets SLEEPING Activated AIS targets Targets NORMAL Description of symbol An isosceles, acuteangled triangle should be used with its centriod representing the targets reference position. The most acuteapex of the triangle is aligned with the heading of the target, or with its COG, if heading information is not available. The symbol of the sleeping target is smaller than that of the activated target. An isosceles, acuteangled triangle should be used with its centriod representing the targets reference position. The most acute apex of the triangle should be aligned with the heading of the target, or with its COG, if heading informa-

tion is not available. The COG/SOG vector is displayed as dashed line starting at the centriod of the triangle. The heading is be displayed as solid line of fixed length starting at the apex of the triangle. A flag on the heading indicates a turn and its direction in order to detect a target manoeuvre without delay. Selected target A square indicated by its corner is drawn around the target symbol. Dangerous target Lost target A bold line clearly distinguishable from the stan-

dard lines is used to draw the symbol may be increased. The target displayed with: vector, heading, and rate of turn indication. The symbol flashes until the Dangerous Target Alarm is ac-

knowledged. A prominent solid line across the symbol, per-

pendicular to the last orientation of the symbol is used. The line flashes until the Lost Target Alarm is acknowledged. The target is displayed without vector, heading and rate of turn indica-

tion. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2105 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5 FUNCTION MENU This menu provides additional functions. 2.5.1 Select MAP MENU The MAPS function allows the operator to create and permanently store maps. MAPS are normally produced for the current radar video. For example, they can be saved under the name of a sea area corresponding to the radar video. If the ship enters this sea area again, the associated map can be loaded. A map is formed by adding true mark symbols, nav lines and index lines to the radar video at points selected by the operator or at areas of interest. The symbols can be used to mark navigation channels, exclusion or safety zones, buoys or other pertinent points. NOTE Valid position information is required to create maps. Position information is transferred from a position receiver (e.g. GPS) to the NSC in the form of data telegrams. The MAP MENU cannot be called up without valid position information. A map can be made up of any combination of 100 TRUE MARKS, 50 NAV LINES and 50 INDEX LINES. As a map is created, it is placed in temporary storage. It is then saved

(if desired) and placed in permanent storage. The maps may be placed in permanent storage. Each map may be assigned a label made up of alpha numeric characters. 3748DOC020102 2106 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Procedure: (see Figure: 261) Step 1 Open the FUNC menu Step 2 Open the MAP menu Step 3 Open the MAP menu function EDIT Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Figure: 261 Calling up the MAP menu function CREATE MAP 2.5.1.1 MAP MENU EDIT

(1) CREATE MAP TRUE MARK TRUE MARK True marks may be used to identify targets or points of interest. This function is available in the RM (..), TM, N UP or C UP modes. Once entered into the system, a true mark is treated as stationary object by being true motion stabilized and fixed to the radar map. The true mark position is changed to reflect any changes in range scale, and display offsets. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2107 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Procedure: (see Figure: 262) Step 1 Open the TRUE MARK function Step 2 Position the cursor and press the Left button Step 3 Shows the coordinates of the 1st TRUE MARK Step 1 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 2 Figure: 262 Setting up a TRUE MARK Editing a TRUE MARK Procedure: (see Figure: 262) Step 4 Open SELECT mode for TRUE MARK Step 5 Open EDIT mode for TRUE MARK Step 2 Select TRUE MARK using trackball and press Right button. The color of the symbol changes to RED. The MARK can now be repositioned using the trackball. Pressing the Left button drops the MARK. 3748DOC020102 2108 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Deleting a TRUE MARK Procedure: (see Figure: 262) Step 4 Open SELECT mode for TRUE MARK Step 6 Open DELETE mode for TRUE MARK Step 2 Select TRUE MARK using trackball and press Right button. The MARK is deleted immediately.

(2) CREATE MAP NAV LINE NAV LINE Navigation lines are shown as absolute lines in the radar video. The navigation lines can be plotted in the radar video using polygons. This means that the navigation lines can be either continuous or dotted. The coordinates (LAT/LON) of the polygon points can be shown in the display

(EDIT NAV LINE) using the cursor. NOTE Navigation Lines are stored by latitude and longitude. Ensure that correct positioning information is available before creating a new map. Procedure: (see Figure: 263) Step 1 Open the NAV LINE function (e.g. continuous lines) Step 2 Position the cursor and press the Left button for the start of the 1st line. Position the cursor at the next point and press the Left button again. Repeat this action until the desired NAV LINE is shown in the radar video. Pressing the Right button completes the NAV LINE Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2109 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Cursor returns to park position This situation occurs after a pause in input. The cursor is returned to park position. The NAV LINE operation is canceled. The previous NAV LINE remains in the radar video but switches to fixed status (points are hidden). If the NAV LINE is to be extended or changed, this can be done immediately by selecting it again (see Step 1) or later using the EDIT function. Step 2 Step 1 Figure: 263 Setting up a NAV LINE Editing a NAV LINE Editing a NAV LINE allows you to change existing navigation lines. Either individual polygon points or the entire MAP can be repositioned. Procedure: (see Figure: 264) Step 1 Open SELECT mode for NAV LINE Step 2 Select NAV LINE using trackball and press Right button. The NAV LINE display changes and all points are shown. The EDIT function is activated. 3748DOC020102 2110 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Step 3 Open EDIT mode for the NAV LINE Step 4 In this status, there are two editing options:

1Change the course of the NAV LINE by moving one of the points. Select the desired point using the trackball and press the Right button. The current position is shown in the EDIT NAV LINE display. Determine marker position and drop by pressing the Left button. 2Move NAV LINE or entire MAP in radar video. Position the cursor on a line in the MAP and press the Right button. This position is shown in the EDIT NAV LINE display. The entire MAP can now be moved as required. Pressing the Left button drops the MAP in the radar video. Step 4 Step 2 Step 3 Step 1 Figure: 264 Editing a NAV LINE Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2111 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Deleting a NAV LINE Procedure: (see Figure: 265) Step 1 Open SELECT mode for NAV LINE Step 2 Select NAV LINE using trackball and press Right button. The NAV LINE display changes and all points are shown. The DELETE function is activated. Step 3 Pressing the DELETE softkey deletes the NAV LINE from the radar video. Step 2 Step 1 Step 3 Figure: 265 Deleting a NAV LINE 3748DOC020102 2112 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual

(3) CREATE MAP INDEX LINE INDEX LINE Map Index lines are shown as relative lines in the radar video. Using a paper chart they are planned before passing obstacles to maintain standoff range. They are also used to prepare wheelover points. The index lines can be plotted in the radar video using two points. Index lines can either be shown as continuous or dotted. The coordinates of the index lines are shipspecific (relative) and are shown in

() for the bearing and in (NM) for the distance in the EDIT INDEX LINE display. Procedure: (see Figure: 266) Step 1 Open the INDEX LINE function (e.g. continuous line) Step 2 Position the cursor and press the Left button for 1st point on the index line. Position the 2nd point on the index line. Step 2 Step 1 Figure: 266 Creating an INDEX LINE Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2113 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Editing an INDEX LINE The index lines can be edited by way of their index points. Procedure: (see Figure: 267) Step 1 Open SELECT mode for INDEX LINE Step 2 Select INDEX LINE using trackball and press Right button. The INDEX LINE display changes and both points are shown. The EDIT function is activated. Step 3 Open the EDIT INDEX LINE display Select the desired point using the trackball and press the Right button. The current position is shown in the EDIT NAV LINE (bearing and distance) display. Step 4 Determine the new position and drop by pressing the Left button. Step 2 Step 1 Step 3 Figure: 268 Editing an INDEX LINE 3748DOC020102 2114 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Deleting a NAV LINE Procedure: (see Figure: 268) Step 1 Open SELECT mode for INDEX LINE Step 2 Select INDEX LINE using trackball and press Right button. The INDEX LINE display changes and both points are shown. The DELETE function is activated. Step 3 Pressing the DELETE softkey deletes the INDEX LINE from the radar video. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2115 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.1.2 MAP MENU CONTROL CONTROL The control menu allows the operator to correct the placement of a MAP. This function can be used to realign NAV LINES, TRUE MARKERS and INDEX LINES in the current radar video. NOTE A position offset between a MAP and the current radar video can have various causes (position, gyro, map date). The MAP MENU function CONTROL is only activated when a MAP is loaded (see chapter 2.5.1.6). Procedure:

Step 1 Open the MAP menu. Step 2 Open the MAP menu function CONTROL. Step 3 Pressing the ADJUST softkey displays the ADJUST MAP menu

(step 3.1). Depending on the composition of the MAPs (TRUE points or INDEX points or both) the individual operations are activated. MOVE ALL TRUE Points allows a new positioning of TRUE MARKERS and TRUE LINES. On pressing the soft button, the Cursor is positioned into the PPIcenter. On the Radar Video, the MAP is faded in according to its geographical position. If the MAP is not visible, the range has to be adjusted accordingly. The MAP can now freely be moved on the Radar Video by means of the cursor and adjusted via reference points or lines (buoys or coastlines). On pressing the Left button, the MAP is placed on the Radar Video. The new position is indicated as RADAR FIX coordinate LATITUDE and LONGITUDE on the CONTROL MAP display. 3748DOC020102 2116 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Simultaneously, the alarm message FIX ACTIVE: MAP LAT/LON is indicated on the display for ALARM MESSAGES Pressing the CANCEL FIX softkey shows the original position of the MAP in the radar video. MOVE ALL INDEX Points (Relative) allows realignment of INDEX LINES, if the passage plan spontaneously changes. On pressing the soft buttons, the cursor is positioned into the PPIcenter. In parallel, the MAP is faded in on the Radar Video. Now the MAP can freely be moved on the Radar Video. The current distance is indicated on the ADJUST MAP display. On pressing the Left button, the MAP is fixed on the desired position on the Radar Video. ROTATE INDEX Points (Relative) allows realignment of the INDEX LINES, if a gyro error is detected. As Index Lines are stabilized in true azimuth but are fixed to own ship in range, own ship changes course, the index lines on a map do not change in True Bearing, but will change in Relative Bearing. On pressing the soft buttons, the MAP can be rotated/turned in any direction. On pressing the Left button, the MAP is fixed on the desired position in the Radar Video. Step 4 TRUE MARKERS, NAV LINES or INDEX LINES can be shown or hidden as required. Step 5 The current MAP is hidden in the radar video. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2117 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual As required Step 1 Step 3 Step 5 Step 2 Step 3.1 Step 4 Figure: 269 Calling up the MAP menu function CONTROL MAP 3748DOC020102 2118 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual The RADAR FIX effect:

If a MAP has been created and does not fit the current radar video when subsequently loaded, a RADAR FIX can be used. This is done by using TRUE POINTS or TRUE LINES. If a saved MAP does not fit the real radar video one or more of the following can be true:

a) b) c) d) The TRUE MAP was created using points or lat/long information from a paper chart not in WGS 84 datum. The TRUE or INDEX MAP was created live from a radar image on a previous voyage while the gyro was inaccurate (North speed errors not compensated, for example). The TRUE or INDEX MAP was created live from a radar image using different gyros (for ships equipped with two gyros). The gyro currently in use has a new error and requires service. Latitude North speed correction!

e) The position sensor has an error of the day. For example Loran C errors. f) The position sensor currently in use is set to different data than the TRUE MAP data used, has incorrect data for where the ship is now or is set to data that is suitable for paper chart work but is not compatible with radar work. INFO Before using RADAR FIX, consider how the MAP was created and check the position sensor DATA/GYRO. It is better to organize these consistently than to apply the RADAR FIX option. Radar fix can provide temporary assistance

(particularly in case e and f). Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2119 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.1.3 MAP MENU EXCHANGE EXCHANGE This function allows MAPs created on the NSC Radar to be read in and out. A USB stick can be used as an external storage medium. The USB port is located on the front of the unit. Procedure: (see Figure: 270) Step 1 Open the FUNC menu Step 2 Open the MAP menu Step 3 Open the MAP menu function EXCHANGE Step 4 Insert the USB stick into USB port Step 5 Press the REFRESH softkey; the NSC processor automatically detects the USB stick. Step 6/7 Select the desired operation. EXPORT All MAPs located in the NSC MAP memory are transferred onto the USB stick. IMPORT All MAPs located on the USB stick are transferred to the NSC memory. Step 8 Press the EJECT DEVICE softkey; the NSC processor automatically completes the operation. NOTE To counteract possible data loss, before removing the USB stick ensure that the EJECT DEVICE softkey is pressed!

3748DOC020102 2120 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual NSC back side USB port Step 4 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

(Example) Step 5 Step 6 Step 8 Step 7 Figure: 270 Calling up the MAP menu function EXCHANGE MAPS Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2121 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.1.4 MAP MENU SAVE SAVE MAPS are created in the current radar video and can then be saved, for example under the name of the sea area. MAPS are saved based on the fixed LATITUDE and LONGITUDE coordinates. Procedure: (see Figure: 271) Step 1 Open the FUNC menu Step 2 Open the MAP menu Step 3 Open the MAP menu function SAVE Step 4 Enter the desired MAP name using the cursor and the softkey keyboard. Pressing the SAVE softkey completes the operation. To check this, call up the MAP MENU LOAD (see chapter 2.5.1.6). The name of the saved MAP appears when you call up LOCAL MAP. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Figure: 271 Calling up the MAP menu function SAVE 3748DOC020102 2122 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.5.1.5 MAP MENU DELETE DELETE Delete allows you to delete MAPS, which can be LOCAL or DISTANT MAPS. Procedure: (see Figure: 272) Step 1 Open the FUNC menu Step 2 Open the MAP menu Step 3 Open the MAP menu function DELETE. Step 4 Select LOCAL or DISTANT. Select the desired MAP. Pressing the DELETE softkey deletes the MAP. Step 1 Step 4 Step 2 Step 3 Figure: 272 Calling up the MAP menu function DELETE Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2123 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.1.6 MAP MENU LOAD LOAD Load allows you to load a saved MAP. This function provides various MAP categories. The NSC system uses the saved LATITUDE / LONGITUDE coordinates to identify the correlation between the MAP and the sea area currently displayed in the radar video. The subsequent MAP lists are then automatically adapted to the changing radar video view. LOCAL MAP Local MAPS are MAPS whose saved coordinates match the current sea area. DISTANT MAP Distant MAPS are MAPS created for a different sea area. The MAP names are shown in a list. Toggle fields allow you to scroll through this list. Procedure: (see Figure: 273) Step 1 Open the FUNC menu Step 2 Open the MAP menu Step 3 Open the MAP menu function LOAD. Step 4 Select LOCAL or DISTANT. Select the desired MAP. Pressing the LOAD softkey shows the MAP in the radar video. If necessary, select another range scale to find the LOCAL MAP in the Radar Video. Possible corrections can be made using the MAP MENU function CONTROL (see chapter 2.5.1.2). 3748DOC020102 2124 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Step 1 Step 4 Step 2 Step 3 If necessary, select another range scale Figure: 273 Calling up the MAP menu function LOAD MAPS Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2125 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.2 Select TRIAL MANEUVER The trial maneuver feature allows the operator to see the results of possible changes in their own speed and/or course, without actually committing their own ship to those changes. When the trial maneuver function is on, a large letter T flashes at the bottom of video display. This is to remind the operator that the current radar video and plotting data is not the true navigational situation. The user can return to normal radar operation by clicking on Trial again. When changing course or testing a proposed course, the trial heading is indicated in white and by a dashed line originating from own ship. NOTE If True vectors are selected, your own ships vector will reflect any set and drift inputs (course made good). Target data (SPD, CSE, ID, CPA, TCPA) that is being plotted is still shown in the actual TRIAL MANEUVER readout. During a trial maneuver, there are no restrictions on operation within the NSC user interface. Alarms and warnings during the trial maneuver;

Real alarms The ARPA tracking system continues running in the background. If there is a real close range situation (target enters the CPA/TCPA zone limits), an automatic alarm is generated. The target symbol flashes and a corresponding text message appears in the alarm display. Temporary alarms If a close range situation occurs during the trial maneuver, the target symbols flash. 3748DOC020102 2126 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Procedure: (see Figure: 274) Step 1 Open the FUNCTION menu Step 2 Open the TRIAL function Step 3 Switch the vector display into TRUE mode (possible example) Step 4 Execute the TRIAL maneuver. The trial heading marker and the SHM are shown congruently in the radar video. Move the Course slider, CSE, to start the TRIAL maneuver. The trial heading marker is moved using the CSE slider. As well as the course, the speed SPD can also be adapted to the maneuvered. The readouts show relevant targets (ID no.) with their CPA/TCPA values, which could result in a possible close range situation during the TRIAL maneuvered. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2127 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Trial heading marker Trial maneuver symbol Figure: 274 Trial maneuver (example) Settings for this example:

(ARPA MENU) PCP/CPA SYMBOLS ON CPA WRN on PCP ON 3748DOC020102 2128 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Result:

When a trial maneuver is added, the trial course (CSE) identifies the new heading but cannot affect potential collision points because these depend on the speed of approach towards other vessels (where your own ship could potentially meet another). Trial speed (SPD) changes the potential collision points and the higher the selected speed the more PCPs there will be in the vicinity of the tracked ships. A trial maneuver and PCPs are a way to view the advantages of a change in speed. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2129 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.3 Select ROUTE (option) This function allows the transfer of routes, e.g. between an electronic sea chart NSC ECDIS and the NSC radar. The route planning is effected via NSC ECDIS (see NSC ECDIS manual). If the route position (NSC ECDIS) matches with the radar position, the route can be displayed in the current radar video. Parallel to the route display, the active cursor of the NSC ECDIS appears in the radar video, and the active cursor from NSC radar on the display of the NSC ECDIS. Precondition:

route planning via NSC ECDIS position alignment of NSC ECDIS and NSC radar Procedure: (see Figure: 275) Step 1 Open the FUNCTION menu Step 2 Open the ROUTE function Step 3 Select the ROUTE view of interest HIDE ROUTE, HIDE XTD LIMITS, HIDE WPT LABELS for fading out the WPT LABELS only for fading out the complete Route for fading out the XTD LIMITS only 3748DOC020102 2130 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 NSC ECDIS cursor Figure: 275 ROUTE (example) Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2131 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.4 Select TSCE (ON/OFF) This function allows you to call up a TEST SCENARIO. The test scenario is described by an independent radar video, in which the test targets are displayed. The radar video is identified by two flashing XX characters and is shown in the PPI. Procedure: (see Figure: 276) Step 1 Open the FUNCTION menu Step 2 Set TSCE ON After several cycles, the test scenario appears in the PPI. These targets can be acquired manually or using the ARPA zones. The corresponding target information can be read out using the ARPA INFO. TSCE OFF hides the test scenario. 3748DOC020102 2132 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Step 1 Step 2 Figure: 276 Test scenario Result:

This test allows the ARPA tracker to be tested. The test is normally carried out in open waters. Activating TSCE displays an artificial radar video containing several targets. These targets can be acquired manually or using acquisition zones. Each target acquired can be identified by the ARPA INFORMATION. The VECTORS, TRAILS and PAST POSITIONS for the targets can also be shown. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2133 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 2.5.5 Select PERFORMANCE MONITOR The performance monitor PMU provides a transmitter power check and a receiver sensitivity check. When targets are not available, the PMU can also be used for manual tuning of the radar to ensure maximum radar performance at all times. Performance monitor 2.5.5.1 Brief description This is a passive performance monitor system. This means:

The performance monitor is a device capable of signaling any degradation in the performance of the radar in the display. In particular, indicates the efficiency of the transmitter and the receiver. Procedure: (see Figure: 277) Step 1 Switch on the performance monitor by turning switch S1 on the external performance monitor switch to ON. Step 2 Select the 24 NM range. Wait at least 30 minutes in order to allow the temperature of the two systems to stabilize. Step 3 Change the TUNE mode from Auto to Manual by selecting the upper AUTO toggle field. Slowly adjust (TUNE slider) the tuning command for Radar Up to the 4 markers produced by the performance monitor and visualized in the NSC display (inability to synthesize the marker on the display unit may be due to a degradation above 10 dB on the transmitter and receiver or to a failure of the performance monitor). 3748DOC020102 2134 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Step 3 Step 2 Info The dotted lines are only used to explain the PMU check. F1 Step 1 PMU transmission check Normal operation of transmitter power Degradation of 4 dB in transmitter power Figure: 277 PMU display for 6 feet Xband Result:

By visualizing 4 markers on the radar video in the shape of an arc of a circle, the performance monitor simultaneously performs the following checks:

Monitoring efficiency of radar transmission system Monitoring efficiency of radar reception system Monitoring efficiency of radar transmission system During normal operation of the transmission system, the 4 markers, set to 14, 16, 18 and 20 NM (see Figure: 277) must be visible in the radar video. Degradation of the transmitter power is indicated by a shift of the 4 markers towards the center of the radar video;

in particular a shift of 4 markers of 2 NM towards the center of Radar Video is obtained by each degradation of the transmitted power corresponding to 2 dB. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2135 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Monitoring efficiency of radar reception system Adjust the radar GAIN to obtain a floor noise that is just visible. If the radar is working correctly, the 4 arcs must be recognizable; in particular the furthest must be hardly recognizable by floor noise. The 4 markers are visualized with decreasing intensity starting from the nearest marker to the one furthest from the center of the radar video. Each jump in intensity indicates a decrement of 3 dB in reception. If the sensitivity of the receiver decreases by 10 dB, the marker nearest to the center of the radar video will only just be recognizable above the noise. In the extreme condition corresponding to a degradation in power equal to or greater than 10 dB for the transmitter and receiver, only one marker will appear on the radar video at a distance of 4 NM. Info The dotted lines are only used to explain the PMU check. PMU receiver/transmitter check Degradation of 10 dB for receiver Degradation of 10 dB in transmitter and receiver power Figure: 278 PMU receiver and transmitter check 3748DOC020102 2136 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 2.5.6 Select SECTOR BLANKING (ON/OFF) SECTOR BLANKING is one of the shipspecific settings to be made at commissioning. The setting normally depends on the ships superstructure (e.g. cranes, chimneys etc.), from which strong reflection effects can be expected. These effects have a negative impact on the quality of the radar video. To counteract this, the relevant sectors can be blanked out in the radar video. Procedure: (see Figure: 279) Step 1 Open the FUNC menu Step 2 The default setting for SECTOR BLANKING is ON. Pressing the softkey restores the blanked sector to the radar video. Pressing the softkey again blanks the sector again. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 2137 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Step 1 Step 2 Figure: 279 Sector blanking Result:

The radar video quality within the sector depends on the reflection influences. 3748DOC020102 2138 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 3 Theory of Operation This chapter gives additional information about radar operation and functions. It explains terminology and and describes a number of effects which have influ-

ence on radar performance and have to be considered by the operator. A radar uses a very high frequency radio wave (microwave) which has similar properties to those of light regarding straightness and uniform velocity. The radar antenna radiates the fan shape fine microwave (fan beam) to the target just as a search light throws the light beam to the target, and the reflected microwave from the target returns to the antenna. The radar does not use a continuous wave but radiates the wave for a very short period (approx. 106 to 108 second .... called pulse) to measure the time from when the wave is radiated till the reflected wave returns to the antenna. In addi-

tion, with rotation of the antenna at a constant speed, the fan shape radio wave radiated from the antenna scans around 360_ with the antenna at its center in order to detect the object. 3.1 Radar Plotting Terminology Bearing (AZIMUTH) The horizontal direction of one point from another point, expressed as the angle in the horizontal plane between a reference line and the horizontal pro-

jection of the line joining the two points. TRUE Bearing > Reference is true north RELATIVE Bearing > Reference is own ships heading Target Speed TRUE > Actual Speed made good by target. RELATIVE > In relation to own ships movement Edition: 14.JAN.2005 31 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Target Course TRUE > Direction of target movement referenced to true north. RELATIVE > Direction of target movement referenced to own ship bow. Closest Point of Approach (CPA) The point at which a target will be closest to own ship Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA) The time remaining to CPA, based on current own ship speed. Potential Collision Point (PCP) The point at which a collision would take place if the target vessel maintains present course and speed, and own ship maintains present speed and if own ship were to choose to steer a collision course now. Radar Video presentation Relative Motion (RM) In this mode, the radar shows the motion of a target relative to the motion of own ship, own ship is fixed on the screen. Targets move on the screen. Relative Motion can be with True Trails RM (T) with Relative Trails RM (R) True Motion (TM) In this mode, the actual or true motion of a target and own ship, i.e. land masses or nonmoving targets are fixed on the screen while targets with actual motion and own ship move on the screen (similar to plotting chart). 3748DOC020102 32 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual Figure: 31 Relative Motion (R) / Relative Motion (T) Edition: 14.JAN.2005 33 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual Vectors Relative Vector Line drawn on screen to indicate calculated relative course and speed of targets. True Vector Line drawn on screen to indicate calculated true course and speed of targets. 3748DOC020102 34 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 3.2 Radar Pattern Interpretation The radar displays a chartlike picture (PPI) on TFT under normal conditions. Under certain conditions, however, various false echoes are generated, and small targets are hidden by rain, snow or sea waves. To correctly interpret tar-

gets and patterns which appears on the TFT requires considerable experience. Compare patterns that appear on the radar image to the actual topography to acquire experience as far as possible. 3.2.1 Range The detectable range depends on the antenna height and height of targets. Sometimes, however, the radar detectable range is longer due to refraction of the wave beam according to weather conditions. The radio wave is obstructed by mountains and hills, forming a shadow behind these objects. D H1 D = 2 ( H1 + H2) H2 Figure: 32 Detectable Range D[NM]

H[m]

Examples:

A big ship with 25 m antenna high can detect a 4 m high small ship in up to 14 NM distance. A big ship with 25 m antenna high can detect a 25 m high ship in up to 20 NM. A big ship with 25 m antenna height can detect a 100 m high coast in up to 30 NM. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 35 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.2.1.1 Radar Interference When a radar is used on another ship nearby, a radial pattern of dots may ap-

pear on the display. There are various patterns caused by the radar interference which can be eliminated by reducing the range scale. This radar provides a radar interference rejection device, and the radar interfer-

ence from the radars of other ships can be cancelled (see Figure: 33). Without Interference rejection With Interference rejection Figure: 33 Interference rejection 3748DOC020102 36 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 3.2.1.2 Sea Clutter, Rain Clutter The radar wave is reflected by waves, clouds, rain and snow. This is then dis-

played as a bright noise which clutters the Radar Video and may hide targets When this happens, adjust GAIN, SEA (sea clutter), RAIN (rain and snow clutter) controls to assist in the detection of targets easily. Then adjust FTC. Take note that ordinary visible targets cannot be seen in heavy rain and snow (see Figure: 34). Without Rain, Snow Clutter Control With Rain, Snow Clutter Control Figure: 34 Pattern interpretation Edition: 14.JAN.2005 37 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.2.1.3 Side Lobe Effect In short ranges, not only the main lobe of the radar is reflected by ships nearby but in some cases also the side lobes are reflected. This leads to false echoes, which are all at same distance, but different bearings. Multiple reception effect If a strong echo reflected from a large object at short range is reflected several times between the object and own ship, false echoes are dis-

played at positions of 1, 2, 3 or more times the distance of the actual position. A is the actual echo, B and C are false echoes, and D and E are side lobe echoes

(see Figure: 35). These echoes can easily be identified because these echoes can be reduced by adjustment of GAIN, SEA controls. side lobe effects D A E B multiple reception C A main lobe side lobe side lobe Figure: 35 Side Lobe and Multiple Reception False Echo 3748DOC020102 38 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 3.2.1.4 Second trace false echo The second trace false echo appears when the signal is received at the next pulse repetition period after it was reflected by a high mountain or similar object in long distance. Therefore, the position in which it appears is identified by sub-

tracting distance corresponding to the pulse repetition interval from the actual distance. Assuming the pulse period is 1000 s and the range scale is adjusted tor 12 NM, the pulse reflected from a target 80 NM away returns after 1000 s. Targets lying at a distance of beyond (80 NM + 12 NM=) 92 NM, therefore, can generate second trace false echoes. A target in 83 NM distance may generates an echo on the radar display at 3NM

(see Figure: 36). Second trace false echo Transmit pulse 1 Transmit pulse 2 Range scale 12 NM Pulse period 1/pulse repetition frequency with 1000/s approx. 80 NM Range scale 3NM Echo from transmit pulse 1 Figure: 36 Second Trace False Echo Effect Edition: 14.JAN.2005 39 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual It often appears that the radio wave propagation is abnormal (duct effect), when the object is a very large mountain. If the signal reception level, however, is small and the transmitted pulse intervals are slightly changed, then a long cloudy form echo appears as shown in the figure, and can easily be identified. If it is difficult to identify, reduce the receiver gain (GAIN) slightly. In rare cases, the guard ring alarm goes off. In this case, check and observe the video echoes, and reduce the receiver gain, and in case of medium range scale (3, 6, 12 NM) switch to LONG PULSE or to 24 NM range scale (see Figure: 37). Second trace false echo Radar Range Out of Range Second trace false echo Atmosphere Second trace false echo Figure: 37 Second Trace False Echo, Duct Effect 3748DOC020102 310 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 3.2.1.5 Abnormal Atmospheric Conditions Under certain abnormal atmospheric conditions, the radar wave can be reflected at higher layers in the atmosphere. This leads to wrong measurements in long distances. invisible Range visible Range Atmosphere Figure: 38 Atmospheric Condition Edition: 14.JAN.2005 311 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.3 3.3.1 Vector Presentation True Vector Mode

(see Figure: 39) True vector mode displays the true movement of all targets with true course and true speed. The actual speed and course of own ship and and two targets are such that tar-

get 1 will eventually collide with own ship, and the target 2 will pass well behind own ship. In TRUE vector mode, tracked targets which are standing still (such as target 3) do not display a vector. Ships heading marker 2 3 OWN Vector 1 Figure: 39 True Vector Mode 3748DOC020102 312 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 3.3.2 Relative Vector Mode

(see Figure: Figure: 310) Relative vector mode shows how targets move in relation to own. All ships that have relative vectors pointing to my own ship are dangerous targets. Ships heading marker 1 2 3 Figure: 310 Relative Vector Mode When the same situation is displayed in RELATIVE vector mode, target 1 gradu-

ally closing with own ship and it is apparent that target 2 indicates no threat as long as neither own ship nor target changed their headings. The stationary target 3 does not move at all. Its relative vector is exactly oppo-

site to own ships vector. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 313 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.4 Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) The purpose of an Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) is to interpret radar information continuously and to display the results so that watch officers may quickly assess and react to potential danger. The performance specfication of the International Maritim Organization (IMO) requires the ARPA plotting reliability to be as good as manual plotting techniques. The NSC meets and exceeds these minimum requirements to provide a greater margin of safetey. The first requirement of safetey is to maintan surveillance of traffic and navigation harzards. The ARPA will plot up to 70 manually acquired (Plot) targets. For any targets being plotted, the ARPA continuously displays vectors indicating speed and course. Based on preset conditions the ARPA determines if the possibility for collision exists. When a potentially dangerous target is detected, warnings are given and information detailed on the target is displayed. If the watch officer determines that an avoidance maneuver is required, the ARPA trial maneuver mode can assist in the planning. When a maneuver is actually made, the ARPA continuously displays the effect on all plotted targets during and after the course change. 3748DOC020102 314 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual 3.4.1 Sensor Errors The performance of ARPA depends on the quality of the sensor information which is processed. The radar is the sensor which measures target range and bearing relative to own ship. The gyro compass measures the heading of the own ship ship relative to north. The speed log measures the motion of ship own relative to the water or bottom. 3.4.1.1 Gyro Compass A precise Gyro Compass heading is an important condition for accurate target tracking and ARPA information. The radar user should be aware that Gyro Compasses may have errors (speed error and acceleration error). These errors can degrade the accuracy of target results (ARPA INFO). Raytheon Gyro Compasses have automatic error correction and supply true heading to radars. This may not be the case for other Gyro Compass models. If Gyro Compass heading input is interrupted, the radar will give alarm. 3.4.1.2 Speed Log A precise speed input from the log is an important condition for accurate target tracking and ARPA INFO. The radar user should be aware that speed outputs of logs may be temporarily unstable for various reasons. This may degrade the accuray tracking results (ARPA INFO). If speed input is interrupted, the radar will release alarm. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 315 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.4.1.3 Plotting Plotting is started by positioning the trackball cursor over the desired target echo. When the softbutton is pressed the radar aquires the target. When a target becomes too weak or too large and is identified by the ARPA as a LOST TARGET, two options are available:

(1) CANCEL Option: As a warning, a flashing symbol marks the last position of the target. The ARPA attempts the target by increasing the window size. It coasts for five scans (antenna rotations) and if the target is not located in the enlarged window, the plot is cancelled.

(2) COAST Option: The lost target data is not automatically cancelled but rather is coasted and the flashing LOST TARGET symbol marks the last position of the target. To delete the LOST TARGET symbol, track, and tar-

get data, a manual cancel operation must be done. CAUTION IF A TARGET GETS CLOSE TO ANOTHER TARGET, THE TWO TAR-

GETS CANNOT BE DISCRIMINAT AND TRACKING MAY RESUME ON THESE SIGNALS. THE OPERATOR SHOULD INVESTIGATE ALL ARPA ALARMS. Occasionally, when a vessel changes course while coasting or other targets are in the vicinity, a plot may be lost or transferred to another target. The flashing alerts the operator to verify the condition after coasting. NOTE If a plot acquisition is attempted on a target close to another plot, the new plot will be refused. 3748DOC020102 316 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual To determine accurate ARPA results, a number of past positions have to be recorded. After acquiring a close target, the processor takes about a minute to record enough position data to get a good, accurate speed. More time could be required for targets more than eight miles away. NOTE For accurate target data, accurate own ships course and speed are required, particularly during course changes. Sensor errors in own ships course and speed will cause equal errors in target data. Manual speed entries can be used, but for best perfor-

mance an accurate speed log is recommended. A Ground Reference mode is provided to improve speed mea-

surements. A small, fixed, stable target is plotted to give a zero speed reference. Target positions and own ships position may be referred to the Reference Target. The use of a suitable reference target will improve motion stabilization and target data. Edition: 14.JAN.2005 317 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.4.2 Collision Assessment (Surveillance) Once the true velocities of own ship and targets are established (within one minute of acquisition), it is valid to interpret displayed information for collision assessment. TRUE and RELATIVE VECTORS are available to present target velocities. The NSC provides two additional surveillance features to aid in rapid assessment of collisions potential in congested situations. When displaying TRUE VECTORS, the operator may choose to display Potential Collision Point

(PCPs). The appearance of one or more of these symbols, on or near own ships heading line, immediately signals collision potential. When displaying RELATIVE VECTORS, the operator may choose to display all CPAs within the set CPA limit, plus one mile of own ship whose TCPA is less than 30 minutes. The appearance of one or more of these symbols near own ships current position immediately signals collisions potential. 3.4.2.1 Accuracy of Collision Assessment The position of PCP and CPA are the key parameters in collision assessment and of vital importance. Both are calculated from knowledge of present position and velocities of targets and own ship. 3.4.2.2 Displaying of CPAs CPA is the Closest Point of Approach for any target vessel if both the target vessel and own ship maintain course and speed. The calculated CPA will match the actual CPA only if the present course and speed of the target vessel has been maintained long enough for the target velocity filters to settle. The ARPA specification allows up to three minutes for this purpose. The NSC accomplishes this in one minute . Furthermore, if own ships speedlog has no smoothing or delay in its readings, the NSC will produce an accurate CPA even as own ship comes to a new course and/or speed (target not maneuvering). CPA and TCPA are calculated for all targets; once for each revolution of the radar antenna (approximately two seconds for Raytheon radars). 3748DOC020102 318 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual CPA symbols will be displayed if:

(1) the operator selects the CPA/PCP display button on the collisions assess-

ment menu page and

(2) RELATIVE vector mode is selected and

(3) the CPA symbols are located within the bearing scale and

(4) display is stabilized and

(5) symbol display state is ON and

(6) ARPA DATA display state is ON Edition: 14.JAN.2005 319 3748DOC020102 Operator Manual 3.5 Keep the following points in mind when operating the NSC:

Radar Video The radar video display area is updated from a memory. The memory is updated as the antenna scans. The radar picture is signal processed from previous scan of the antenna. This process is called scantoscan integra-

tion. Three scans are required to integrete a target to full brightness. It should be noted that while in head up, the scan integration process is removed and all targets including clutter are displayed at full brightness. Sensitiveity Controls When the sensitivity controls are used, the operator must wait for three scans to see final result. The radar picture will build until targets are displayed at a bright level. Receiver noise and in most cases, clutter, will not be integrated and will appear dim when the controls are properly set. Adjust the controls in small increments. Radar Detectability The processing of three scans of radar data results in greater radar detect-

ability. Targets which otherwise would be in noise now stand out clearly. Greater radar detectability could occasionally cause reflections and other undesired echos to appear as strong returns. Use the sensitivity controls to achieve a suitable presentation. Best Clutter/Interference Rejection The best clutter/interference rejection will occur when accurate speed (log) and gyro information is used to stabilize the radar display. Use the Sea, FTC and Rain controls to suppress clutter and leave targets at a bright level. 3748DOC020102 320 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 RNSC 18 RADAR Raytheon Marine GmbH Germany Operator Manual MENU bar, see chapter 2.3.6.6 Radar video Radar video INFORMATION displays, settings, PANEL, see chapter 2.3.2 see chapter 2.3.3 see chapter 2.3.6 SHM see chapter 2.3.2.1 Antenna sensitivity controls, see chapter 2.3.1. PPI Radar compass rose Radar video Cursor information in radar video range, see chapter 2.3.5 Radar operator panel, see chapter 2.2.3 Power ON/OFF button see chapter 2.2.1 Reset Dip switch see chapter 2.2.5 North Marker T T T T T Navigation Electronic bearing lines (EBL) and variable range markers (VRM), see chapter 2.3.4 Park position automatic cursor position Trackball see chapter 2.2.2 Edition: 14.JAN.2005 Annex 1 3749DOC020102 Subject to alteration due to technical developments without notice. All rights reserved Printed in Germany 3748DOC020102 Edition 14.JAN.2005 Raytheon Marine GmbH High Seas Products D-24100 Kiel, Germany Tel +49(0)4 31-30 19-0 Fax +49(0)4 31-30 19-291 Email Service@raykiel.com www.raytheon-marine.de