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ARCXtend System Planning and Installation Guide A License-Free Point-To-Multipoint Wireless Cable Plant Extension Solution October 2003 2001-2003 Arcwave, Inc. 910 Campisi Way, Suite 1F, Campbell, CA 95008 USA, Phone: 408-558-2300 www.arcwaveinc.com Customer Service: 408-748-7570 techsupport@arcwaveinc.com PN: 920-20003-001 LIMITED WARRANTY. Arcwave warrants to Buyer at the time of delivery that the equipment will be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service. Arcwave's sole obligation under these warranties is limited to replacing or repairing, at its option, at its factory, any equipment that is returned to Arcwave, transportation, duties, and taxes prepaid, within twelve (12) months after delivery. In the case of products not of Arcwave's own manufacture, the only warranty available is that provided by the original equipment manufacturer. Arcwave shall return the equipment to Buyer freight prepaid. THIS WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND OF ALL OTHER OBLIGATIONS OR LIABILITIES ON THE PART OF Arcwave, AND IT NEITHER ASSUMES NOR AUTHORIZES ANY OTHER PERSON TO ASSUME FOR ARCWAVEANY OTHER LIABILITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE OF PRODUCTS. IN NO EVENT WILL Arcwave BE LIABLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES EVEN IF Arcwave HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. This Warranty does not apply to any of such products, which shall have been repaired or altered, except by Arcwave, or which shall have been subjected to misuse, negligence, or accident or operation outside the environmental specifications. Repairs or replacements of Equipment made during the warranty period or thereafter will be warranted, as provided above, for the remainder of the original warranty period or for ninety days from the date of return, as applicable, whichever is longer. RETURN OF EQUIPMENT UNDER WARRANTY: If an item of Equipment malfunctions or fails in normal intended usage and maintenance within the applicable Warranty Period:
(a) The Customer shall promptly notify Arcwave of the problem and the serial number of the defective item;
(b) Arcwave shall, at its sole option, either resolve the problem over the telephone or provide the Customer with a Returned Materials Authorization number (RMA #) and the address of the location to which the Customer may ship the defective item;
(c) If the problem is not resolved over the telephone, the Customer shall attach a label to each returned item describing the fault and the Customer's return address. The Customer shall, at its cost, properly pack the item to be returned, prepay the insurance and shipping charges, and ship the item to the specified location;
(d) If the Arcwave product shall prove to be defective in material or workmanship upon examination by Arcwave, Arcwave shall either repair or replace the returned item at its sole option. The replacement item may be new or refurbished; if refurbished, it shall be equivalent in operation to new Equipment. If Arcwave replaces a returned item, the Customer agrees that the returned item shall become the property of Arcwave.
(e) Arcwave shall ship the repaired item or replacement to the Customer's return address by carrier and method of delivery chosen by Arcwave at its cost. If Customer has requested some other form of conveyance, such as express shipping, then the Customer shall pay the cost of return shipment. NOTE: This publication may include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of this publication. Arcwave may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) described in this publication at any time without notice. FCC NOTICE: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
: ARCell, ARCXtend and DBWA are Trademarks of Arcwave, Inc. DOCSIS is a registered trademark of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 ii FCC Requirements for Operation in the Unites States Radio Frequency Interference Warnings & Instructions This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following methods:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Connect the equipment into an electrical outlet on a circuit different from that Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver which the radio receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help Modifications made to the product, unless expressly approved by Arcwave, Inc. could void the users right to operate the equipment. RF Exposure CAUTION: To ensure compliance with FCC RF exposure requirements, the antenna used for this device must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least 20 cm from all persons and must not be located or operated in conjunction with any other antenna or radio transmitter. Declaration Of Conformity We, Arcwave, Inc. 910 Campisi Way, Suite 1F, Campbell, CA 95008 declare under our sole responsibility that this product complies with Part 15 of FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
This device may not cause harmful interference, and This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Table of Contents Table of Contents.......................................................................................................iii 1 System Description..........................................................................................1-1 System Overview......................................................................................1-1 1.1 Frequency Band of Operation...................................................................1-2 1.2 1.3 Range.......................................................................................................1-3 1.4 CPE Installation ........................................................................................1-4 1.5 Access Point Installation...........................................................................1-5 2 Subscriber Installation Details..........................................................................2-1 Transceiver...............................................................................................2-1 2.1 2.2 Cable Connection and Grounding ............................................................2-6 2.3 DC Power Supply .....................................................................................2-7 2.4 Wireless Cable Modem.............................................................................2-8 2.5 Frequency Channel ..................................................................................2-9 2.6 Modem http Interface................................................................................2-9 Installations Close to Access Point.........................................................2-10 2.7 3 Access Point Installation..................................................................................3-1 3.1 Site Survey ...............................................................................................3-1 3.2 Antenna Patterns......................................................................................3-1 3.3 Frequency Planning Downstream..........................................................3-2 3.4 Frequency Planning Upstream ..............................................................3-7 3.5 Example of Frequency Plan......................................................................3-9 3.6 Power .....................................................................................................3-10 3.7 Pipe Mount Installation ...........................................................................3-11 3.8 Pole Mount .............................................................................................3-13 3.9 Strand Mount ..........................................................................................3-19 3.10 Verify Service Area.................................................................................3-22 4 Command Line Interface .................................................................................4-1 4.1 Physical Interface .....................................................................................4-1 4.2 Command Line Characteristics.................................................................4-1 4.3 TX Command Line Interface.....................................................................4-2 4.4 RX Command Line Interface ....................................................................4-8 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 iii 7.1 4.5 DX Command Line Interface ..................................................................4-13 5 Multiples Access Points ...................................................................................5-1 5.1 Frequency Planning..................................................................................5-1 5.2 Mounting & Site Planning .........................................................................5-1 6 Fault Localization.............................................................................................6-1 6.1 Only one user impacted............................................................................6-1 6.2 Multiple Users Impacted ...........................................................................6-2 6.3 Entire Sector.............................................................................................6-2 7 Replacing Failed Access Point ........................................................................7-1 Access Point - Strand Mount ....................................................................7-3 8 Replacing a Failed Subscriber Unit..................................................................8-1 9 Specifications...................................................................................................9-1 AX1255 ARCXtend Access Point .............................................................9-1 AX3155 Customer Premise Antenna/Transceiver Specifications .............9-2 Appendix A: Radio Frequency Basics ........................................................10-1 10.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum ..............................................................10-1 10.2 FCC Rules for use of ISM band..............................................................10-3 10.3 Line of Sight............................................................................................10-4 10.4 Link Budgeting........................................................................................10-6 10.5 Availability...............................................................................................10-7 10.6 Antennas ................................................................................................10-8 10.7 Rain Fade...............................................................................................10-9 10.8 Lightning Strikes ...................................................................................10-11 Reader Feedback.......................................................................................11-1 9.1 9.2 10 11 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 iv 1 System Description The new ARCXtend Wireless Plant Extension Solution is the first solution designed from the ground up to seamlessly integrate into a cable operators network and support infrastructure and cost effectively deliver transparent cable modem service over the air. It is a wireless point-to-multipoint cable plant extension solution operating in the 5GHz license-free band. ARCXtend allows a cable operator to quickly, cost effectively, and reliably satisfy demand for cable modem service in areas where it is too far, difficult, time consuming or expensive to reach with their existing HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) network. Cable system operators can now quickly and profitably reach uncovered business, education, government, and commercial customers using Arcwaves field proven, high reliability wireless technology. ARCXtend is fully interoperable with DOCSIS compliant Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS), Operation Support Systems (OSS), and cable modems enabling cable operators to leverage their existing investment to target the $200B small and medium business (SMB) services market with a wide range of IP-based services, including IP Telephony, multimedia conferencing, telecommuter services and other multimedia applications without a costly expansion of their HFC plant. Figure 1-1: ARCXtend System. Figure 1-1 demonstrates how the ARCXtend system fits into the typical cable system, and delivers service to buildings unreachable by the cable plant. 1.1 System Overview The ARCXtend 5GHz solution consists of an AX1255 Access Point and one or more AX3155 Subscriber Transceiver/Antennas, as in Figure 1-2. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 1-1 The AX1255 is a self-contained, weather-protected unit that connects directly to an existing cable plant. It can be pole, wall, or strand mounted, and line or locally powered. It provides up to 2-mile coverage over a 90-degree sector, supports over 30Mbs of downstream bandwidth and can support hundreds of cable modems. The AX3155 Subscriber Transceiver is a small footprint radome that can be easily mounted on a building or home. It supports delivery of up to 30Mbps of downstream bandwidth to a customer premise. The radome is weather protected and connects directly to a DOCSIS compliant cable modem located at the customer premise. ARCXtend operates in the un-congested license-free 5.3 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. ARCXtend Access Point Transceiver 5 GHz band ARCXtend Subscriber Transceiver tap Cable plant Downstream (Tx) CMTS Upstream (Rx) LAN Data Laptop computer Modem Figure 1-2: Overview of ARCXtend wireless link. 1.2 Frequency Band of Operation This system operates in the frequency band designated by the FCC as unlicensed and is governed by Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations1. The components that Arcwave sells comply with these Rules. This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Briefly, the unlicensed rules for digital devices are:
1 Available at http://ftp.fcc.gov/oet/info/rules/). ARCXtend manual, August 2003 1-2 Lower band is 5.15-5.35 GHz o Transmitted power in the band 5.25 5.35 GHz cannot exceed 250 mW. o The band 5.15 5.25 GHz is for indoor use, and is not used by ARCXtend. Upper band is 5.725-5.850 GHz o Transmitted power in the band 5.725-5.850 GHz cannot exceed 1 Watt2. Figure 1-2 shows the maximum allowable power out of an amplifier to illustrate the above. Each band has complex rules covering other RF parameters. r e w o P r e t t i m s n a r T 1000 mW 50 mW Indoor only 250 mW 250 mW FCC proposal May03 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.47 Frequency (GHz) 5.725 5.850 Figure 1-2: Transmitter power limitations set by FCC. 1.3 Range The ARCXtends Point-To-Multipoint architecture provides up to 2-mile line-of-sight coverage over a 90-degree sector and supports up to 30Mbps of downstream and 10 Mbps of upstream bandwidth. 2 In May 2003 the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) to enhance the 5 GHz band. Arcwave is following that NPRM activity and will enhance products as the Rules are finalized. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 1-3 1.4 CPE Installation The ARCXtend License-Free, Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Broadband Solution subscriber installation consists of the AX3155 Integrated Subscriber Transceiver mounted on the exterior of the subscriber facility and the Wireless Cable Modem
(CM) located inside the structure. A single power and signal cable is run between the Subscriber Transceiver and the modem location. See Figure 1-3. The Subscriber Transceiver is mounted on a short pipe or bent-arm mounting arrangement similar to a small satellite TV dish, or a light duty non-penetrating flat roof mount. It must be in a position with line of sight to the Access Point Transceiver location. At the time of installation the Subscriber Transceiver is carefully aimed to transmit and receive to/from the Access Point Transceiver. Later Sections of this manual provide mounting information and grounding recommendations for the Subscriber Transceiver. Figure 1-3: Photo Subscriber Transceiver. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 1-4 Inside the Subscriber Location, the CM is connected to the PC by means of a standard Ethernet/LAN cable. Alternatively a LAN hub or switch may be employed between the CM and the PC(s), as the CM has a gateway function that will support up to 75 PCs sharing the modem. A small DC inserter device is connected between the CM and the lead to the outdoor unit. The inserter and most modems each have cord mounted power supplies. 1.5 Access Point Installation The multipoint Access Point has two installation options: pole mount and strand mount. The pole mount option is designed to be placed on a utility pole, as in Figure 1-4, connected to the cable system tap. It is normally powered from the tap as well, but other options are available. The strand-mount option is designed to be suspended from a wire strand between two utility poles, as in Figure 1-5. It is also normally powered from the tap. Figure 2-4: Pole-mounted Access Point. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 1-5 Figure 1-5: Strand-mounted Access Point. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 1-6 2 Subscriber Installation Details Installation at the subscribers site is very simple one small outdoor unit (the transceiver) and one cable modem indoors. Power for the outdoor unit is carried over the TV-type coaxial cable between the two units. Frequency of operation, RF power, etc. are all determined automatically. There are no settings to be made on site. The installation diagram is in Figure 2-1. Subscriber Transceiver TV cable
(length up to 200 ft.) Grounding Device Building Entrance TV cable TV cable DC Inserter LAN Wireless modem Ground per NEC Weatherproof F-type Indoor F-type connector P/Supply P/Supply 120 or 220 Vac 120 or 220 Vac Figure 2-1: Schematic diagram subscriber installation. 2.1 Transceiver The Subscriber Transceiver contains a transmitter, a receiver and the antenna, all in one integrated weatherized unit that is about 1x1 foot square, as in Figure 2-2. 2.1.1 Mounting Mount the Subscriber Transceiver on a vertical pipe with at least 12 inches clear of any hardware or other impediments. The mounting brackets will accommodate pipe outside diameter (OD) from 1.25 to 2 inches. The front face of the antenna must point in the direction of the Access Point. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-1 Figure 2-2: Subscriber Transceiver pointing towards Access Point. Mounting bracket (included) Elevation alignment bolt Side/side alignment bolt Pipe Figure 2-3: Subscriber Transceiver mounted on pipe. F-connector (before taping) ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-2 2.1.2 Subscriber Transceiver Alignment Methods There are three recommended methods for aligning the Subscriber Transceiver for maximum performance:
1. Arcwave Signal Strength Meter 2. Dedicated modem signal meter 3. Spectrum analyzer 4. Channel-selectable cable-TV meter. They are described below. All devices are used to measure the downstream signal level received from the base station. By optimizing the downstream, the upstream is optimized automatically. Once the particular alignment equipment is chosen, and connected to measure the downstream signal level (receive), the Subscriber Transceiver is peaked as follows:
1. Using a 7/16 wrench (open end, box or socket), loosen the two elevation alignment bolts until the Transceiver can be tilted up or down by hand, but will hold its position. 2. Observe the display of the alignment device being employed and orient the Transceiver up and down to achieve a maximum peak signal. There may be other smaller peaks, but the main one should be evident. 3. Tighten the elevation alignment bolts slightly. 4. Using the same wrench loosen the four mounting bolts so the transceiver can be oriented side to side by hand. 5. Observe the display of the alignment device being employed and orient the transceiver side to side to achieve a maximum peak signal. There may be other smaller peaks, but the main one should be evident. 6. Tighten the elevation alignment bolts slightly. 7. Repeat the elevation (up or down) adjustment, and then the azimuth (side by side) adjustment once again. 8. Tighten the elevation alignment (tilt) bolts, taking care not to over tighten. 9. Tighten the mounting bolts firmly, but do not over tighten as that simply bends the mounting brackets. 10. Remove the measurement equipment and connect the modem cable. 11. Tape the F-type connector to protect it from weather. 12. Verify the modems link to the CMTS is operating properly. The three pieces of measurement equipment are discussed below. 2.1.3 AR100 Signal Strength Meter The Arcwave AR100 Signal Strength Meter (SSM), shown in Figure 2-4, is a small hand held device that is temporarily inserted between the Transceiver end of the coaxial cable down lead and the Transceiver itself, as in Figure 2-5. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-3 Figure 2-4: AR100 Signal Strength Meter (SSM). Cable to modem Rx SSM LNB Temporary cable Figure 2-5: AR100 Signal Strength Meter (SSM) at transceiver. Connect the coax cable from the indoor power inserter to the SSM "Rx" port and a temporary short coax jumper from the SSM "LNB" port to the Transceiver. The SSM and the Transceiver will then be powered from the power inserter3. Align the Transceiver by peaking the signal on the SSM's meter, adjusting the sensitivity control on the SSM as needed. Note that the AR100 SSM is a very broadband device that responds to energy below 500 MHz. It will see all energy from few hundred MHz to at least 1900 MHz, and 3 The external power jack on the SSM is unused. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-4 thus can be spoofed by a stray signal near the Transceiver and SSM. The AR100 is a modified Triplett SatAlign SSM. 2.1.4 Sencore DSL757 The Sencore DSL757 Digital Director (www.sencore.com) is a dedicated test device to meter cable signal levels. One of its basic modes is to display on its LCD screen the received signal level. Connect a temporary 2-way splitter to the Subscriber Transceiver and then connect the Sencore meter to the splitter.. Align the Transceiver by peaking the signal on the display. Remove the splitter and connect the modems cable to the transceiver. Tape the F-
connector to protect it from the weather. 2.1.5 Spectrum Analyzer Connect the spectrum analyzer, such as Anritsu MS2711B of Figure 2-6, via a temporary 2-way splitter at the transducer. Figure 2-6: Anritsu MS2711 portable spectrum analyzers. Adjust the spectrum analyzer to display the downstream IF signal from the Subscriber Transceiver (which will be between 425 and 550 MHz). Reduce the frequency span and adjust the amplitude to achieve a trace similar to the one in Figure 2-7. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-5 Spectrum Analyzer GOOD 40 Ref Level :
30 40.0 dBmV 20 dB / Div :
10 10.0 dB V m B d 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50 435 440 445 450 Frequency (434.0 - 484.0 MHz) 465 460 455 470 CF: 459.0 MHz RBW: 1 MHz Date: 05/23/2002 Model: MS2711B SPAN: 50.0 MHz VBW: 30 kHz Time: 11:55:01 Serial #: 00215050 Figure 2-7: Proper Downstream IF input to subscribers modem. 475 480 485 Attenuation: 0 dB Detection: Average The spectrum analyzer settings for Figure 2-7 are shown in Table 2-1:
Table 2-1: Typical spectrum analyzer settings. Parameter Setting Center Frequency 459 MHz 50 MHz Span 1 MHz RBW VBW 30 kHz linear, 10 dB / division Vertical Scale Reference Level
+40 dBmV 20 dB Attenuation Detection Mode Averaging Align the subscriber Transceiver antenna as described above, adjusting for maximum signal amplitude. 2.2 Cable Connection and Grounding Attach the single RG-6 coaxial cable to the F connector on the rear of the Subscriber Transceiver. See Figure 2-8. Waterproof the connection using a suitable method such as taping with Scotch #88. Be sure to leave sufficient slack to allow the ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-6 antenna to be oriented and that the cable runs directly downward from the connector to avoid water running down the cable and into the F connection. Route the coaxial cable to the building entry point utilizing UV-resistant tie-wraps and staples or cable clamps as required. UV-rated cable should be used outdoors, and Riser-rated cable can be used indoors. In some buildings, a Plenum-rated or riser-rated cable is required. Consult the local codes. Mount the grounding device in Figure 2-8 (e.g. Radio Shack 15-909C) as near as practicable to the point of cable entry to the structure. Connect the grounding device to a suitable grounding electrode following local code.4 Connect the RG-6 coaxial cable from the Subscriber Transceiver to the grounding device and waterproof all outdoor-rated F connectors, such as by wrapping them with tape. To Subscriber Transceiver Grounding device To power inserter
& cable modem Ground wire (green or bare) Figure 2-8: Typical grounding device at subscriber premises. 2.3 DC Power Supply The Transceiver is powered over the coaxial cable via a Power Inserter (Figure 2-9) provided with the Transceiver. Inside the CPE building, route the RG-6 from the building entrance point to the wireless cable modem location. Install an F connector on the cable. Connect the transceiver cable to the To Antenna F-type female connector of the Power Inserter. 4 For example, the National Electric Code, sections 820-33 and 820-40, describes this requirement in detail. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-7 To AC power To modem
(no DC) To AR3155
(with DC) to to modem antenna DC power being inserted Figure 2-9: Power Inserter and AC/DC converter. 2.4 Wireless Cable Modem Place the wireless cable modem where it will be used and attach the short cable on the power inserter (labeled To Modem in Figure 2-9) to the F connector on the rear of the modem. Connect the (separate) modem wall-mounted power supply
(included with the wireless cable modem) to the power connector on the rear of the modem. Plug both wall mounted power supplies into suitable AC power sources preferably a UPS or surge protected power strip. Connect a straight-through 10/100BaseT LAN cable between the RJ-45 jack on the modem and the user hub, router or personal computer. Figure 2-10 illustrates the modem connections at the back of a typical modem. The DB-9 connector is a maintenance port for the modem shown. The CM, when it is first powered up or when it has lost the downstream signal, will step through the standard EIA channel list looking for the downstream signal. Alternatively, the CM may be optioned through its administrator interface to lock onto a specific downstream frequency. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-8 Modem power Modem rear panel Ethernet (LAN) cable Power inserter Power inserter power cord Cable to AR3155 Figure 2-10: Rear view of typical wireless cable modem. 2.5 Frequency Channel The cable modem will automatically search for the active channels, will go through a handshake with the CMTS, will be told all the parameters it will need to join the wireless network and will be authenticated/authorized to join. 2.6 Modem http Interface The modem status can be determined by the LEDs and by a browser interface. The typical modem LEDs and their use are:
Power: ON = power OK Cable: ON = ranged & registered with CMTS, blinking= in process LAN: ON = connected USB: ON = connected [some modems have both USB & LAN connectors]
Activity: blinking = data (transmit or receive) The browser interface is available on some modems and contains more information. The typical instructions in the user manual are to follow these steps:
Connect a PC to either the modems USB or the Ethernet interface Launch the PCs browser, such as Microsofts Internet Explorer Address: http://192.168.100.1 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-9 User: (leave this blank) Password: cable The typical modem screen looks like Figure 2-11. Figure 2-11: Screen for cable modem status. 2.7 Installations Close to Access Point Subscriber installations that are very close to the Access Point may have a situation where the input to the cable modem is overloaded. An overloaded input usually causes lack of synchronization and/or a high error count. If this is suspected, try a 6, 10 or 20 dB pad/attenuator at the modem input and see if the modem starts to lock and be error free. If so, leave the pad in place. The subscriber installation Schematic Diagram (Figure 2-13) shows a Pad installed between the power inserter and the wireless cable modem (the dry side of the power inserter). Small pads of many values are available with F-type connectors to screw in-line with the coaxial cable connection, such as Channel Visions #3000-10. Figure 2-12 also shows the recommended UPS that most customers already have for their router and other LAN equipment. At the time of system set-up it may be determined that such pads are required in subscriber installations extremely close (less than a mile) from the Access Point site to reduce excess downstream signal. A spectrum analyzer is another way to check symptoms of overloading. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-10 Subscriber Transceiver TV cable
(length up to 200 ft.) Grounding Device Building Entrance TV cable DC Inserter TV cable pad LAN cable modem Ground per NEC Weatherproof F-type Indoor F-type connector P/Supply P/Supply UPS 120 or 220 Vac Figure 2-12: Adding pad to eliminate overload. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 2-11 3 Access Point Installation The Access Point is installed at a point on the cable system plant where it can reach a number of customers. Site Survey 3.1 Paper records of what is at a specific site are notoriously poor, so it is always best to preview the installation by visiting the site. 3.1.1 Physical plant A decision has to be made about mounting the Access Point Transceiver. It can be mounted on a utility pole or on a wire strand. Another factor to plan is the powering will it be powered from the coaxial cable tap, or from the local utility AC. The tap has to be found that will serve the Access Point. Some coaxial cable may be needed to extend the tap a few feet to reach the Access Points planned location. The Access Point should be located so it has the best line-of-sight coverage of the desired customer area. Grounding the Access Point must be planned to minimize damage from lightning surges and accidental power crosses to the coaxial cable plant. 3.1.2 5 GHz Usage The RF must also be planned. Usually the 5 GHz band is lightly used, since microwave ovens, cordless phones, etc. do not generally use this band. If, however, the band is already heavily used, then a survey with a spectrum analyzer is the best way to determine which channel to use to reach the customers. 3.2 Antenna Patterns Each Access Point Transceiver has a built-in antenna, with the strongest power straight out from the antennas axis. The antennas axis is perpendicular to the radome covering it. Elevations above straight out from the front of the antenna (up into the sky) receive less power, as do elevations below straight out. Therefore, the antenna is normally pointed at the furthest subscriber to be served, with the lower elevations providing appropriately less power to closer subscribers. This pointing is usually referred to as downtilt. Most installations do not require a downtilt. The Access Points are available in two basic models, one designed for vertical mounting and the other for horizontal mounting. They differ in antenna polarization and mounting hardware. The descriptive model name is Strand Mount and Pole Mount. In both mounts, the resulting transmitted signal is vertically polarized when it leaves the Access Point. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-1 3.3 Frequency Planning Downstream This Section describes some of the issues involved in planning a wireless network deployment. The ARCell wireless system uses different frequencies for Downstream (Access Point to subscriber) and Upstream (subscriber to Access Point) communications, which is referred to as a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) system. The Downstream uses a channel within the unlicensed 5 GHz high band, 5.725-
5.850 GHz. Upstream uses a channel within the low band, 5.250-5.350 GHz. To cover a large metropolitan area, some pre-planning is needed for the use of the right channels at each location. ARCXtend Access Point Transceiver 6.4 <> 41.6 U/S IF tap 200 <> 860 D/S IF 5258.4 <> 5341.6 U/S AIR 5729 <> 5843 D/S AIR ARCXtend Subscriber Transceiver 6.4 <> 41.6 U/S IF Cable plant Downstream (Tx) CMTS Upstream (Rx) 425<>550 D/S IF LAN Data Laptop computer Modem All Frequencies are channel center in MHz Figure 3-1 illustrates the range of frequencies:
Figure 3-1: Frequency Plan. a) The Figure shows that Downstream be any frequency in the range 200 to 860 MHz. This is usually the frequency used by the wired modems. b) The Access Point Transmitter modulates this channel to the 5.8 GHz band.. c) The Subscriber Receiver Downconvert 5.8GHz signal to the 425-550 MHz IF, which is a standard CATV channel the modem can detect. d) The modem hunts for this channel and the DOCSIS protocol. This IF frequency is often different from the CMTS downstream frequency. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-2 e) Going in the Upstream, the modem output (transmit) upstream is whatever the CMTS configuration has instructed, which is in the range of 6.4 to 41.6 MHz. f) The Subscriber Transmitter (inside the CPE Transceiver) up-converts this IF channel to the 5.3 GHz band, which goes over the air to the Access Point Receiver. The RF transmission is scheduled by the DOCSIS protocol, so that it does not interfere with other modem transmission on this channel. g) The Access Point Receiver tuned to 5.3 GHz band, down-converts this to the upstream channel 6.4 to 41.6 MHz. h) The CMTS Upstream port detects the 6.4-41.6 MHz upstream signal. Table 3-1: EIA Channel numbers and Downstream Center Frequency EIA CATV Channel 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 CATV Video Edge 217.25 223.25 229.2625 235.2625 241.2625 247.2625 253.2625 259.2625 265.2625 271.2625 277.2625 283.2625 289.2625 295.2625 301.2625 307.2625 313.2625 319.2625 325.2625 331.275 337.2625 343.2625 349.2625 AX Center 6MHz 219 225 231 237 243 249 255 261 267 273 279 285 291 297 303 309 315 321 327 333 339 345 351 EIA CATV Channel 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 CATV Video Edge 433.25 439.25 445.25 451.25 457.25 463.25 469.25 475.25 481.25 487.25 493.25 499.25 505.25 511.25 517.25 523.25 529.25 535.25 541.25 547.25 553.25 559.25 565.25 AX Center 6MHz 435 441 447 453 459 465 471 477 483 489 495 501 507 513 519 525 531 537 543 549 555 561 567 EIA CATV Channel 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 CATV Video Edge 661.25 667.25 673.25 679.25 685.25 691.25 697.25 703.25 709.25 715.25 721.25 727.25 733.25 739.25 745.25 751.25 757.25 763.25 769.25 775.25 781.25 787.25 793.25 AX Center 6MHz 663 669 675 681 687 693 699 705 711 717 723 729 735 741 747 753 759 765 771 777 783 789 795 3-3 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 355.2625 361.2625 367.2625 373.2625 379.2625 385.2625 391.2625 397.2625 403.25 409.25 415.25 421.25 427.25 357 363 369 375 381 387 393 399 405 411 417 423 429 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 100 101 571.25 577.25 583.25 589.25 595.25 601.25 607.25 613.25 619.25 625.25 631.25 637.25 643.25 649.25 655.25 573 579 585 591 597 603 609 615 621 627 633 639 645 651 657 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 799.25 805.25 811.25 817.25 823.25 829.25 835.25 841.25 847.25 853.25 801 807 813 819 825 831 837 843 849 855 3.3.1 Available Channels There are 18 available downstream 6 MHz channels in the ARCXtend standard 5.725-5.850 GHz band. Table 3-1: Downstream Air Center Frequencies Downstream Air Transmit Center Frequency
(MHz) 5729 5735 5741 5747 5759 5765 5771 5777 5783 5789 5795 5807 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-4 5813 5819*
5825*
5831*
5837*
5843*
NOTE: 5753 and 5801 MHz are not used. At the CPE, the downstream 5.8 GHz frequency is translated into an intermediate frequency (IF) that the cable modem hunts to and locks on, as in Table 3-2. Table 3-2: Downstream Frequency Plan at CPE Downstream Receive (from the air) Center freq. Modem IF Input
(from CPE transceiver) Modem Channel Center freq.
(MHz) 5729 5735 5741 5747 5753 5759 5765 5771 5777 5783 5789 5795 5801 5807 5813 5819*
5825*
5831*
5837*
5843*
(MHz) 429 435 441 447 453 459 465 471 477 483 489 495 501 507 513 519 525 531 537 543 EIA TV Channel #
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Downstream air frequencies 5819 MHz through 5843 MHz are not yet FCC approved. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-5 3.3.2 Downstream Adjacent 90-degree Sectors The 90-degree-Sector Transceiver has a half-power horizontal beam width of 90 degrees, i.e., 45 degrees each side of center, call the bore sight of the antenna. But, the energy of the antenna does not simply cut off at 45 degrees in horizontal pattern from the centerline of the antenna. Rather, the energy falls off as the angle from the centerline increases. A typical antenna pattern is shown in Section on Basic RF. This means that a subscriber in the vicinity of 45 degrees clockwise from antenna A will also be in the vicinity of 45 degrees counterclockwise from adjacent antenna B. Subscribers in the overlap zone especially if they are relatively close to the Access Point will receive downstream signals from both adjacent Access Point Transceivers. This will cause unacceptable interference if both Access Point Transceivers are transmitting on the same frequency, even though the subscriber is receiving nominally the same signal from both Access Point Transceivers. The solution for this is to ensure that adjacent Access Point Transceivers are never transmitting on the same frequency. Two downstream frequencies (A & B) are required for an omnidirectional system employing 4x90-degree Access Point Transceivers. Figure 3-2 shows the recommended ABAB pattern. B A Omnidirectional Hub 4x90-sectors A B Figure 3-2: Downstream Channel Example of ABAB. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-6 3.3.3 Downstream Logical Channels It is important to note the distinction between downstream frequencies and downstream logical channels. The downstream frequencies (A & B) discussed above refer to the actual RF carrier frequencies transmitted over the air. Downstream logical channel refers to the downstream data stream at the output of a base station CMTS downstream module. In the examples here, the frequencies employed may be driven from one to two downstream logical channels. The difference lies in the traffic capacity of the Access Point. For example, Figure 3-3, below, illustrates a 4-sector system that utilizes the ABAB downstream frequency pattern for one downstream logical channel, which is split ultimately to all four sectors. This system has an aggregate raw downstream capacity of 31 Mbps downstream using 64QAM modulation. The same Figure 3-3 has two Upstream air frequencies in an XYXY pattern which can be mapped into one or two upstream cable channels discussed in the next section. Cable system 4-port cable tap Trans/Ant 1 Trans/Ant 2 Trans/Ant 3 Trans/Ant 4 Fa, Fx Fb, Fy Fa, Fx Fb, Fy Figure 3-3: Four-Sector ABAB System with 1 downstream data stream. 3.4 Frequency Planning Upstream This Section discusses several issues related to planning the use of the frequency band for Upstream communications. 3.4.1 Upstream Logical Channels It is important to recall that any given downstream logical channel may have a large number of upstream logical channels associated with it, and that any given upstream ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-7 is always associated with one and only one downstream. The association of one or more upstream logical channel with a downstream logical channel is made in the CMTS configuration. Upstream logical channels from one or more Access Point Transceivers may not be combined into a single upstream input to the CMTS. 3.4.2 Upstream Frequencies The cable modem at the customer site obeys the various protocols within the cable plant. One of these determines the frequency that the cable modem operates on for both upstream and downstream. The CPE Transceiver modulates the modem upstream output and puts it over the air in the 5.3 GHz ISM band as a double-sideband signal. The Access Point Receiver is tuned to one of the carriers. The AP Receiver demodulates the received frequency down into the same cable frequency the modem transmitted, and places it on the cable system. 3.4.3 Available Frequencies All wireless modems in the same Access Point sector must transmit upstream on the same frequency, and each wireless modem can operate on only one upstream channel. The Upstream data rate is 5.12 Mbps with Channel Bandwidth of 3.2 MHz. Table 3-2 shows the modem Upstream frequencies, and the corresponding Upstream Air frequency used by the subscriber transducer. The CMTS commands the wireless modem to its Upstream Transmit Carrier frequency during the wireless modem registration process. These are configuration parameters that are set in the CMTS network management system. See the software installation guide for that product. Some operators combine multiple Upstreams from different nodes. This may dictate the upstream channel for the wireless modems. Combining Upstreams tends to save on capital equipment, but will limit the traffic that can be carried. This balance of cost/performance tradeoff is usually different for business customers than residential customers. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-8 Table 3-2: Upstream Frequency Plan5 Modem US &
Cable System US Channel center (MHz) Upper Carrier CPE air Tx &
Access Point Rx Lower Carrier CPE air Tx &
Access Point Rx center (MHz) center (MHz) fch 6.4 9.6 12.8 16.0 19.2 22.4 25.6 28.8 32.0 35.2 38.4 41.6 5300+ fch 5306.4 5309.6 5312.8 5316.0 5319.2 5322.4 5325.6 5328.8 5332.0 5335.2 5338.4 5341.6 5300- fch 5293.6 5290.4 5287.2 5284.0 5280.8 5277.6 5274.4 5271.2 5268.0 5264.8 5261.6 5258.4 This mapping of the modem upstream channel to the over-the-air 5.3 GHz channels
(double sideband modulation) is fixed. Should interference or other factors force the choice of a specific 5.3 GHz channel, the Access Point Receive Frequency should be flipped to the alternate frequency. This is done through the Access Point control interface. 3.5 Example of Frequency Plan The system in Figure 3-4 is an example of a frequency plan at one Access Point. The CMTS Downstream is EIA Channel 93 (639 MHz) for wired and wireless modems. The ARCXtend Access Point is programmed to convert this into a Downstream air frequency of 5777 MHz (the programming is covered in a later Section). 5 A spectrum analyzer looking at the subscribers transmitted RF will see two frequencies. The two carriers are 5300 MHz +- the upstream IF frequency. The Hub receiver is tuned to only one of these two frequencies. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-9 The ARCXtend CPE Transceiver converts the 5777 MHz to 477 MHz. The cable modem locks onto the 477 MHz DS signal, handshakes with DOCSIS, and it instructed to use an upstream of 12.8 MHz. The CPE Transceiver converts the 477 MHz to 5287.2 & 5312.8 MHz and transmits these over the air to the Access Point. The Access Point is configured to receive only the 5287.2 MHz and is configured to convert it to 12.8 MHz Upstream, which goes into the tap. ARCXtend Access Point Transceiver 6.4 <> 41.6 U/S IF 12.8 tap 200 <> 860 D/S IF 639
(EIA93) 5258.4 <> 5341.6 U/S AIR 5287.2 5729 <> 5843 D/S AIR 5777 ARCXtend Subscriber Transceiver 6.4 <> 41.6 U/S IF 12.8 425<>550 D/S IF 477 LAN Data Laptop computer Modem All Frequencies are channel center in MHz Cable plant Downstream (Tx) CMTS Upstream (Rx) Figure 3-4: Example of a frequency plan. 3.6 Power The Access Point has a few power options. The choice is usually made during the site survey. The choices are:
a) Cable powered b) Local utility power 3.6.1 Cable Powered The most common powering is via the power on the coaxial cable itself. The CATV industry AC power is normally square-wave 60-90 Vac, 60 Hz. Another Access Point model can be powered from DC on the coax. It can be powered with 8-24 Vdc. If the cable system doesnt have the dc, a coaxial DC inserter can be used. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-10 3.6.2 Local Utility Powered Other powering is possible, using external converters from whatever the local utility provides, into DC, 8-24 Vdc. This is connected to the Access Point power connector. In this application, the cable system tap passes only RF. 3.7 Pipe Mount Installation The Access Point Mast Mount Kit is designed to mount the AP on a pipe. The pipe size should be between 1.5 and 2.25 inches, outside diameter (OD). The cable goes out the bottom of the Access Point. The pipe can be mounted on a building roof, side of a building, side of a tower, or on a utility pole. Figure 3-5 shows the weather cover as a rear view of the Access Point on a pipe. Rear weather cover Figure 3-5: Access Point mounted on pipe. Figure 3-6 shows the pipe mounting kit pieces. There are two such bracket pairs in the Mounting Kit. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-11 Figure 3-6: Pipe mounting kit (1 of 2) Figure 3-7 shows the detail of the cable coming out of the bottom of a pipe-mounted Access Point. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-12 Cable entry Figure 3-7: Access Point Cable Installation detail. 3.8 Pole Mount The decision of pole mount vs. strand mount is totally governed by local practices. Some administrations prefer one over the other based on cost, tariffs, access, etc. Figure 3-8 and 3-9 show the pole details of the Pole Mount Kit. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-13 Figure 4-8: Pole-mount kit detail. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-14 Figure 3-9: Pole Mount Kit and pipe mounted AP detail. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-15
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Figure 3-10: Pole Mount with temporary pivot bracket detail. It is often convenient to temporarily mount a spare pair of brackets below where the Access Point will be placed. This serves as a pivot point, as well as stopping slippage during installation, as in Figure 3-10. While downtilt is normally not needed, the nuts on either side of the Access Points ears also serve to establish downtilt. The following Figures 3-11 & 3-12 show the measurement, and the difference in the top and bottom measurements creates the downtilt. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-16 Figure 3-11: Measuring bottom spacing. Figure 3-12: Measuring top spacing. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-17 3.8.1 Bracket Mount There is a wide range of hardware vendors and approaches to mounting a pipe on a utility pole. For example, Valmont or RFS Celwave (Figures 3-13 & 3-14) will mount on the common wooden utility pole and any pipe of the proper OD can be clamped to it. Arcwave makes a bracket with the pipe welded to the bracket, which is simpler and lighter than the general purpose mounting kits. This was shown in the previous photographs. The industry has many variations on utility pole materials, e.g., metal & cement, and there are many solutions to mounting a pipe on those poles. The Vertical-Mount Access Point mounts on the pipe. Figure 3-13: Valmont Chain-Mount Pipe-Mount Kit combination. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-18 Figure 3-14: RFS Celwave Pole Brackets. 3.9 Strand Mount The majority of Access Points are expected to be mounted on the wire strand that supports the coaxial cable system. The strand-mount kit is designed to support a Horizontal-Mount Access Point. There is an arm at each end of the Horizontal Access Point. The top of the arm is clamped to the strand, as in Figure 3-15. The top of the arm is designed to slip in between the strand and the coaxial cable, which is usually spiral wrapped to the strand. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-19 Figure 3-15: Strand-mounted Access Point. In high-wind installations, the Access Point can be stabilized by clamping the bottom of the arm to a second strand. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-20 Figure 3-16: Strand Mount bracket detail. Figure 3-16 shows the detail of the strand mount bracket. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-21 Figure 3-17: Strand-mounted Access Point with dual clamping. 3.10 Verify Service Area When the Access Point is installed, its coverage should be verified by a sampling of building locations. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 3-22 4 Command Line Interface The ARCXtend has a Command Line Interface (CLI) function. The commands will be used by a technician in preparing an Access Point for service and field installation. Some technicians like to burn-in a unit prior to field deployment, and this burn-in period is a practical time to also pre-configure a unit via CLI for the parameters used in the network. 4.1 Physical Interface The physical interface is a four-wire EIA/TIA-485, which is a buss interface. The EIA/TIA-485 interface parameter settings are: 9600 baud, 8 bit, 1 stop bit, no parity, no flow control, local echo OFF. NOTE: Most PCs will require an RS-232 to EIA-485 converter. 4.2 Command Line Characteristics All valid commands are automatically saved as soon as they are accepted. Saved commands are not changed by power cycling (ON/OFF). All valid commands are echoed by the Module being addressed, so a technician can visually verify that the correct action has been taken. Commands or parameter values that are not used by the Module are refused (no change in settings) and echoed with the message: Invalid Command/Parameter, or a similar response, and a list of the acceptable input options. The invalid message is followed by the login response. Commands and parameters are NOT case sensitive. Commands have no spaces. Characters are 8-bit ASCII visible characters. Backspace is the only permitted invisible ASCII character. Login addresses for the Modules inside the Access Point are:
1. 01 = AR250 DX Module 2. 02 = AR150 TX Module 3. 03 = AR105 RX Module Commands that are common to all three modules are:
4. Login 5. Help 6. Quit 7. Banner ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-1 8. Title 9. Initialize The system response and output is slightly different for each module, as will be explained. RX & TX Antennas RF DX AR250 RX AR105 Receive Module From/to tap
(RF + Vac) V Power Pickoff AC Power Supply TX RX DX TX AR150 Transmit Module Control RS485 >
Figure 4-1: Block Diagram AX1255 Access Point. 4.3 TX Command Line Interface The commands unique to the TX Module are:
1. Downstream Air Frequency 2. Downstream Enable These will be explained here. 4.3.1 TX Login The LOG Login command is required to establish one-to-one communications with a particular Module. Because this is a bussed system, one and only one Module can be active at any one time. Prior to the complete Login command, no responses or echo backs will occur. Once logged into one Module, one-to-one communications can occur. It is only necessary to log into a Module once to establish communications.
*LOG<nnmm>, where nn = mm = {01, 02, 7F} is the hexadecimal address of the Module within the ARCell Transceiver/Antenna unit and is entered twice, i.e., nn and mm are identical. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-2 Note that the Login command begins with an asterisk (*), and the Modules address is repeated twice. Prior to Login, no Module is active, and no character echo back will be received on the PC. Example, to log into the Transmit Module (AR150):
Type: *log0202 (all of which is hidden because it is not echoed) AR150TX [02] (this is what the Module sends to indicate successful login) The information above echoed by the addressed Module is: the Module type
(AR150), the function (TX = Transmitter), and the hex address (02). The LOG command will automatically make any other active Module Quit (logout) if it was previously enabled. 4.3.2 TX Downstream Air Frequency The Downstream Air center Frequency is set within the 5.8 GHz band with the command:
DA<nnnn>, where the frequency is in Megahertz. The DA command is acknowledged with an initializing message during the actual writing of internal processor registers, and the successful completion is acknowledged with the message displaying the new value. It must be given to both the TX Module and the DX Module. Example, to set the Downstream frequency to 5735 MHz:
*log0202 [this typing is not echoed, not shown on the PC screen, the active module, seeing the login, will logout]
AR150TX[02]>da5735 Initializing... DA Downstream Air Output 5735 MHz The Downstream Air frequency is the actual frequency used in the 5.8 GHz ISM band, as would be seen by a spectrum analyzer. It is received by the CPE outdoor transceiver which connects to the subscriber cable modem. The available 18 values are in the Section on Frequency Planning. IMPORTANT: Downstream Air Frequency must be set in BOTH the TX and the DX modules, separately. 4.3.3 TX Title The Title, or label, for the Access Point TX Module can be set. It can be up to 3 lines of alphanumeric text and keyboard printable ASCII symbols, with 32 characters per line. All three Modules can accept a Title. T<n><string>, where n = {0, 1, 2}
Notice that there is no space between the single-digit line number <n> and the
<string>. If there is one space, it is thrown away. Spaces in the title are OK. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-3 A Title line ends with a carriage return. Example, to set the following title:
*log0202 [this typing is not echoed, not shown on the PC screen]
AR150 Tx [02]
Enter up to 3 lines of text, beginning with T0, T1, or T2 T0 Pole #123 @ Main St. and 4th Ave T1Strand mounted T2 Pointing 300 degrees (west) 4.3.4 TX Banner Information A quick way to establish the basic information about an Access Point is to request the Banner Information. 1) Title 2) Downstream Air Frequency 3) Downstream enabled Command:
B Example, look at transmitter parameters:
*log0202 [this typing is not echoed, not shown on the PC screen]
AR150TX[02]>b AR150 Transmitter Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:46:38 DA Downstream Air Output 5729 MHz DE Downstream RF Enable NO
........ [factory default is series of dots]
........ ....... 4.3.5 TX Quit The Quit command will end the session with the device that was logged in. It is acknowledged with the phrase logging off. Example:
Q Logging off ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-4 4.3.6 TX Initialize The Initialize command forces the software to initialize, also called a Software Reboot or a Warm Start. The Access Point Module will return to its last saved settings.
*log0202 AR150TX [02]
Initializing
(no parameters are displayed) 4.3.7 TX Help The Help command will cause the active Module to generate a list of allowed system setup commands. Invalid or incomplete entries will generate a response that starts with a question mark and includes the valid entries that the CPU is expecting. Example:
*log0202 [this typing is not echoed, not shown on the PC screen]
AR150TX[02]>h List of commands...
*LOGxxxx Q I W[addr][data]
R PI1xxxxxx T[0-2] text S B DAxxxx DE[Y/N]
4.3.8 TX Downstream Enable The Downstream Enable command allows RF power to be transmitted to the antenna. The parameter is YES or NO. YES is the normal state. NO is the factory default to prevent accidental transmissions at the wrong frequency. Log into card Quit Initialize Write EE Memory Read EE Memory PLL I,F,R,N Regs Write a Title line Status Banner Downstream Air MHz Downstream Enable ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-5 TX Status The command is:
DE<a>, where the alphabetic is Y (yes) or N (no) DEy DEn Example:
AR150TX[02]>dey DE Downstream RF Enable YES 4.3.9 TX Transmit Defaults As shipped from the factory, the Transmit Module has the following default values:
DE=no (i.e., disabled) DA=0000 MHz T0=.. T1=.. T2=.. 4.3.10 This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.3.11 This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.3.12 The following series of examples contain actual screen captures to show a session with the Transmit Module might progress. This session includes Engineering/Mfg commands.
*log0202 AR150TX[02]>b AR150 Transmitter Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:46:38 DA Downstream Air Output 5729 MHz DE Downstream RF Enable NO
........ ....... ....... AR150TX[02]>da
? Value 1 TX Screen Session TX Read ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-6
? Valid Downstream Air Frequencies (MHz) are 5729 5735 5741 5747 5759 5765 5771 5777 5783 5789 5795 5807 5813 5819 5825 5831 5837 5843 LO STD: 5248 MMDS A: 5504 B: 5408 AR150TX[02]>da5735 Initializing... DA Downstream Air Output 5735 MHz AR150TX[02]>de
? Enable use deY(yes) or deN(no) AR150TX[02]>dey DE Downstream RF Enable YES AR150TX[02]>b AR150 Transmitter Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:46:38 DA Downstream Air Output 5735 MHz DE Downstream RF Enable YES
........ ....... ....... AR150TX[02]>h List of commands...
*LOGxxxx Q I W[addr][data]
R PI1xxxxxx T[0-2] text S B Log into card Quit Initialize Write EE Memory Read EE Memory PLL I,F,R,N Regs Write a Title line Status Banner ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-7 Downstream Air MHz Downstream Enable DAxxxx DE[Y/N]
AR150TX[02]>i Initializing... AR150TX[02]>q Logging off 4.4 RX Command Line Interface Commands unique to the RX Module are:
a) Upstream Air Frequency b) Upstream Enable c) Upstream Attenuate 4.4.1 RX Login This command is the same for the Receiver, but uses the Receive Module address
(03 hex). 4.4.2 RX Title This command is the same for the Receiver. The information in the Title can be different for all three modules. 4.4.3 RX Quit This command is the same for the Receiver. 4.4.4 RX Upstream Frequency The AR105 RX Receive Module must have its Upstream receive air and cable frequencies set. The cable frequency is pre-assigned by the operator. Given the cable frequency, the received air frequency is a choice of two (lower and upper) air frequencies in the 5.250 to 5.350 GHz frequency band. Therefore once the cable upstream center frequency is set, the same command can set the air frequency. The command for Upstream Frequency is entered as decimal Megahertz plus an L
(Low or lower) or H (High or upper) suffix. The command is:
UF<nn.na>, where nn.n is the frequency in MHz and a is the alphabet L or H. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-8 Example, to set the Upstream RX to 6.4 MHz, with high 5.3 GHz band channel:
*log0303 [this typing is not echoed, not shown on the PC screen]
AR105RX[03]>uf6.4L Initializing... UF Upstream Frequency 6.4L MHz The Table in the Section on Frequency Planning shows the cable modem frequency and the corresponding 5.3GHz-band air frequencies. Note: MSO may have a different Upstream frequency. If so, select nearest one in the above table. The AX1255 will track the actual frequency. 4.4.5 RX Upstream Attenuation in dB The Cable System needs to receive a signal from the ARCXtend Access Point equivalent to what a standard wired cable modem at that same point in the CATV system would produce. To achieve this, the Upstream attenuation can be set to an appropriate value in decibels. The module contains a programmable attenuator, which can be controlled over a 30 dB range in 2 dB steps, thus providing a 30 dB range in gain. UdB<nn>, where nn is the value in decibels, and is an even number between 0 and 30. Example, to set the attenuation to 12 dB:
*log0303 [this typing is not echoed, not shown on the PC screen]
AR105RX[03]>udb12 UDB Upstream Attenuation 12 dB 4.4.6 RX Upstream Enable A method to enable or disable the wireless upstream signal path into the cable upstream channel. In normal operation this will be set to Enable which is the default. To disconnect the wireless upstream channel from the cable system upstream channel, set to Disable. In Disable mode all other module functions remain operating. The command is:
UE<a>, where the alphabetical is y (yes) or n (no). UEY (Upstream Enable - YES) UEN (Upstream Enable - NO) The factory default is NO. Thus a unit inadvertently attached to a cable system without pre-configuration will NOT generate RF into the cable system, nor generate RF into the air. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-9 4.4.7 RX Banner Information The banner command for the RX Module is the same, but the information displayed is different. B 1) Title (3 lines) 2) Upstream EIA frequency 3) Upstream Attenuator setting 4) Upstream Enable (Y/N status) Example:
AR105RX[03]>b AR105 Receiver Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:10:11 UF Upstream Frequency 19.2L MHz UE Upstream RF Enable YES UDB Upstream Attenuation 12 dB
........ ....... ....... 4.4.8 RX Module Help The HELP command for the Receive Module AR105 delivers the following list of RX commands:
Login Quit Initialize Write Read Phase Lock Loop settings Title Status Banner Upstream Frequency Upstream Enable Upstream Attenuator ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-10 Log into card Quit Initialize Write EE Memory Read EE Memory PLL I,F,R,N Regs Write a Title line Status Banner Upstream Freq HI/LO Upstream Enable Y/N Upstream Attenuation Example:
AR105RX[03]>h List of commands...
*LOGxxxx Q I W[addr][data]
R PI1xxxxxx T[0-2] text S B UFxx.x[H/L]
UE[Y/N]
UDBxx 4.4.9 RX Module Status This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.4.10 This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.4.11
*log0303 AR105RX[03]>b AR105 Receiver Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:10:11 UF Upstream Frequency 19.2L MHz UE Upstream RF Enable YES UDB Upstream Attenuation 12 dB
........ ....... ....... AR105RX[03]>h
*LOGxxxx RX Module Session Log into card RX Read ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-11 Quit Initialize Write EE Memory Read EE Memory PLL I,F,R,N Regs Write a Title line Status Banner Upstream Freq HI/LO Upstream Enable Y/N Upstream Attenuation Q I W[addr][data]
R PI1xxxxxx T[0-2] text S B UFxx.x[H/L]
UE[Y/N]
UDBxx AR105RX[03]>b AR105 Receiver Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:10:11 UF Upstream Frequency 19.2L MHz UE Upstream RF Enable YES UDB Upstream Attenuation 12 dB
........ ....... ....... AR105RX[03]>uf
? Use Frequency plus L,H (ie 6.4L) 6.4 9.6 12.8 16.0 19.2 22.4 25.6 28.8 32.0 35.2 38.4 41.6 44.8 48.0 AR105RX[03]>uf6.4l Initializing... UF Upstream Frequency 6.4L MHz AR105RX[03]>ue
? Enable use ueY(yes) or ueN(no) ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-12 AR105RX[03]>uey UE Upstream RF Enable YES AR105RX[03]>udb
? Attenuator: 0 to 30 dB (2dB steps) AR105RX[03]>udb12 UDB Upstream Attenuation 12 dB AR105RX[03]>b AR105 Receiver Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:10:11 UF Upstream Frequency 6.4L MHz UE Upstream RF Enable YES UDB Upstream Attenuation 12 dB
........ ....... ....... AR105RX[03]>uen UE Upstream RF Enable NO AR105RX[03]>
4.5 DX Command Line Interface The Digital Cable Extender (DX) Module commands are described in this section. Commands unique to the DX Module are:
a) Downstream Air Frequency b) CATV Channel 4.5.1 DX Downstream Help The DX HELP command produces the following list of commands:
Login Quit Initializie ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-13 Write Read Phase Lock Loop Title Status Banner Downstream Cable EIA Downstream Air AGC control DAC output MT control Many of these above commands are for Engineering and Manufacturing/Repair use only. Example:
AR250DX[01]>h List of commands...
*LOGxxxx Q I W[addr][data]
R PI1xxxxxx T[0-2] text S B DCExx DAxxxx Ax Vcddd M[reg][data]
4.5.2 DX Quit The DX Quit command is the same. Log into card Quit Initialize Write EE Memory Read EE Memory PLL I,F,R,N Regs Write a Title line Status Banner CATV EIA Input Chan Downstream Air MHz AGC control DAC Output MT control ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-14 4.5.3 DX Downstream Cable Channel The Downstream Cable EIA (DCE) Channel is the channel on which the DOCSIS cable modem downstream signal is being sent from the CMTS at the head end. It is set in the ARCXtend Access Point with the standard EIA channel numbers.
*DCE<nnn>, where nnn is an EIA channel number from 23 to 94 and 100 to 138. Note: In the EIA standard, channels 94 and 100 are adjacent, so there is no gap in frequency. The system response to the command is the word initializing followed by a series of internal registers that the CPU is writing to. Successful completion is noted by displaying the result achieved, plus the actual ARCXtend center frequency for that channel. The corresponding 6 MHz channel center frequency from the cable-to-AX1255 and from AX3155-to-modem is given in the Table below. Example, to set the Downstream Cable EIA Channel to channel 23:
*log0101 [this typing is not echoed, not shown on the PC screen, the active module, seeing the login, will logout]
AR250DX[01]>dce23 Initializing... MT2050 Write Reg 0x01 Data 0xAD MT2050 Write Reg 0x02 Data 0x1C MT2050 Write Reg 0x03 Data 0xA8 MT2050 Write Reg 0x04 Data 0x00 MT2050 Write Reg 0x05 Data 0x63 MT2050 Write Reg 0x06 Data 0x10 MT2050 Write Reg 0x08 Data 0x29 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0A Data 0x05 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0F Data 0x0F MT2050 Write Reg 0x10 Data 0x24 DCE CATV Input US Channel 23 (219 MHz) 4.5.4 DX Downstream Air Frequency Both the TX and DX module must also be programmed with the DA command and the same frequency. The command context is the same as for the TX module, but logging into the DX Module. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-15 The response to the DA command is initializing followed by a list of registers that the CPU is writing. Successful completion is displayed by the actual frequency achieved as air output. Example:
AR250DX[01]>da5789 Initializing... MT2050 Write Reg 0x01 Data 0xAD MT2050 Write Reg 0x02 Data 0x1C MT2050 Write Reg 0x03 Data 0xA8 MT2050 Write Reg 0x04 Data 0x00 MT2050 Write Reg 0x05 Data 0x63 MT2050 Write Reg 0x06 Data 0x10 MT2050 Write Reg 0x08 Data 0x29 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0A Data 0x05 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0F Data 0x0F MT2050 Write Reg 0x10 Data 0x24 DA Air Output 5789 MHz (250->150 IF 461 MHz LO: 505 MHz) 4.5.5 DX Initialization The DX INITIALIZE command resets the software and rewrites the registers. The command is:
i The response is the word initializing followed by a series of registers being written. Successful completion is indicated by the prompt:
AR250DX[01]
Example:
AR250DX[01]>i Initializing... MT2050 Write Reg 0x01 Data 0xAD MT2050 Write Reg 0x02 Data 0x1C MT2050 Write Reg 0x03 Data 0xA8 MT2050 Write Reg 0x04 Data 0x00 MT2050 Write Reg 0x05 Data 0x63 MT2050 Write Reg 0x06 Data 0x10 MT2050 Write Reg 0x08 Data 0x29 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-16 DX Read MT2050 Write Reg 0x0A Data 0x05 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0F Data 0x0F MT2050 Write Reg 0x10 Data 0x24 AR250DX[01]>
4.5.6 DX Status This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.5.7 DX AGC Control This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.5.8 DX MT Control This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.5.9 DX DAC Output Read Command This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.5.10 This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.5.11 This is an engineering and manufacturing/repair command. It should not be used. 4.5.12 The following series of examples contain actual screen captures to show how the DX Module AX250 responds to various input.
*log0101 AR250DX[01]>h List of commands...
*LOGxxxx Q I W[addr][data]
R PI1xxxxxx T[0-2] text S B DCExx Log into card Quit Initialize Write EE Memory Read EE Memory PLL I,F,R,N Regs Write a Title line Status Banner CATV EIA Input Chan DX Screen Session DX Write ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-17 MT control Downstream Air MHz AGC control DAC Output DAxxxx Ax Vcddd M[reg][data]
AR250DX[01]>b Digital Cable Extender Copyright (c) 2003 Arcwave, Inc. Software Build Aug 13 2003 20:50:47 DCE CATV Input US Channel 0 ( 0 MHz) DA Air Output 0 MHz (250->150 IF 0 MHz LO: 44 MHz)
........ ....... ....... AR250DX[01]>dce
? Value 1
? Valid CATV Input Channels are 23-94 and 100-138 AR250DX[01]>dce23 Initializing... MT2050 Write Reg 0x01 Data 0xAD MT2050 Write Reg 0x02 Data 0x1C MT2050 Write Reg 0x03 Data 0xA8 MT2050 Write Reg 0x04 Data 0x00 MT2050 Write Reg 0x05 Data 0x63 MT2050 Write Reg 0x06 Data 0x10 MT2050 Write Reg 0x08 Data 0x29 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0A Data 0x05 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0F Data 0x0F MT2050 Write Reg 0x10 Data 0x24 DCE CATV Input US Channel 23 (219 MHz) AR250DX[01]>da
? Value 1 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-18
? Valid Downstream Air Frequencies (MHz) are 5729 5735 5741 5747 5759 5765 5771 5777 5783 5789 5795 5807 5813 5819 5825 5831 5837 5843 AR250DX[01]>da5789 Initializing... MT2050 Write Reg 0x01 Data 0xAD MT2050 Write Reg 0x02 Data 0x1C MT2050 Write Reg 0x03 Data 0xA8 MT2050 Write Reg 0x04 Data 0x00 MT2050 Write Reg 0x05 Data 0x63 MT2050 Write Reg 0x06 Data 0x10 MT2050 Write Reg 0x08 Data 0x29 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0A Data 0x05 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0F Data 0x0F MT2050 Write Reg 0x10 Data 0x24 DA Air Output 5789 MHz (250->150 IF 461 MHz LO: 505 MHz) AR250DX[01]>i Initializing... MT2050 Write Reg 0x01 Data 0xAD MT2050 Write Reg 0x02 Data 0x1C MT2050 Write Reg 0x03 Data 0xA8 MT2050 Write Reg 0x04 Data 0x00 MT2050 Write Reg 0x05 Data 0x63 MT2050 Write Reg 0x06 Data 0x10 MT2050 Write Reg 0x08 Data 0x29 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0A Data 0x05 MT2050 Write Reg 0x0F Data 0x0F MT2050 Write Reg 0x10 Data 0x24 AR250DX[01]>q ARCXtend manual, August 2003 4-19 5 Multiples Access Points As discussed elsewhere, the system supports a frequency reuse pattern. 5.1 Frequency Planning Frequency planning may involve multiple Access Points. Taking a worst-case where there are four pole-mounted Access Points in close proximity, as in Figure 5-
1. The subscriber, shown as a triangle in the Figure, can be served from three of the Access Points, so the installer should point the antenna toward the Access Point with the best line of sight. If several have line of sight, then point to the Access Point with the least traffic. Fa Fb Fa Fb Fb Fa Fa Fb Fb Fa Fa Fb Fb Fa Fb Fa Figure 5-1: A multi-cell configuration. 5.2 Mounting & Site Planning Some of the topics to consider is doing a site plan are:
a) Best location & direction to reach multiple subscribers with line of sight b) Wind conditions at that location c) Strand vs. Pole mounting d) Cable vs. local powering ARCXtend manual, August 2003 5-1 e) Frequency plan for that neighborhood f) Cable system tap to use, based on existing and future traffic. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 5-2 6 Fault Localization Any fault in the system has to go through some logical filtering to try to localize the problem. This section assumes the installation used to work OK, and that someone has already gone through this filtering and now suspects the wireless portion of the system. Thus, for example if it is a user complaint, the user has already restarted their modem, checked IP addresses, verified authorization database, etc. 6.1 Only one user impacted If the modem indicates it has poor or no RF input:
1. Check the power inserter. 2. Check the power at the outdoor unit end. Broken cables are common. 3. Visually inspect the cable. Kinks, staples pinching the cable, slashed insulation, abrasions (from tree branches), etc. can ruin the ability of coaxial cable to carry the signal. 4. Inspect outdoor connectors and grounding at the building entrance. Water ingress is common. 5. Visually check the antenna alignment. Wind, tree branches and other things may have miss-aligned it. 6. Tree growth and seasonal leafing can obstruct the RF signal. 7. Interview the customer about recent activity. If none of the above fix the problem, and if the modem indicates that the RF signal is OK, but no service, then the upstream path may have a fault, causing the CMTS at the head end to not send data. The outdoor units transmitter may have failed. Connect a spare outdoor unit temporarily and see if the problem clears. The modem is already authenticated and authorized, so subscriber service should start automatically. If the fault clears, mount the new unit permanently and send the old one for repair. If the link is intermittent, and none of the above items seem to be causing the problem, then there may be interference coming into the outdoor unit. If a 5 GHz 802.11a WLAN is suspected, it can be detected with either an 802.11a client card on a PC, or with a spectrum analyzer. To use a spectrum analyzer, place a tap between the coaxial cable and the cable modem, between the cable modem and the power inserter. Connect the spectrum analyzer to the tap and observe the 5 GHz band when the modem is showing problems. If interference is detected or suspected, rotate the outdoor antenna/transceiver unit 5 and 10 degrees in one direction and then the other. Often one of these positions will place the interferer in an antenna null while still keeping the main antenna lobe pointed at the Access Point ARCXtend manual, August 2003 6-1 6.2 Multiple Users Impacted If multiple users are impacted and they are clustered together, and other users served by this one Access Point are OK, then consider the following sources of the problem:
1. Misalignment 2. Antenna damage 3. Interference If the cluster of users is located at one edge of the Access Points beamwidth, then check the Access Point alignment. A recent storm may have changed the alignment or degraded its performance. A utility worker on the pole may have accidentally bumped it out of alignment. The Access Point is a robust unit and tested to severe weather conditions. Nevertheless, a storm could have damaged the radome covering the antenna. A utility worker on the pole could also have accidentally damaged the radome and antenna. If interference is suspected, the general direction can be estimated from a map with the locations of the subscribers and vectors drawn for the direction of their outdoor unit pointing to the Access Point. Confirming this requires a directional antenna and a spectrum analyzer. Pointing to the suspected source of the interference, the spectrum analyzer will help determine the extent of the interference -- its power level, bandwidth, etc. If it is consistent, day-to-day, then it may be appropriate to move the entire sector to another downstream frequency within the 5.8 GHz band. If only a couple of users are impacted, and there is an alternative Access Point for them to point to, then rotate their antennas to the new Access Point. 6.3 Entire Sector A sudden loss of a whole sector may be caused by a hardware failure:
a) Cable to the Access Point b) Power to the Access Point c) Complete AP misalignment d) Internal failure of the Access Point e) Interference incoming to the Access Point Remember, just like the wired modems, if the Downstream has a hardware failure, all the modems will have lost communication in both directions. Subscribers looking at their modems user interface will see no incoming signal. Internal failures of the AP are rare, but when they do happen the fastest way to restore service is to replace the entire unit with a pre-configured spare. The old unit goes back to the shop for testing and replacement of the failed module. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 6-2 Lightning surges can cause any electronic system to fail. It is assumed that in lightning regions the AP has been mounted adjacent to a tap which contains surge protection. Causes of AP misalignment include:
a) a cherry-picker bucket bumping it or its mounting bracket b) a utility worker using it as a foothold c) vandalism. Strand-mounted APs are not likely to be used as a foothold, but are still subject to bucket-bumps and vandalism. Interference at the Access Point can be caused by a new radio turning on in the 5.3 GHz band and being pointed mostly toward the AP. If the offending unit can be located quickly, the owner will often cooperate with finding a mutually satisfactory solution. Usually the small laptop computer types of WLAN equipment have omnidirectional antennas and will not interfere with the AP. It usually has to be a fixed radio with an outdoor high-gain antenna. Such antennas are often very visible just by scanning nearby rooftops with binoculars. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 6-3 7 Replacing Failed Access Point The replacement must be configured exactly like the failed unit. This is normally done in the shop prior to field installation by downloading a saved file. Install a spare pair of brackets below and tight up against the existing mount and align them exactly like the Access Point brackets, as shown in Figure 7-1. This spare bracket will both prevent the AP from slipping on the pipe as the bolts are loosened and will act as an pointer to align the new AP as well as supporting it vertically as it is installed. AP bracket Pivot bracket Figure 7-1: Temporary pivot bracket exactly aligned with AP bracket. Take a ruler and measure and write down the distance of the top of the antenna from and bracket and the bottom from the bottom bracket, as in Figures 7-2 & 7-3. Any difference represents the amount of the antenna downtilt. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 7-1 Figure 7-2: Measuring tilt at top of pipe mount. Figure 7-3: Measuring tilt at bottom of pipe mount. To replace the failed unit, follow this procedure:
1) Remove power, if locally sourced. 2) Untape and disconnect the coaxial cable ARCXtend manual, August 2003 7-2 3) If pole mounted, then add a spare pair of brackets under the AP, aligned exactly the same. This is a temporary guide for the new unit
(see Figure 7-1). 4) Measure & record the top and bottom to determine downtilt, if any.
(Figures 7-2 & 7-3) 5) If strand mounted, mark the holes on the bracket that have the AP bolts, then unbolt the AP from the strand brackets. Be sure to leave the strand brackets undisturbed. 6) Install the new AP, using the above markings 7) Insert the coaxial connector and tape it for weather resistance. 8) Insert local power, if needed, and tape for weather. 9) Verify service has been restored. 7.1 Access Point - Strand Mount Do not remove the strand-mount brackets. They determine the antenna alignment. If the AP is locally powered, remove the power connector before the coaxial connector. Remove the bolts holding the AP to the brackets and install the new AP. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 7-3 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 7-1 8 Replacing a Failed Subscriber Unit If it has been determined that the subscribers outdoor unit failed, then the follow this procedure:
1) Bolt a spare bracket under but touching the existing bracket, and orient it exactly the same. 2) Measure the down tilt. A simple way is to use a ruler and write down the difference in distance between the upper and lower edges of the antenna brackets (see Figure 8-1). 3) Remove the coaxial cable, which also powers the unit. 4) Remove the outdoor unit 5) Install the new unit using the above markings and measurements 6) Attach the coaxial cable and tape it for weather 7) Verify service has been restored. Figure 8-1: Measure CPE top tiltdown. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 8-1 ARCXtend manual, August 2003 8-2 9 Specifications 9.1 AX1255 ARCXtend Access Point Transceiver Channel Capacity Downstream Transmit Input Signal Level Range RF Frequency Range IF Frequency Range Downstream Airlink Data Rate Upstream Airlink Data Rate Maximum Transmit Output Power Receiver Noise Figure Adjacent Channel Rejection Antenna Horizontal Beamwidth (3 dB) Transmit Gain Receive Gain Mechanical, System, and Regulatory Input Power Operating Power Transmit: 18, 6.0 MHz Channels Receive: 12, 3.2 MHz Channels 0 to +25 dBmV TX: 5.725 to 5.850 GHz RX: 5.250 to 5.350 GHz 200 to 860 MHz (DS); 5 to 42 MHz (US) 31.0 Mbps (64 QAM) 5.12 Mbps (QPSK) - DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 10.24 Mbps (16 QAM) - DOCSIS 1.0/1.1
+36 dBm EIRP 3.5 dB Greater than 40 dB 90 degree 14 dBi 16 dBi 60 or 90VAC (CATV Line)
+24VDC (Local)
+24VDC Optional Redundant Power Supplies Operating Temperature Range 30C to +60C (-22F to +140F) Operating Humidity Management 5% to 95% non-condensing Local Craft Interface (LCI) F-Type Monitor Port ARCXtend manual, August 2003 9-1 Protocols Range Regulatory Mounting Dimensions Weight DOCSISTM 1.1 Compatible Up to 2 miles Line of Sight (LOS) using 64QAM FCC, IC (Canada) Pole, Mast/Pipe, and Strand 41 x 7 x 5 13 lbs. 9.2 AX3155 Customer Premise Antenna/Transceiver Specifications Transceiver Channel Capacity RF Frequency Range IF Frequency Range Downstream Receive Output Signal Level Range Downstream Airlink Data Rate Upstream Airlink Data Rate Maximum Transmit Output Power Receiver Noise Figure Antenna Downstream Beamwidth (3 dB) Upstream Beamwidth (3 dB) Transmit Gain Receive Gain System Transmit: 12, 3.2 MHz Channels Receive: 20, 6 MHz Channels 5.725 to 5.850 GHz (RX);
5.250 to 5.350 GHz (TX) 5 to 42 MHz (US); 425 to 550 MHz (DS)
-15 dBmV to +15 dBmV 31.0 Mbps (64 QAM) 5.12 Mbps (QPSK) 10.24 Mbps (16 QAM)
+30 dBm EIRP 3.0 dB 12 degree 30 degree 14 dBi 22 dBi Power Requirements 120 VAC and 220/230VAC; 18 Watts ARCXtend manual, August 2003 9-2 Operating Power
(Wall Mounted AC Adaptor) 12VDC
(DC Inserter provides power over IF Cable) Operating Temperature Range 30C to +60C (-22F to +140F) Operating Humidity Management 5% to 95% non-condensing Remote Status and Performance Monitoring via Cable Modem DOCSIS 1.1 Compatible Up to 2 miles Line of Sight (LOS) using 64QAM FCC, IC (Canada) 1-1/4 to 2-3/8 OD Pipe Mount 14-5/8 x 14-5/8 x 2-3/8 5.1 lbs. Protocols Range Regulatory Mounting Dimensions Weight ARCXtend manual, August 2003 9-3 10 Appendix A: Radio Frequency Basics The Section covers introductory information on radio frequencies (RF) for those who have not had to deal with RF in an outdoor environment before. 10.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic waves all have similar physical behavior and their uses range from AM radio broadcast stations at the low frequencies to TV broadcasting frequencies, through microwave frequencies and then on to visible light and X-Rays. These are illustrated in Figure 10-1. Figure 10-1: The electromagnetic spectrum Every country has its own assignment of frequency usage, called the Frequency Allocation Table. The United Nations has committees that try to coordinate usage within Regions, but each country has the right to do its own thing. The US is in a Region that covers all the Americas (North, Central & South), and there is a lot of commonality within the Region. The US Frequency Allocation Table has been put in a chart form, shown in Figure 10-2. The TV and the 5-GHz bands are highlighted with circles. The 5-GHz-Band portion of that chart is shown in Figure 10-3. Notice that segments are allocated to satellite communications, to amateur radio usage
(hams), to radio-location and radio-navigation systems. The location/navigation category includes radar. The chart is formatted so that users with higher priority are on top of users with lesser priority. Unlicensed users have the least priority. In fact, every product ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-1 sold that uses the unlicensed bands must contain a notification to the buyer that the product must accept interference from other users. Think about how different this is from a licensed band, like a TV station, where no one is permitted to interfere with the TV stations broadcast. Figure 10-2: The US Frequency Allocation Chart. Figure 10-3: Frequency allocation in the 5 GHz band. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-2 The frequencies set aside for Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) use have become known as the unlicensed bands, or license-free bands. In many countries the ISM band is still a licensed band, but used for the same purposes. For example, the service provider may be licensed to offer service in the ISM band, even though a user buys a PC card at a store, is not licensed, but is a subscriber to the service. 10.2 FCC Rules for use of ISM band The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set down Rules and Regulations for using the ISM bands. There are many ISM bands, but the ones that have been most popular are:
a) 902 - 928 MHz b) 2.400 - 2.4835 GHz c) 5 GHz The 2.4 GHz band has gained popularity through the emergence of the IEEE 802.11b/g devices, also called Wi-Fi. These are in laptop computers, PDAs and other devices. Users link their laptops to Wi-Fi Access Points, often called Hot Spots. The 5 GHz band is also gaining popularity with IEEE 802.11a devices, but some lab tests have shown that 802.11g devices outperform the 802.11a, and these have cast doubt over the growth of the 802.11a devices. Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations dictate most of the RF characteristics of the unlicensed devices:
Frequency band Transmitter power (Intentional radiation) Out-of-band emissions (Unintentional radiation) Antenna gain/directionality Method of measuring and other parameters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The transmitter power and sub-band frequencies are shown in Figure 10-4. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-3 r e w o P r e t t i m s n a r T 1000 mW 50 mW Indoor only 250 mW 250 mW FCC proposal May03 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.47 Frequency (GHz) 5.725 5.825 Figure 10-4: Rules for 5 GHz Frequency Band. The FCCs proposed rule making of May 2003 opens the 5.47-5.725 GHz band to ISM usage. This FCC proposal closely aligns the US band with the European band usage. This common set of Rules is expected to achieve world-wide acceptance. Notice that the lower part of the band, 5.15-5.25 GHz, is limited to indoor use. This is why the ARCell radios only use the 5.25 5.35 GHz part of the lower sub-
band in the Upstream. The high band, 5.725 5.825 GHz is allowed to use higher powers (1 Watt) and the ARCell system uses this in the downstream path. 10.3 Line of Sight All RF is attenuated by the materials in our environment:
1) Metal 2) Bricks and other building materials 3) Rain and bodies of water 4) Trees and other foliage Most car antennas are outside the car because the cars metal shell attenuates radio broadcasts. Most people who have tried listening to their FM radio at their desk have experienced the loss of signal inside a commercial building. Rain, fog, lakes and rivers all have their effects on RF. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-4 Trees and other foliage contain a lot of water and therefore also attenuate the RF signal. So the easiest approach to making good quality radio links is to have an unobstructed line of sight between the transmitter and receiver, as illustrated in Figure 10-5. LOS NLOS X NLOS X Figure 10-5: Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-LOS. This does not mean that RF cannot penetrate buildings, or that it cannot bounce off buildings and work its way to the receiver. It just means that such arrangements require a lot of RF skill and experience to make them work. It has also become popular in the wireless industry to talk of Near-Line-of-Sight
(NLOS). Again, radio waves do funny things when they pass over the edge of an obstruction, but it takes a lot of experience with RF to predict the results. One rule of thumb is to clear such objects by some extra room. Good communications links clear objects in the middle of the link by 10-15 feet at this 5 GHz band. This is called the Fresnel Zone clearance, as illustrated in Figure 10-
6. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-5 LOS Fresnel Zone clearances Figure 10-6: Line of Sight (LOS) plus some clearance. 10.4 Link Budgeting This section is intended to give an overview of what an RF engineer has to consider in determining the expected performance of an RF link. The Link Budgeting starts with the output of a transmitter power amplifier. That signal goes through a cable to the antenna. The antenna radiates it in a certain pattern. It then travels through the air, where there may be additional attenuation from rain. It finally arrives at the Receive antenna, down a cable, and into the receiver itself. The receiver is usually rated for its Sensitivity at a certain bit error rate. Any signal larger than that is assumed to have been received without error. The difference between the received signal and the Receive Sensitivity is the margin for error, called Fade Margin. A typical calculation of Fade Margin is:
Access Point Power amplifier output = 20 dBm Access Point Transmit antenna gain = 14 dBi Free Space Path Loss (2 miles @ 5 GHz)= 117 dB Rain fade = 1 dB CPE Transceiver Receive antenna gain = 22 dBi CPE Transceiver Gain = 38 dB ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-6 Cable loss = 1 dB Fixed pad at modem = 20 dB Input to Cable Modem= --45 dBm=+4 dBmV Note: 0 dBm @75=+49 dBmV In the above example, the received signal is +4 dBmV. The typical6 Cable Modem Receive Sensitivity is 15 dBmV to +15 dBmV at 64 QAM, so the Fade Margin is 4+15=19 dB. Links are generally considered to be good with 10 or 20 dB Fade Margin, so this is excellent. The Free Space Path Loss comes from the formula in Figure 10-7. Loss (dB) 130.0 120.0 110.0 100.0 LOSS 5 2
. 0 5 2
. 1 5 2
. 2 5 2
. 3 5 2
. 4 5 2
. 5 Distance (Miles) 5 2
. 6 5 2
. 7 Loss5GHz band=112 + 20*log(miles) Figure 10-7: Free Space Path Loss at 5GHz. 10.5 Availability Classical microwave formulas also address the Availability of a link. The Availability is the percent of the time the link meets its performance specification, usually measured in Bit Error Rate or Packet Error Rate. Measured on a yearly basis, the Availability is simply the percent time the link does not have an Outage. An Outage is usually a 10-second interval in which the performance falls below a set level. 6 D-Link model 200 data sheet from www.dlink.com ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-7 Table 8-1: Availability and Outage Availability Outage % Outage Time 99.9%
9 hours/year 1 hour/yr 99.99%
99.999%
5 minutes/yr 0.1%
0.01%
0.001%
The Availability is often referred to by the number of nines, e.g., 99.9% is Three Nines Availability. Typical cable industry targets7 are:
Downstream error rate of 1.e-9 or 1.e-10 for 64 QAM. Upstream error rate of 1.e-5 to 1.e-7 for QPSK. User Availability at least 99.7%
10.6 Antennas Antennas come is many shapes and sizes, determined by the application. The purpose of the antenna is to focus electromagnetic energy, just as a lens focuses light, and to resonate at the desired frequency, just as a musical instrument resonates, so that it performs best at the desired frequency. We show the directionality of an antenna on polar graph paper, as in Figure 10-8. 7 W. Ciciora, J. Farmer & D. Large, Modem Cable Television Technology, Morgan Kaufman, 1999, pp 644-649. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-8 Figure 10-8: Antenna pattern. The pattern shown in Figure 10-8 has 20 dB more gain in the forward direction
(270 degrees) than in any other direction. The side lobes occur at various angles, but only two exceed the 0 dB circle on the graph (at 235 and 315 degrees). This antenna is said to have a gain of 20 dBi, that is, 20 dB relative to an isotropic radiator. This pattern also shows the Beamwidth of the antenna. This is usually stated as the distance between the half-power points, or 3 dB points. From the graph, the antenna beamwidth is 14 degrees. Antennas also have vertical directionality, called elevation. It looks similar to Figure 10-8. 10.7 Rain Fade There are many causes for a radio signal to fade. The only one of concern here is rain, and we will see that even that mechanism is negligible. The concept is that if a certain amount of rain happens, then the RF is attenuated by a few decibels, which reduces the Fade Margin of the link. If this happens a percentage of the time, then one can predict the Outage of the link, hence Availability. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-9 The world has been mapped into Rain Regions and historical data gathered on the probability of rain at a given density (millimeters of rain per hour). The ITU has created maps8 to help visualize this rain patterns, as in Figure 10-9. In the United States, the 150 mm/hr rain rate happens only 0.001% of the time, and that is in Florida (Region N). A percentage of 0.001% is approximately equal to 5 minutes a year. Figure 10-9: Rain Regions for the Americas (ITU-R P.837-1). 8 ITU-R P837-1. This older version of the standard uses alphabetical regions. The newer P837-2 maps by probability zones. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-10 Figure 10-10: Rain Attenuation9 for 5 GHz band (ITU-R P.721-3). Figure 10-10shows that the Rain Attenuation for the 5 GHz band is really about 1 dB at the very worst rain storm (150 mm/hr), which is a cloudburst, or worse. So Rain Attenuation for this band is really small compared to cable losses, losses due to connectors, etc. 10.8 Lightning Strikes Obviously some regions have more frequent lightning strikes than others. One map of the US is shown in Figure 10-11, also see IEEE 1410 Guide10. 9 ITU-R P.721-3 has been superceded by complex computer modeling, but this figure is still the easiest to visualize the effects of rain. 10 IEEE P1410, Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines, draft 3, feb 2003. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-11 source: Larus Corp, T1 Repeatered Line Transmission Engineering, Issue 2, 1996. Figure 10-11: Lightning strikes in the USA. Although the frequency of lightning strikes varies across the USA, the same lightning protection is used everywhere. The difference is that some carriers in the regions with the most lightning schedule preventive maintenance to replace protectors annually at the most exposed locations. ARCXtend manual, August 2003 10-12 11 Reader Feedback Readers of this Manual are encouraged to forward their corrections and comments to:
Customer Service Arcwave, Inc. 910 Campisi Way, #1C Campbell, CA 95008 USA 408-558-2763 (direct) techsupport@arcwaveinc.com ARCXtend manual, August 2003 11-1
| frequency | equipment class | purpose | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2003-12-18 | 5729 ~ 5813 | DTS - Digital Transmission System | Original Equipment |
| app s | Applicant Information | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Effective |
2003-12-18
|
||||
| 1 | Applicant's complete, legal business name |
Arcwave, Inc.
|
||||
| 1 | FCC Registration Number (FRN) |
0009748567
|
||||
| 1 | Physical Address |
910 Campisi Way, #1C
|
||||
| 1 |
Campbell, California 95008
|
|||||
| 1 |
United States
|
|||||
| app s | TCB Information | |||||
| 1 | TCB Application Email Address |
m******@ccsemc.com
|
||||
| 1 | TCB Scope |
A4: UNII devices & low power transmitters using spread spectrum techniques
|
||||
| app s | FCC ID | |||||
| 1 | Grantee Code |
PLR
|
||||
| 1 | Equipment Product Code |
AX125500
|
||||
| app s | Person at the applicant's address to receive grant or for contact | |||||
| 1 | Name |
L******** L******
|
||||
| 1 | Title |
Director of Operations
|
||||
| 1 | Telephone Number |
(408)********
|
||||
| 1 | Fax Number |
(408)********
|
||||
| 1 |
l******@arcwaveinc.com
|
|||||
| app s | Technical Contact | |||||
| n/a | ||||||
| app s | Non Technical Contact | |||||
| n/a | ||||||
| app s | Confidentiality (long or short term) | |||||
| 1 | Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | Yes | ||||
| 1 | Long-Term Confidentiality Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | No | ||||
| if no date is supplied, the release date will be set to 45 calendar days past the date of grant. | ||||||
| app s | Cognitive Radio & Software Defined Radio, Class, etc | |||||
| 1 | Is this application for software defined/cognitive radio authorization? | No | ||||
| 1 | Equipment Class | DTS - Digital Transmission System | ||||
| 1 | Description of product as it is marketed: (NOTE: This text will appear below the equipment class on the grant) | Point To Multipoint Wireless System | ||||
| 1 | Related OET KnowledgeDataBase Inquiry: Is there a KDB inquiry associated with this application? | No | ||||
| 1 | Modular Equipment Type | Does not apply | ||||
| 1 | Purpose / Application is for | Original Equipment | ||||
| 1 | Composite Equipment: Is the equipment in this application a composite device subject to an additional equipment authorization? | No | ||||
| 1 | Related Equipment: Is the equipment in this application part of a system that operates with, or is marketed with, another device that requires an equipment authorization? | No | ||||
| 1 | Grant Comments | Output power listed is conducted. The antenna(s) used for this transmitter must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least 20 cm from all persons and must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. End-users and installers must be provided with antenna installation and transmitter operating conditions for satisfying RF exposure compliance. | ||||
| 1 | Is there an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application? | No | ||||
| 1 | If there is an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application, has the associated waiver been approved and all information uploaded? | No | ||||
| app s | Test Firm Name and Contact Information | |||||
| 1 | Firm Name |
Compliance Certification Services Inc
|
||||
| 1 | Name |
S****** C****
|
||||
| 1 | Telephone Number |
408-4******** Extension:
|
||||
| 1 | Fax Number |
408-4********
|
||||
| 1 |
s******@ccsemc.com
|
|||||
| Equipment Specifications | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | Rule Parts | Grant Notes | Lower Frequency | Upper Frequency | Power Output | Tolerance | Emission Designator | Microprocessor Number | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 15C | CE | 5729.00000000 | 5813.00000000 | 0.0710000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
some individual PII (Personally Identifiable Information) available on the public forms may be redacted, original source may include additional details
This product uses the FCC Data API but is not endorsed or certified by the FCC