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P-870HW-51a v2 802.11bg Wireless VDSL2 4-Port Gateway Users Guide Version 1.00 11/2008 Edition 1 www.zyxel.com About This User's Guide About This User's Guide Intended Audience This manual is intended for people who want to configure the ZyXEL Device using the web configurator. You should have at least a basic knowledge of TCP/IP networking concepts and topology. Related Documentation Quick Start Guide The Quick Start Guide is designed to help you get up and running right away. It contains information on setting up your network and configuring for Internet access. Web Configurator Online Help Embedded web help for descriptions of individual screens and supplementary information.
It is recommended you use the web configurator to configure the ZyXEL Device. Supporting Disk Refer to the included CD for support documents. ZyXEL Web Site Please refer to www.zyxel.com for additional support documentation and product certifications. User Guide Feedback Help us help you. Send all User Guide-related comments, questions or suggestions for improvement to the following address, or use e-mail instead. Thank you!
The Technical Writing Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp., 6 Innovation Road II, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. E-mail: techwriters@zyxel.com.tw P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 3 Document Conventions Document Conventions Warnings and Notes These are how warnings and notes are shown in this Users Guide.
Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device.
Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations. Syntax Conventions The P-870HW-51a v2 may be referred to as the ZyXEL Device, the device, the system or the product in this Users Guide. Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font. A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example, [ENTER]
means the enter or return key on your keyboard. Enter means for you to type one or more characters and then press the [ENTER] key. Select or choose means for you to use one of the predefined choices. A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For example, Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click Maintenance in the navigation panel, then the Log sub menu and finally the Log Setting tab to get to that screen. Units of measurement may denote the metric value or the scientific value. For example, k for kilo may denote 1000 or 1024, M for mega may denote 1000000 or 1048576 and so on. e.g., is a shorthand for for instance, and i.e., means that is or in other words. 4 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Document Conventions Icons Used in Figures Figures in this Users Guide may use the following generic icons. The ZyXEL Device icon is not an exact representation of your device. ZyXEL Device Computer Notebook computer Server DSLAM Firewall Telephone Switch Router P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 5 Safety Warnings Safety Warnings
For your safety, be sure to read and follow all warning notices and instructions. Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool. Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids. Do NOT store things on the device. Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device. Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information. Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports. Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them. Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling. Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe). Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord. Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution. If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source. Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one. Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord. Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged. 6 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide This product is recyclable. Dispose of it properly. Safety Warnings P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 7 Safety Warnings 8 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Contents Overview Contents Overview Introduction ............................................................................................................................23 Introducing the ZyXEL Device ................................................................................................... 25 Tutorials ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Introducing the Web Configurator .............................................................................................. 39 Status Screens .......................................................................................................................... 43 Network ...................................................................................................................................51 WAN Setup ................................................................................................................................ 53 LAN Setup ................................................................................................................................. 67 Wireless LAN ............................................................................................................................. 75 Network Address Translation (NAT) .......................................................................................... 99 Security .................................................................................................................................105 IP Filter .................................................................................................................................... 107 Advanced .............................................................................................................................. 111 Static Route ..............................................................................................................................113 Quality of Service (QoS) ...........................................................................................................117 Dynamic DNS Setup ................................................................................................................ 127 Remote Management .............................................................................................................. 129 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) ............................................................................................. 131 Maintenance, Troubleshooting and Specifications ..........................................................141 System Settings ....................................................................................................................... 143 Logs ........................................................................................................................................ 147 Tools ........................................................................................................................................ 149 Diagnostic ................................................................................................................................ 155 Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................... 159 Product Specifications ............................................................................................................. 165 Appendices and Index .........................................................................................................171 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 9 Contents Overview 10 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Table of Contents Table of Contents About This User's Guide ..........................................................................................................3 Document Conventions............................................................................................................4 Safety Warnings........................................................................................................................6 Contents Overview ...................................................................................................................9 Table of Contents....................................................................................................................11 List of Figures .........................................................................................................................17 List of Tables...........................................................................................................................21 Part I: Introduction................................................................................. 23 Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device...............................................................................................25 1.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 25 1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device .................................................................................... 25 1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device ..................................................................... 25 1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device ...................................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Internet Access .......................................................................................................... 26 1.5 LEDs (Lights) ....................................................................................................................... 26 1.6 The RESET Button .............................................................................................................. 28 1.6.1 Using the Reset Button .............................................................................................. 28 1.7 The WPS WLAN Button ...................................................................................................... 28 1.7.1 Turn the Wireless LAN Off or On ............................................................................... 28 1.7.2 Activate WPS ............................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 2 Tutorials...................................................................................................................................31 2.1 How to Set up a Wireless Network ...................................................................................... 31 2.1.1 Example Parameters .................................................................................................. 31 2.1.2 Configuring the AP ..................................................................................................... 31 2.1.3 Configuring the Wireless Client .................................................................................. 33 Chapter 3 Introducing the Web Configurator ........................................................................................39 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 11 Table of Contents 3.1 Web Configurator Overview ................................................................................................. 39 3.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator ................................................................................ 39 3.2 Web Configurator Main Screen ........................................................................................... 40 3.2.1 Title Bar ...................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.2 Navigation Panel ........................................................................................................ 41 3.2.3 Main Window .............................................................................................................. 42 3.2.4 Status Bar ................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 4 Status Screens ........................................................................................................................43 4.1 Status Screen ...................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.1 WAN Service Statistics ............................................................................................... 46 4.1.2 Route Info ................................................................................................................... 47 4.1.3 WLAN Station List ...................................................................................................... 47 4.1.4 LAN Statistics ............................................................................................................. 48 4.1.5 Client List ................................................................................................................... 50 Part II: Network....................................................................................... 51 Chapter 5 WAN Setup...............................................................................................................................53 5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 53 5.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .............................................................................. 53 5.2 What You Need to Know ...................................................................................................... 54 5.3 Before You Begin ................................................................................................................. 54 5.4 The Internet Connection Screen .......................................................................................... 54 5.4.1 Advanced Internet Connection Setup ........................................................................ 56 5.5 The More Connections Screen ........................................................................................... 58 5.5.1 More Connections Edit .............................................................................................. 59 5.5.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup ....................................................... 61 5.6 Technical Reference ............................................................................................................ 62 Chapter 6 LAN Setup................................................................................................................................67 6.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 67 6.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .............................................................................. 67 6.2 What You Need To Know ..................................................................................................... 67 6.3 Before You Begin ................................................................................................................. 68 6.4 The LAN IP Screen .............................................................................................................. 68 6.5 The Client List Screen ......................................................................................................... 70 6.6 The IP Alias Screen ............................................................................................................. 70 12 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Table of Contents 6.6.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen ......................................................................... 71 6.7 Technical Reference ............................................................................................................ 72 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN...........................................................................................................................75 7.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 75 7.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .............................................................................. 75 7.2 What You Need to Know ...................................................................................................... 76 7.3 Before You Begin ................................................................................................................. 77 7.4 The General Screen ........................................................................................................... 78 7.4.1 No Security ................................................................................................................. 79 7.4.2 WEP Encryption ......................................................................................................... 80 7.4.3 WPA(2)-PSK .............................................................................................................. 81 7.4.4 WPA(2) Authentication ............................................................................................... 82 7.5 The WPS Screen ................................................................................................................ 84 7.6 The WPS Station Screen .................................................................................................... 85 7.7 The MAC Filter Screen ................................................................................................... 86 7.8 The Advanced Setup Screen .............................................................................................. 87 7.9 Technical Reference ............................................................................................................ 88 7.9.1 Wireless Network Overview ....................................................................................... 88 7.9.2 Additional Wireless Terms .......................................................................................... 90 7.9.3 Wireless Security Overview ....................................................................................... 90 7.9.4 WiFi Protected Setup ................................................................................................. 92 Chapter 8 Network Address Translation (NAT)......................................................................................99 8.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 99 8.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .............................................................................. 99 8.2 What You Need to Know ...................................................................................................... 99 8.3 The Port Forwarding Screen ............................................................................................... 99 8.3.1 The Port Forwarding Edit Screen ............................................................................ 101 8.4 Technical Reference .......................................................................................................... 103 Part III: Security.................................................................................... 105 Chapter 9 IP Filter...................................................................................................................................107 9.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 107 9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ............................................................................ 107 9.2 What You Need to Know .................................................................................................... 107 9.3 The Incoming IP Filtering Screen ...................................................................................... 108 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 13 Table of Contents 9.3.1 Creating Incoming Filtering Rules .......................................................................... 109 Part IV: Advanced .................................................................................111 Chapter 10 Static Route ........................................................................................................................... 113 10.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................113 10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ...........................................................................113 10.2 The Static Route Screen ...................................................................................................114 10.2.1 Static Route Edit ....................................................................................................114 Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS)....................................................................................................... 117 11.1 Overview ..........................................................................................................................117 11.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ............................................................................117 11.2 What You Need to Know ...................................................................................................118 11.3 The Quality of Service Screen .........................................................................................118 11.4 The Queue Setup Screen .................................................................................................119 11.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue ............................................................................................ 120 11.5 The Class Setup Screen ................................................................................................ 120 11.5.1 QoS Class Edit ...................................................................................................... 122 11.6 Technical Reference ........................................................................................................ 124 Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS Setup .............................................................................................................127 12.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 127 12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 127 12.2 What You Need To Know ................................................................................................. 127 12.3 The Dynamic DNS Screen .............................................................................................. 127 Chapter 13 Remote Management............................................................................................................129 13.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 129 13.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 129 13.2 The TR-069 Screen ......................................................................................................... 129 Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)..........................................................................................131 14.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 131 14.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 131 14.2 What You Need to Know .................................................................................................. 131 14 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 14.3 The UPnP Screen ............................................................................................................ 132 14.4 Installing UPnP in Windows Example .............................................................................. 132 14.5 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example ............................................................................. 135 Table of Contents Part V: Maintenance, Troubleshooting and Specifications.............. 141 Chapter 15 System Settings....................................................................................................................143 15.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 143 15.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 143 15.1.2 What You Need to Know ........................................................................................ 143 15.2 The General Screen ........................................................................................................ 143 15.3 The Time Setting Screen ................................................................................................ 144 Chapter 16 Logs ......................................................................................................................................147 16.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 147 16.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 147 16.2 The View Log Screen ...................................................................................................... 147 16.3 The Log Settings Screen ................................................................................................. 148 Chapter 17 Tools.......................................................................................................................................149 17.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 149 17.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 149 17.2 The Firmware Upgrade Screen ....................................................................................... 150 17.3 The Configuration Screen ................................................................................................ 151 17.4 The Restart Screen ......................................................................................................... 154 Chapter 18 Diagnostic..............................................................................................................................155 18.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 155 18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 155 18.2 What You Need to Know .................................................................................................. 155 18.3 The 802.1ag Screen ........................................................................................................ 156 Chapter 19 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................................159 19.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ...................................................................... 159 19.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login .................................................................................... 160 19.3 Internet Access ................................................................................................................ 161 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 15 Table of Contents Chapter 20 Product Specifications .........................................................................................................165 20.1 Hardware Specifications .................................................................................................. 165 20.2 Firmware Specifications ................................................................................................... 165 20.3 Wireless Features ............................................................................................................ 167 Part VI: Appendices and Index ........................................................... 171 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address...........................................................173 Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions ......................................197 Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting ...........................................................................205 Appendix D Wireless LANs ..................................................................................................215 Appendix E Common Services.............................................................................................229 Appendix F Legal Information ..............................................................................................233 Appendix G Customer Support ............................................................................................237 Index.......................................................................................................................................243 16 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1 ZyXEL Devices Router Features ............................................................................................. 26 Figure 2 LEDs on the Top of the Device ................................................................................................. 27 Figure 3 AP: Wireless LAN .................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 4 AP: Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup ...................................................................................... 32 Figure 5 AP: Status ................................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 6 AP: Status: WLAN Station List ................................................................................................. 33 Figure 7 ZyXEL Utility: Site Survey ....................................................................................................... 34 Figure 8 ZyXEL Utility: Security Settings ............................................................................................... 35 Figure 9 ZyXEL Utility: Confirm Save ..................................................................................................... 35 Figure 10 ZyXEL Utility: Link Info .......................................................................................................... 35 Figure 11 ZyXEL Utility: Profile ............................................................................................................... 36 Figure 12 ZyXEL Utility: Add New Profile ............................................................................................... 36 Figure 13 ZyXEL Utility: Profile Security ................................................................................................. 37 Figure 14 ZyXEL Utility: Profile Encryption ............................................................................................. 37 Figure 15 Profile: Wireless Protocol Settings. ........................................................................................ 37 Figure 16 Profile: Confirm Save ............................................................................................................. 38 Figure 17 Profile: Activate ...................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 18 Password Screen ................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 19 Main Screen ........................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 20 Status Screen ......................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 21 Status > WAN Service Statistics ............................................................................................ 46 Figure 22 Status > Route Info ................................................................................................................ 47 Figure 23 Status > WLAN Station List .................................................................................................... 48 Figure 24 Status > LAN Statistics .......................................................................................................... 49 Figure 25 Status > Client List .................................................................................................................. 50 Figure 26 LAN and WAN ........................................................................................................................ 53 Figure 27 WAN > Internet Connection (PPPoE) ..................................................................................... 55 Figure 28 WAN > Internet Connection: Advanced Setup ....................................................................... 57 Figure 29 WAN > More Connections ...................................................................................................... 58 Figure 30 WAN > More Connections: Edit .............................................................................................. 59 Figure 31 WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup ................................................................. 61 Figure 32 Full Cone NAT Example ......................................................................................................... 64 Figure 33 Symmetric NAT ...................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 34 LAN > IP ................................................................................................................................. 69 Figure 35 LAN > Client List .................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 36 Physical Network & Partitioned Logical Networks .................................................................. 71 Figure 37 Network > LAN > IP Alias ....................................................................................................... 71 Figure 38 LAN and WAN IP Addresses .................................................................................................. 72 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 17 List of Figures Figure 39 Network > Wireless LAN > General ...................................................................................... 78 Figure 40 Wireless LAN > General: No Security .................................................................................... 80 Figure 41 Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP Encryption ................................................................... 81 Figure 42 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2)-PSK .................................................................................. 82 Figure 43 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2) .......................................................................................... 83 Figure 44 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS ............................................................................................ 84 Figure 45 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station ................................................................................ 85 Figure 46 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter ..................................................................................................... 86 Figure 47 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup ........................................................................................... 87 Figure 48 Example of a Wireless Network ............................................................................................. 89 Figure 49 Example WPS Process: PIN Method ..................................................................................... 94 Figure 50 How WPS works ..................................................................................................................... 95 Figure 51 WPS: Example Network Step 1 .............................................................................................. 96 Figure 52 WPS: Example Network Step 2 .............................................................................................. 96 Figure 53 WPS: Example Network Step 3 .............................................................................................. 97 Figure 54 NAT Port Forwarding ........................................................................................................... 100 Figure 55 Port Forwarding Edit ............................................................................................................ 102 Figure 56 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example ................................................................................ 103 Figure 57 Incoming IP Filter ................................................................................................................. 108 Figure 58 Incoming IP Filtering: Add .................................................................................................... 109 Figure 59 Example of Static Routing Topology ......................................................................................113 Figure 60 Advanced > Static Route .......................................................................................................114 Figure 61 Static Route: Add ..................................................................................................................115 Figure 62 QoS ......................................................................................................................................118 Figure 63 QoS Queue Setup ................................................................................................................119 Figure 64 QoS Queue Setup: Add ....................................................................................................... 120 Figure 65 QoS Class Setup ................................................................................................................. 121 Figure 66 QoS Class Setup: Add ......................................................................................................... 122 Figure 67 Advanced > Dynamic DNS ................................................................................................... 128 Figure 68 TR-069 ................................................................................................................................ 130 Figure 69 Advanced > UPnP ............................................................................................................... 132 Figure 70 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication .................................................. 133 Figure 71 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components ............................ 133 Figure 72 Network Connections ........................................................................................................... 134 Figure 73 Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard ............................................................ 134 Figure 74 Networking Services ............................................................................................................. 135 Figure 75 Network Connections ........................................................................................................... 136 Figure 76 Internet Connection Properties ............................................................................................ 136 Figure 77 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings ............................................................. 137 Figure 78 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add .................................................... 137 Figure 79 System Tray Icon .................................................................................................................. 138 Figure 80 Internet Connection Status ................................................................................................... 138 Figure 81 Network Connections ........................................................................................................... 139 18 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide List of Figures Figure 82 Network Connections: My Network Places .......................................................................... 140 Figure 83 Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: Example ........................................ 140 Figure 84 Maintenance > System > General ........................................................................................ 144 Figure 85 Maintenance > System > Time Setting ................................................................................. 145 Figure 86 Maintenance > Logs > View Log .......................................................................................... 147 Figure 87 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings ..................................................................................... 148 Figure 88 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware ......................................................................................... 150 Figure 89 Firmware Upload In Progress ............................................................................................... 151 Figure 90 Network Temporarily Disconnected ...................................................................................... 151 Figure 91 Error Message ...................................................................................................................... 151 Figure 92 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration ................................................................................... 152 Figure 93 Configuration Upload Successful ......................................................................................... 153 Figure 94 Network Temporarily Disconnected ...................................................................................... 153 Figure 95 Configuration Upload Error ................................................................................................... 153 Figure 96 Reset Warning Message ...................................................................................................... 153 Figure 97 Maintenance > Tools >Restart ............................................................................................. 154 Figure 98 802.1ag ............................................................................................................................... 156 Figure 99 Windows XP: Start Menu ...................................................................................................... 174 Figure 100 Windows XP: Control Panel ............................................................................................... 174 Figure 101 Windows XP: Control Panel > Network Connections > Properties .................................... 175 Figure 102 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties ............................................................... 175 Figure 103 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties .......................................................... 176 Figure 104 Windows Vista: Start Menu ................................................................................................. 177 Figure 105 Windows Vista: Control Panel ............................................................................................ 177 Figure 106 Windows Vista: Network And Internet ................................................................................ 177 Figure 107 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center ..................................................................... 178 Figure 108 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center ..................................................................... 178 Figure 109 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties ............................................................ 179 Figure 110 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties .................................... 180 Figure 111 Mac OS X 10.4: Apple Menu .............................................................................................. 181 Figure 112 Mac OS X 10.4: System Preferences ................................................................................. 181 Figure 113 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences ................................................................................ 182 Figure 114 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > TCP/IP Tab. ........................................................ 182 Figure 115 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > Ethernet .............................................................. 183 Figure 116 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility .......................................................................................... 183 Figure 117 Mac OS X 10.5: Apple Menu .............................................................................................. 184 Figure 118 Mac OS X 10.5: Systems Preferences ............................................................................... 184 Figure 119 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet .............................................................. 185 Figure 120 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet .............................................................. 186 Figure 121 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility .......................................................................................... 186 Figure 122 Ubuntu 8: System > Administration Menu .......................................................................... 187 Figure 123 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections ........................................................................ 187 Figure 124 Ubuntu 8: Administrator Account Authentication ................................................................ 188 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 19 List of Figures Figure 125 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections ........................................................................ 188 Figure 126 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Properties ........................................................................... 189 Figure 127 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > DNS ................................................................................... 189 Figure 128 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools .................................................................................................... 190 Figure 129 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu ..................................................................... 191 Figure 130 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu ..................................................................... 191 Figure 131 openSUSE 10.3: YaST Control Center .............................................................................. 192 Figure 132 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings .................................................................................... 192 Figure 133 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup ............................................................................... 193 Figure 134 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings .................................................................................... 194 Figure 135 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager ................................................................................. 195 Figure 136 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager ........................................................ 195 Figure 137 Pop-up Blocker ................................................................................................................... 197 Figure 138 Internet Options: Privacy .................................................................................................... 198 Figure 139 Internet Options: Privacy .................................................................................................... 199 Figure 140 Pop-up Blocker Settings ..................................................................................................... 199 Figure 141 Internet Options: Security ................................................................................................... 200 Figure 142 Security Settings - Java Scripting ....................................................................................... 201 Figure 143 Security Settings - Java ...................................................................................................... 201 Figure 144 Java (Sun) .......................................................................................................................... 202 Figure 145 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options ......................................................................................... 203 Figure 146 Mozilla Firefox Content Security ......................................................................................... 203 Figure 147 Network Number and Host ID ............................................................................................ 206 Figure 148 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting ............................................................................ 208 Figure 149 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting ............................................................................... 209 Figure 150 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example .................................................................... 213 Figure 151 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example .................................................................... 213 Figure 152 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example .................................................. 214 Figure 153 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network ......................................................... 215 Figure 154 Basic Service Set ............................................................................................................... 216 Figure 155 Infrastructure WLAN ........................................................................................................... 217 Figure 156 RTS/CTS ........................................................................................................................... 218 Figure 157 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example ....................................................................... 225 Figure 158 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication ............................................................................................... 226 20 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide List of Tables List of Tables Table 1 LED Descriptions ...................................................................................................................... 27 Table 2 Web Configurator Icon in the Title Bar ...................................................................................... 41 Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary ...................................................................................................... 41 Table 4 Status Screen ............................................................................................................................ 43 Table 5 Status > WAN Service Statistics ............................................................................................... 46 Table 6 Status > Route Info ................................................................................................................... 47 Table 7 Status > WLAN Station List ....................................................................................................... 48 Table 8 Status > LAN Statistics .............................................................................................................. 49 Table 9 Status > Client List .................................................................................................................... 50 Table 10 WAN > Internet Connection .................................................................................................... 55 Table 11 WAN > Internet Connection: Advanced Setup ........................................................................ 57 Table 12 WAN > More Connections ...................................................................................................... 58 Table 13 WAN > More Connections: Edit .............................................................................................. 59 Table 14 WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup .................................................................. 61 Table 15 LAN > IP ................................................................................................................................. 69 Table 16 LAN > Client List ..................................................................................................................... 70 Table 17 Network > LAN > IP Alias ....................................................................................................... 71 Table 18 Network > Wireless LAN > General ........................................................................................ 79 Table 19 Wireless LAN > General: No Security ..................................................................................... 80 Table 20 Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP Encryption .................................................. 81 Table 21 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2)-PSK ................................................................................... 82 Table 22 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2) ........................................................................................... 83 Table 23 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS ............................................................................................. 85 Table 24 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station ................................................................................. 86 Table 25 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter ..................................................................................................... 87 Table 26 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup ............................................................................................ 88 Table 27 Additional Wireless Terms ....................................................................................................... 90 Table 28 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication ............................................................. 91 Table 29 NAT Port Forwarding ............................................................................................................ 100 Table 30 Port Forwarding Edit ............................................................................................................. 102 Table 31 Services and Port Numbers .................................................................................................. 103 Table 32 Common IP Ports .................................................................................................................. 107 Table 33 Incoming IP Filtering ............................................................................................................. 108 Table 34 Incoming IP Filtering: Add ..................................................................................................... 109 Table 35 Advanced > Static Route ........................................................................................................114 Table 36 Static Route: Add ...................................................................................................................115 Table 37 QoS ........................................................................................................................................118 Table 38 QoS Queue Setup ..................................................................................................................119 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 21 List of Tables Table 39 QoS Queue Setup: Add ........................................................................................................ 120 Table 40 QoS Class Setup .................................................................................................................. 121 Table 41 QoS Class Configuration ...................................................................................................... 123 Table 42 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type ......................................................................... 124 Table 43 Advanced > Dynamic DNS ................................................................................................... 128 Table 44 TR-069 Client ........................................................................................................................ 130 Table 45 Advanced > UPnP ................................................................................................................ 132 Table 46 Maintenance > System > Genera ......................................................................................... 144 Table 47 Maintenance > System > Time Setting ................................................................................. 145 Table 48 Maintenance > Logs > View Log ........................................................................................... 148 Table 49 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings ..................................................................................... 148 Table 50 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware .......................................................................................... 150 Table 51 Restore Configuration ........................................................................................................... 152 Table 52 802.1ag ................................................................................................................................. 156 Table 53 Hardware Specifications ....................................................................................................... 165 Table 54 Firmware Specifications ........................................................................................................ 165 Table 55 Wireless Features ................................................................................................................. 167 Table 56 Standards Supported ............................................................................................................ 168 Table 57 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example ............................................................. 206 Table 58 Subnet Masks ....................................................................................................................... 207 Table 59 Maximum Host Numbers ...................................................................................................... 207 Table 60 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation ......................................................................................... 207 Table 61 Subnet 1 ................................................................................................................................ 209 Table 62 Subnet 2 ................................................................................................................................ 210 Table 63 Subnet 3 ................................................................................................................................ 210 Table 64 Subnet 4 ................................................................................................................................ 210 Table 65 Eight Subnets ........................................................................................................................ 210 Table 66 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning ...............................................................................211 Table 67 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning ...............................................................................211 Table 68 IEEE 802.11g ........................................................................................................................ 219 Table 69 Wireless Security Levels ....................................................................................................... 220 Table 70 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types ............................................................................ 223 Table 71 Wireless Security Relational Matrix ...................................................................................... 226 Table 72 Commonly Used Services ..................................................................................................... 229 22 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide PART I Introduction Introducing the ZyXEL Device (25) Tutorials (31) Introducing the Web Configurator (39) Status Screens (43) 23 24 CHAPTER 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device This chapter introduces the main applications and features of the ZyXEL Device. It also introduces the ways you can manage the ZyXEL Device. 1.1 Overview The P-870HW-51a v2 is a VDSL2 gateway that allows super-fast, secure Internet access over analog (POTS) telephone lines. you can use Quality of Service (QoS) to efficiently manage traffic on your network by giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers. Please refer to the following description of the product name format. H denotes an integrated 4-port hub (switch). W denotes wireless functionality. There is an embedded mini-PCI module for IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN connectivity.
Only use firmware for your ZyXEL Devices specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device. See Chapter 20 on page 165 for a full list of features. 1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device Use any of the following methods to manage the ZyXEL Device. Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the ZyXEL Device using a (supported) web browser. TR-069. This is an auto-configuration server used to remotely configure your device. 1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device Do the following things regularly to make the ZyXEL Device more secure and to manage the ZyXEL Device more effectively. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 25 Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device Change the password. Use a password thats not easy to guess and that consists of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters. Write down the password and put it in a safe place. Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the ZyXEL Device to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the ZyXEL Device. You could simply restore your last configuration. 1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device Here are some example uses for which the ZyXEL Device is well suited. 1.4.1 Internet Access Your ZyXEL Device provides shared Internet access by connecting the DSL port to the DSL or MODEM jack on a splitter or your telephone jack. Computers can connect to the ZyXEL Devices LAN ports (or wirelessly). Figure 1 ZyXEL Devices Router Features LAN DSL Internet You can also configure IP filtering on the ZyXEL Device for secure Internet access. When the IP filter is on, all incoming traffic from the Internet to your network is blocked by default unless it is initiated from your network. This means that probes from the outside to your network are not allowed, but you can safely browse the Internet and download files. 1.5 LEDs (Lights) The following graphic displays the labels of the LEDs. 26 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 2 LEDs on the Top of the Device Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device None of the LEDs are on if the ZyXEL Device is not receiving power. Table 1 LED Descriptions LED POWER COLOR STATUS Green Red ETHERNET 1-4 Green On Blinking On Off On Blinking Off WLAN/WPS Green On Blinking Orange Blinking DSL Green Off On Blinking Off DESCRIPTION The ZyXEL Device is receiving power and ready for use. The ZyXEL Device is self-testing. The ZyXEL Device detected an error while self-testing, or there is a device malfunction. The ZyXEL Device is not receiving power. The ZyXEL Device has an Ethernet connection with a device on the Local Area Network (LAN). The ZyXEL Device is sending/receiving data to /from the LAN. The ZyXEL Device does not have an Ethernet connection with the LAN. The wireless network is activated and is operating in IEEE 802.11b/g mode. The ZyXEL Device is communicating with other wireless clients. The ZyXEL Device is setting up a WPS connection. The wireless network is not activated. The DSL line is up. The ZyXEL Device is initializing the DSL line. The DSL line is down. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 27 Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device Table 1 LED Descriptions LED INTERNET Green On COLOR STATUS Blinking On Red Off DESCRIPTION The ZyXEL Device has an IP connection but no traffic. Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or assigned by a DHCP server), PPP negotiation was successfully completed (if used) and the DSL connection is up. The ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving IP traffic. The ZyXEL Device attempted to make an IP connection but failed. Possible causes are no response from a DHCP server, no PPPoE response, PPPoE authentication failed. The ZyXEL Device does not have an IP connection. Refer to the Quick Start Guide for information on hardware connections. 1.6 The RESET Button If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need to use the RESET button at the back of the device to reload the factory-default configuration file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you had previously and the password will be reset to 1234. You can also use the 1.6.1 Using the Reset Button 1 Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking). 2 To set the device back to the factory default settings, press the RESET button for ten seconds or until the POWER LED begins to blink and then release it. When the POWER LED begins to blink, the defaults have been restored and the device restarts. 1.7 The WPS WLAN Button You can use the WPS WLAN ON/OFF button (
) on the top of the device to turn the wireless LAN off or on. You can also use it to activate WPS in order to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security. 1.7.1 Turn the Wireless LAN Off or On 1 Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking). 2 Press the WPS WLAN ON/OFF button for one second and release it. The WLAN/
WPS LED should change from on to off or vice versa. 1.7.2 Activate WPS 1 Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking). 2 Press the WPS WLAN ON/OFF button for more than five seconds and release it. Press the WPS button on another WPS -enabled device within range of the ZyXEL Device. 28 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device The WLAN/WPS LED should flash while the ZyXEL Device sets up a WPS connection with the wireless device.
You must activate WPS in the ZyXEL Device and in another wireless device within two minutes of each other. See Section 7.9.4 on page 92 for more information. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 29 Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device 30 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 2 Tutorials This chapter describes how to set up a wireless network. 2.1 How to Set up a Wireless Network This tutorial gives you examples of how to set up an access point and wireless client for wireless communication using the following parameters. The wireless clients can access the Internet through an AP wirelessly. 2.1.1 Example Parameters SSID Security 802.11 mode SSID_Example3 WPA-PSK
(Pre-Shared Key: ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey) IEEE 802.11b/g An access point (AP) or wireless router is referred to as AP and a computer with a wireless network card or USB/PCI adapter is referred to as wireless client here. We use the ZyXEL Device web screens and M-302 utility screens as an example. The screens may vary slightly for different models. 2.1.2 Configuring the AP Follow the steps below to configure the wireless settings on your AP. 1 Open the Network > Wireless LAN screen in the APs web configurator. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 31 Chapter 2 Tutorials Figure 3 AP: Wireless LAN 2 Make sure the Active Wireless LAN check box is selected. 3 Enter SSID_Example3 as the SSID and select a channel which is not used by another 4 Set security mode to WPA-PSK and enter ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey in the Pre-Shared Key field. Click Apply. 5 Click the Advanced Setup tab and select 54g Auto in the 54gTM Mode field. Click AP. Apply. Figure 4 AP: Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup 6 Open the Status screen.Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under Device Information and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status. 32 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 5 AP: Status Chapter 2 Tutorials 7 Click the WLAN Station List hyperlink in the APs Status screen. You can see if any wireless client has connected to the AP. Figure 6 AP: Status: WLAN Station List 2.1.3 Configuring the Wireless Client This section describes how to connect the wireless client to a network. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 33 Chapter 2 Tutorials 2.1.3.1 Connecting to a Wireless LAN The following sections show you how to join a wireless network using the ZyXEL utility, as in the following diagram. The wireless client is labeled C and the access point is labeled AP. Internet C AP There are three ways to connect the client to an access point. Configure nothing and leave the wireless client to automatically scan for and connect to any available network that has no wireless security configured. Manually connect to a network. Configure a profile to have the wireless client automatically connect to a specific network or peer computer. This example illustrates how to manually connect your wireless client to an access point (AP) which is configured for WPA-PSK security and connected to the Internet. Before you connect to the access point, you must know its Service Set IDentity (SSID) and WPA-PSK pre-shared key. In this example, the SSID is SSID_Example3 and the pre-shared key is ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey. After you install the ZyXEL utility and then insert the wireless client, follow the steps below to connect to a network using the Site Survey screen. 1 Open the ZyXEL utility and click the Site Survey tab to open the screen shown next. Figure 7 ZyXEL Utility: Site Survey 2 The wireless client automatically searches for available wireless networks. Click Scan if you want to search again. If no entry displays in the Available Network List, that means there is no wireless network available within range. Make sure the AP or peer computer is turned on or move the wireless client closer to the AP or peer computer. 3 When you try to connect to an AP with security configured, a window will pop up prompting you to specify the security settings. Enter the pre-shared key and leave the encryption type at the default setting. 34 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 2 Tutorials Use the Next button to move on to the next screen. You can use the Back button at any time to return to the previous screen, or the Exit button to return to the Site Survey screen. Figure 8 ZyXEL Utility: Security Settings 4 The Confirm Save window appears. Check your settings and click Save to continue. Figure 9 ZyXEL Utility: Confirm Save 5 The ZyXEL utility returns to the Link Info screen while it connects to the wireless network using your settings. When the wireless link is established, the ZyXEL utility icon in the system tray turns green and the Link Info screen displays details of the active connection. Check the network information in the Link Info screen to verify that you have successfully connected to the selected network. If the wireless client is not connected to a network, the fields in this screen remain blank. Figure 10 ZyXEL Utility: Link Info P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 35 Chapter 2 Tutorials 6 Open your Internet browser and enter http://www.zyxel.com or the URL of any other web site in the address bar. If you are able to access the web site, your wireless connection is successfully configured. If you cannot access the web site, try changing the encryption type in the Security Settings screen, check the Troubleshooting section of this User's Guide or contact your network administrator. 2.1.3.2 Creating and Using a Profile A profile lets you automatically connect to the same wireless network every time you use the wireless client. You can also configure different profiles for different networks, for example if you connect a notebook computer to wireless networks at home and at work. This example illustrates how to set up a profile and connect the wireless client to an access point configured for WPA-PSK security. In this example, the SSID is SSID_Example3, the profile name is PN_Example3 and the pre-shared key is ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-
sharedkey. You have chosen the profile name PN_Example3. 1 Open the ZyXEL utility and click the Profile tab to open the screen shown next. Click Add to configure a new profile. Figure 11 ZyXEL Utility: Profile 2 The Add New Profile screen appears. The wireless client automatically searches for available wireless networks, which are displayed in the Scan Info box. Click on Scan if you want to search again. You can also configure your profile for a wireless network that is not in the list. Figure 12 ZyXEL Utility: Add New Profile 36 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 2 Tutorials 3 Give the profile a descriptive name (of up to 32 printable ASCII characters). Select Infrastructure and either manually enter or select the AP's SSID in the Scan Info table and click Select. 4 Choose the same encryption method as the AP to which you want to connect (In this example, WPA-PSK). Figure 13 ZyXEL Utility: Profile Security 5 This screen varies depending on the encryption method you selected in the previous screen. Enter the pre-shared key and leave the encryption type at the default setting. Figure 14 ZyXEL Utility: Profile Encryption 6 In the next screen, leave both boxes checked. Figure 15 Profile: Wireless Protocol Settings. 7 Verify the profile settings in the read-only screen. Click Save to save and go to the next screen. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 37 Chapter 2 Tutorials Figure 16 Profile: Confirm Save 8 Click Activate Now to use the new profile immediately. Otherwise, click the Activate Later button. If you clicked Activate Later, you can select the profile from the list in the Profile screen and click Connect to activate it.
Only one profile can be activated and used at any given time. Figure 17 Profile: Activate 9 When you activate the new profile, the ZyXEL utility returns to the Link Info screen while it connects to the AP using your settings. When the wireless link is established, the ZyXEL utility icon in the system tray turns green and the Link Info screen displays details of the active connection. 10 Open your Internet browser, enter http://www.zyxel.com or the URL of any other web site in the address bar and press ENTER. If you are able to access the web site, your new profile is successfully configured. 11 If you cannot access the Internet go back to the Profile screen, select the profile you are using and click Edit. Check the details you entered previously. Also, refer to the Troubleshooting section of this User's Guide or contact your network administrator if necessary. 38 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 3 Introducing the Web Configurator This chapter describes how to access and navigate the web configurator. 3.1 Web Configurator Overview The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy device setup and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later or Netscape Navigator 7.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels. In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2. JavaScripts (enabled by default). Java permissions (enabled by default). See Appendix B on page 197 if you need to make sure these functions are allowed in Internet Explorer. 3.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator 1 Make sure your ZyXEL Device hardware is properly connected (refer to the Quick Start Guide). 2 Launch your web browser. 3 Type "192.168.1.1" as the URL. 4 A password screen displays. Enter the default user name 1234 and default password 1234.The password displays in non-readable characters. If you have changed the password, enter your password and click Login. Click Cancel to revert to the default password in the password field. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 39 Chapter 3 Introducing the Web Configurator Figure 18 Password Screen 3.2 Web Configurator Main Screen Figure 19 Main Screen B A C D As illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:
A - title bar B - navigation panel C - main window D - status bar 3.2.1 Title Bar The title bar allows you to change the language and provides an icon in the upper right corner. 40 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 3 Introducing the Web Configurator The icon provides the following function. Table 2 Web Configurator Icon in the Title Bar ICON DESCRIPTION Help: Click this icon to open up help screens. 3.2.2 Navigation Panel Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure ZyXEL Device features. The following tables describe each menu item. Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary LINK Status TAB Internet Connection More Connections IP Client List IP Alias General WPS WPS Station MAC Filter Network WAN LAN Wireless LAN NAT Security FUNCTION This screen shows the ZyXEL Devices general device and network status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and client list. Use this screen to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address assignment, DNS servers and other advanced properties. Use this screen to configure additional WAN connections. Use this screen to configure LAN TCP/IP DHCP settings. Use this screen to view current DHCP client information and to always assign specific IP addresses to individual MAC addresses (and host names). Use this screen to partition your LAN interface into subnets. Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and WLAN authentication/security settings. Use this screen to enable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) and view the WPS status. Use this screen to use WPS to set up your wireless network. Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device to give exclusive access to specific wireless clients or exclude specific wireless clients from accessing the ZyXEL Device. Advanced Setup Use this screen to configure the advanced wireless LAN settings. Port Forwarding Use this screen to make your local servers visible to the outside world. IP Filter Incoming This screen shows a summary of the IP filtering rules, and allows you to add or remove an incoming IP filtering rule that allows incoming traffic from the WAN. Advanced Static Route IP Static Route QoS Dynamic DNS General Queue Setup Class Setup Use this screen to configure IP static routes to tell your device about networks beyond the directly connected remote nodes. Use this screen to enable QoS. Use this screen to configure QoS queues. Use this screen to define a classifier. This screen allows you to use a static hostname alias for a dynamic IP address. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 41 Chapter 3 Introducing the Web Configurator Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary LINK TAB Remote MGMT TR069 UPnP Maintenance System General General Logs Tools Time Setting View Log Log Settings Firmware Configuration Restart Diagnostic 802.1ag 3.2.3 Main Window FUNCTION Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device to be managed by an ACS
(Auto Configuration Server). Use this screen to turn UPnP on or off. Use this screen to configure your devices name, domain name, management inactivity timeout and password. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices time and date. Use this screen to view the logs for the level that you selected. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices log settings. Use this screen to upload firmware to your device. Use this screen to backup and restore your devices configuration (settings) or reset the factory default settings. This screen allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning the power off. Use this screen to configure CFM (Connectivity Fault Management) and perform connectivity tests and view test reports. The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this document. Right after you log in, the Status screen is displayed. See Chapter 4 on page 43 for more information about the Status screen. 3.2.4 Status Bar Check the status bar when you click Apply or OK to verify that the configuration has been updated. 42 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 4 Status Screens Use the Status screens to look at the current status of the device, system resources and interfaces (LAN and WAN). The Status screen also provides detailed information from DHCP and statistics from traffic. 4.1 Status Screen Click Status to open this screen. Figure 20 Status Screen Each field is described in the following table. Table 4 Status Screen LABEL Refresh Interval Apply Device Information DESCRIPTION Enter how often you want the ZyXEL Device to update this screen. Click this to update this screen immediately. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 43 Chapter 4 Status Screens Table 4 Status Screen LABEL Host Name Model Number MAC Address ZyNOS Firmware Version DSL Firmware Version WAN Information Mode IP Address IP Subnet Mask LAN Information IP Address IP Subnet Mask DHCP WLAN Information ESSID Channel WPS System Status System Uptime Current Date/
Time System Mode CPU Usage DESCRIPTION This field displays the ZyXEL Device system name. It is used for identification. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This is the model name of your device. This is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to your ZyXEL Device. This field displays the current version of the firmware inside the device. It also shows the date the firmware version was created. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This field displays the current version of the devices DSL modem code. This is the method of encapsulation used by your ISP. This field displays the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This field displays the current subnet mask in the WAN. This field displays the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This field displays the current subnet mask in the LAN. This field displays what DHCP services the ZyXEL Device is providing to the LAN. Choices are:
Server - The ZyXEL Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to other computers in the LAN. None - The ZyXEL Device is not providing any DHCP services to the LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This is the descriptive name used to identify the ZyXEL Device in the wireless LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This is the channel number used by the ZyXEL Device now. This field displays the status of WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup). Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This field displays how long the ZyXEL Device has been running since it last started up. The ZyXEL Device starts up when you plug it in, when you restart it
(Maintenance > Tools > Restart), or when you reset it (see Section 1.6 on page 28). This field displays the current date and time in the ZyXEL Device. You can change this in Maintenance > System > Time Setting. This displays whether the ZyXEL Device is functioning as a router or a bridge. This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Devices processing ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using QoS; see Chapter 11 on page 117). 44 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 4 Status Screens DESCRIPTION This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Devices memory is currently used. Usually, this percentage should not increase much. If memory usage does get close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is probably becoming unstable, and you should restart the device. See Section 17.4 on page 154, or turn off the device
(unplug the power) for a few seconds. This column displays each interface the ZyXEL Device has. This field indicates whether or not the ZyXEL Device is using the interface. For the DSL interface, this field displays NoSignal (line is down) or Up (line is up or connected). For the LAN interface, this field displays Up when the ZyXEL Device is using the interface and Disabled when the ZyXEL Device is not using the interface. For the WLAN interface, it displays Up when WLAN is enabled or Disabled when WLAN is not active. For the LAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting. For the DSL interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate. For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate. Table 4 Status Screen LABEL Memory Usage Interface Status Interface Status Rate More Status WAN Service Statistics Route Info Click this link to view packet specific statistics of the WAN connection(s). See Section 4.1.1 on page 46. Click this link to view the internal routing table on the ZyXEL Device. See Section 4.1.2 on page 47. Click this link to display the MAC address(es) of the wireless stations that are currently associating with the ZyXEL Device. See Section 4.1.3 on page 47. WLAN Station List LAN Statistics Click this link to view packet specific statistics on the LAN and WLAN interfaces. See Section 4.1.4 on page 48. Click this link to view current DHCP client information. See Section 4.1.5 on page 50. Client List P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 45 Chapter 4 Status Screens 4.1.1 WAN Service Statistics Click Status > WLAN Service Statistics to access this screen. Use this screen to view the WAN statistics. Figure 21 Status > WAN Service Statistics The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 5 Status > WAN Service Statistics LABEL Interface DESCRIPTION This shows the name of the WAN interface used by this connection. The default name ptm0 indicates the DSL port. The last number represents the index number of connections over the same PVC or the VLAN ID number assigned to traffic sent through this connection. This shows the descriptive name of this connection. Description Received Bytes Pkts Errs Drops Transmitted Bytes Pkts Errs Drops Refresh Interval Set Interval Stop This indicates the number of bytes received on this interface. This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface. This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface. This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface. This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface. This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface. Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics in this field. Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Refresh Interval field. Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics. 46 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 4 Status Screens 4.1.2 Route Info Routing is based on the destination address only and the ZyXEL Device takes the shortest path to forward a packet. Click Status > Route Info to access this screen. Use this screen to view the internal routing table on the ZyXEL Device. Figure 22 Status > Route Info The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 6 Status > Route Info DESCRIPTION LABEL This indicates the destination IP address of this route. Destination This indicates the IP address of the gateway that helps forward this routes traffic. Gateway Subnet Mask This indicates the destination subnet mask of this route. This indicates the route status. Flag Up: The route is up. Reject: The route is blocked and will force a route lookup to fail. Gateway: The route uses a gateway to forward traffic. Host: The target of the route is a host. Reinstate: The route is reinstated for dynamic routing. Dynamic (redirect): The route is dynamically installed by a routing daemon or redirect Modified (redirect): The route is modified from a routing daemon or rederict. The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the best route for transmission by choosing a path with the lowest "cost". The smaller the number, the lower the "cost". This indicates the name of the service used to forward the route. This indicates the name of the interface through which the route is forwarded. Service Interface Metric 4.1.3 WLAN Station List Click Status > WLAN Station List to access this screen. Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to the ZyXEL Device. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 47 Chapter 4 Status Screens Figure 23 Status > WLAN Station List The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 7 Status > WLAN Station List LABEL MAC Address DESCRIPTION This field shows the MAC (Media Access Control) address of an associated wireless station. This field shows whether the wireless station is currently associated to the ZyXEL Device (Yes) or not (No). This field shows whether the wireless station is allowed to access network resources behind the ZyXEL Device (Yes) or not (No). This field shows the SSID to which the wireless station is connected. This field shows the wireless interface to which the wireless station is connected. Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics in this field. Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Refresh Interval field. Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics. Associated Authorized SSID Interface Refresh Interval Set Interval Stop 4.1.4 LAN Statistics Click Status > LAN Statistics to access this screen. Use this screen to view the LAN statistics. 48 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 24 Status > LAN Statistics Chapter 4 Status Screens The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 8 Status > LAN Statistics DESCRIPTION LABEL This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. eth0~3 represent the physical Ethernet Interface ports 1~ 4. Received Bytes Pkts Errs Drops Transmitted Bytes Pkts Errs Drops Refresh Interval Set Interval Stop This indicates the number of bytes received on this interface. This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface. This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface. This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface. This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface. This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface. This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface. Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics in this field. Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Refresh Interval field. Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 49 Chapter 4 Status Screens 4.1.5 Client List DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the ZyXEL Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If DHCP service is disabled, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured. Click Status > Client List to open the following screen. The read-only DHCP table shows current DHCP client information (including IP Address, Host Name and MAC Address) of all network clients using the ZyXEL Devices DHCP server. Figure 25 Status > Client List The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 9 Status > Client List LABEL Host Name MAC Address DESCRIPTION This indicates the computer host name. Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. This indicates the MAC address of the client computer. This indicates the IP address assigned to this client computer. IP Address 50 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide PART II Network WAN Setup (53) LAN Setup (67) Wireless LAN (75) Network Address Translation (NAT) (99) 51 52 CHAPTER 5 WAN Setup 5.1 Overview This chapter discusses the ZyXEL Devices WAN screens. Use these screens to configure your ZyXEL Device for Internet access. A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations. Figure 26 LAN and WAN LAN WAN Internet See Section 5.6 on page 62 for advanced technical information on WAN. See Chapter 2 on page 31 for WAN tutorials. 5.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Internet Connection screen lets you configure the WAN settings on the ZyXEL Device for Internet access (Section 5.4 on page 54). The More Connections screen lets you set up additional Internet access connections
(Section 5.5 on page 58). P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 53 Chapter 5 WAN Setup 5.2 What You Need to Know Encapsulation Method Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) or PPPoA, they should also provide a username and password (and service name) for user authentication. WAN IP Address The WAN IP address is an IP address for the ZyXEL Device, which makes it accessible from an outside network. It is used by the ZyXEL Device to communicate with other devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the ZyXEL Device tries to access the Internet. If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP encapsulation method). PTM Packet Transfer Mode (PTM) is packet-oriented and supported by the VDSL2 standard. In PTM, packets are encapsulated directly in the High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) frames. It is designed to provide a low-overhead, transparent way of transporting packets over DSL links, as an alternative to ATM. 5.3 Before You Begin You need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP address. Get this information from your ISP. 5.4 The Internet Connection Screen Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices WAN settings. Click Network > WAN >
Internet Connection. The screen differs by the mode you select. 54 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 27 WAN > Internet Connection (PPPoE) Chapter 5 WAN Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 10 WAN > Internet Connection LABEL General Name DESCRIPTION Mode User Name Password Specify a name for this connection. You can use up to 32 letters, numerals and any printable character found on a typical English language keyboard. The ZyXEL Device is in routing mode by default. This allows multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select the method of encapsulation (ENET ENCAP or PPPoE) used by your ISP from the drop-down list box. Otherwise, select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP address from ISPs DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you cannot use IP filter, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL Device.
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user name above. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 55 Chapter 5 WAN Setup Table 10 WAN > Internet Connection (continued) LABEL Service Name IP Address IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway IP address Connection
(PPPoE only) Nailed-Up Connection Connect on Demand Max Idle Time NAT Active NAT Symmetric Fullcone DNS Servers First DNS Server Second DNS Server Apply Reset Advanced Setup DESCRIPTION
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here. A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet. Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address;
otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below. Enter the IP address assigned by your ISP if you select Static IP Address. Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation when you select ENET ENCAP in the Mode field. You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you select ENET ENCAP in the Mode field. Select Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection up all the time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected. Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Time field. Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Time field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout. Select this check box to enable NAT on this connection. Select this option to enable symmetric NAT on this connection. This field is available only when you select Active NAT. Select this option to enable full cone NAT on this connection. This field is available only when you select Active NAT. Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the ZyXEL Device's WAN IP address). Select Static IP if you have the IP address of a DNS server. If you select Static IP, enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. Click this to save the changes. Click this to begin configuring this screen afresh. Click this button to display the Advanced WAN Setup screen and edit more details of your WAN setup. 5.4.1 Advanced Internet Connection Setup Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the Internet Connection screen. The screen appears as shown. 56 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 28 WAN > Internet Connection: Advanced Setup Chapter 5 WAN Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 11 WAN > Internet Connection: Advanced Setup LABEL RIP & Multicast Setup DESCRIPTION This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge mode. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. This field is available only when you select ENET ENCAP. This shows the RIP version used for this WAN connection. This field is available only when you select ENET ENCAP. This shows whether RIP is enabled (Active) or not (Disable) on this WAN connection. Multicast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are an alternative to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and broadcast packets (packets sent to every computer). IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 and version 2. Select Enable to turn on IGMP. Otherwise, select Disable. This field is available when you select PPPoE encapsulation. In addition to the ZyXEL Device's built-in PPPoE client, you can enable PPPoE pass through to allow up to ten hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP via the ZyXEL Device. Each host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP address. PPPoE pass through is an alternative to NAT for application where NAT is not appropriate. Disable PPPoE pass through if you do not need to allow hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP. This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge mode. Select this option to enable IP filtering on this connection. RIP Version RIP Operation IGMP Multicast PPPoE Passthrough
(PPPoE encapsulation only) IP Filter IP Filter Active VLAN P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 57 Chapter 5 WAN Setup Table 11 WAN > Internet Connection: Advanced Setup (continued) LABEL VLAN Active DESCRIPTION Select this option to enable VLAN multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single virtual circuit. You need to assign a VLAN ID and priority level to traffic through each WAN connection. All WAN connections share one MAC address. This allows the backbone switch to classify and service traffic based on the VLAN tag, instead of the MAC address. Otherwise, disable VLAN multiplexing and each WAN connection has its own MAC address. Note: This field is only configurable for the first WAN connection. When you change the setting here, all existing WAN connections will be removed except for the first WAN connection. VLAN ID Priority Back Apply Reset Enter a VLAN ID number for traffic that goes through this connection. Enter a priority level for traffic that goes through this connection. Click this to return to the previous screen. Click this to save the changes. Click this to restore your last-saved settings. 5.5 The More Connections Screen The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure more than one Internet access connection. To configure additional Internet access connections click Network > WAN > More Connections. The screen differs by the encapsulation you select. When you use the WAN >
Internet Connection screen to set up Internet access, you are configuring the first WAN connection. Figure 29 WAN > More Connections The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 12 WAN > More Connections LABEL
Name VLAN ID/Priority DESCRIPTION This is an index number indicating the number of the corresponding connection. This is the name you gave to the Internet connection. This field shows the VLAN ID number and priority configured for this WAN connection when VLAN multiplexing is enabled. Otherwise, it shows disable. This field indicates the encapsulation method of the Internet connection. Encapsulation 58 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 5 WAN Setup Table 12 WAN > More Connections (continued) LABEL Modify DESCRIPTION The first (ISP) connection is read-only in this screen. Use the WAN > Internet Connection screen to edit it. Click the edit icon to edit the Internet connection settings. Click this icon on an empty configuration to add a new Internet access setup. Click the remove icon to delete the Internet access setup from your connection list. Click this to add a new connection. Add 5.5.1 More Connections Edit Click the edit icon or Add button in the More Connections screen to configure a connection. Figure 30 WAN > More Connections: Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 13 WAN > More Connections: Edit LABEL General Active DESCRIPTION Select the check box to activate or clear the check box to deactivate this connection. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 59 Chapter 5 WAN Setup Table 13 WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued) LABEL Name DESCRIPTION Specify a name for this connection. You can use up to 32 letters, numerals and any printable character found on a typical English language keyboard. The ZyXEL Device is in routing mode by default. This allows multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select the method of encapsulation (ENET ENCAP or PPPoE) used by your ISP from the drop-down list box. Otherwise, select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP address from ISPs DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you cannot use IP filter, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL Device.
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user name above.
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here. A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet. Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address;
otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below. Enter the IP address assigned by your ISP if you select Static IP Address. Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation when you select ENET ENCAP in the Mode field. You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you select ENET ENCAP in the Mode field. Select Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection up all the time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected. Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Time field. Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Time field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout. Select this check box to enable NAT on this connection. Select this option to enable symmetric NAT on this connection. This field is available only when you select Active NAT. Select this option to enable full cone NAT on this connection. This field is available only when you select Active NAT. Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the ZyXEL Device's WAN IP address). Select Static IP if you have the IP address of a DNS server. If you select Static IP, enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. Click this to return to the More Connections screen with saving your changes. Mode User Name Password Service Name IP Address IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway IP address Connection
(PPPoE only) Nailed-Up Connection Connect on Demand Max Idle Time NAT Active NAT Symmetric Fullcone DNS Servers First DNS Server Second DNS Server Back 60 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 5 WAN Setup Table 13 WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued) LABEL Apply Reset Advanced Setup DESCRIPTION Click this to save the changes. Click this to begin configuring this screen afresh. Click this button to display the More Connections Advanced Setup screen and edit more details of your WAN setup. 5.5.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup To edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings, click the Advanced Setup button in the More Connections Edit screen. The screen appears as shown. Figure 31 WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 14 WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup LABEL RIP & Multicast Setup DESCRIPTION This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge mode. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. The version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP-1 is universally supported; but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology This field is available only when you select ENET ENCAP. Select the RIP version from RIPv1, RIPv2 and RIPv1v2. This field is available only when you select ENET ENCAP. Select Active to enable RIP. Otherwise, select Disable. RIP Version RIP Operation P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 61 Chapter 5 WAN Setup Table 14 WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup (continued) LABEL IGMP Multicast PPPoE Passthrough
(PPPoE encapsulation only) IP Filter IP Filter Active VLAN VLAN Active DESCRIPTION Multicast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are an alternative to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and broadcast packets (packets sent to every computer). IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 and version 2. Select Enable to turn on IGMP. Otherwise, select Disable. This field is available when you select PPPoE encapsulation. In addition to the ZyXEL Device's built-in PPPoE client, you can enable PPPoE pass through to allow up to ten hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP via the ZyXEL Device. Each host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP address. PPPoE pass through is an alternative to NAT for application where NAT is not appropriate. Disable PPPoE pass through if you do not need to allow hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP. This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge mode. Select this option to enable IP filtering on this connection. Select this option to enable VLAN multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single virtual circuit. You need to assign a VLAN ID and priority level to traffic through each WAN connection. All WAN connections share one MAC address. This allows the backbone switch to classify and service traffic based on the VLAN tag. Otherwise, disable VLAN multiplexing and each WAN connection has its own MAC address. Note: This field is only configurable for the first WAN connection. When you change the setting here, all existing WAN connections will be removed except for the first WAN connection. VLAN ID Priority Back Apply Reset Enter a VLAN ID number for traffic that goes through this connection. Enter a priority level for traffic that goes through this connection. Click this to return to the previous screen. Click this to save the changes. Click this to restore your last-saved settings. 5.6 Technical Reference The following section contains additional technical information about the ZyXEL Device features described in this chapter. Encapsulation Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The ZyXEL Device can work in bridge mode or routing mode. When the ZyXEL Device is in routing mode, it supports the following methods. 62 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 5 WAN Setup ENET ENCAP The MAC Encapsulated Routing Link Protocol (ENET ENCAP) is only implemented with the IP network protocol. IP packets are routed between the Ethernet interface and the WAN interface and then formatted so that they can be understood in a bridged environment. For instance, it encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged ATM cells. PPP over Ethernet Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) provides access control and billing functionality in a manner similar to dial-up services using PPP. PPPoE is an IETF standard
(RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem
(DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing access control systems (for example RADIUS). One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and offer new IP services for individuals. Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site. By implementing PPPoE directly on the ZyXEL Device (rather than individual computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the ZyXEL Device does that part of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs computers will have access. IP Address Assignment A static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time. The Single User Account feature can be enabled or disabled if you have either a dynamic or static IP. However the encapsulation method assigned influences your choices for IP address and default gateway. Full Cone NAT In full cone NAT, the NAT router maps all outgoing packets from an internal IP address and port to a single IP address and port on the external network. The NAT router also maps packets coming to that external IP address and port to the internal IP address and port. In the following example, the ZyXEL Device maps the source address of all packets sent from the internal IP address 1 and port A to IP address 2 and port B on the external network. The ZyXEL Device also performs NAT on all incoming packets sent to IP address 2 and port B and forwards them to IP address 1, port A. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 63 Chapter 5 WAN Setup Figure 32 Full Cone NAT Example 1, A 2, B Symmetric NAT The full, restricted and port restricted cone NAT types use the same mapping for an outgoing packets source address regardless of the destination IP address and port. In symmetric NAT, the mapping of an outgoing packets source address to a source address in another network is different for each different destination IP address and port. In the following example, the ZyXEL Device maps the source address IP address 1 and port A to IP address 2 and port B on the external network for packets sent to IP address 3 and port C. The ZyXEL Device uses a different mapping (IP address 2 and port M) for packets sent to IP address 4 and port D. A host on the external network (IP address 3 and port C for example) can only send packets to the internal host via the external IP address and port that the NAT router used in sending a packet to the external hosts IP address and port. So in the example, only 3, C is allowed to send packets to 2, B and only 4, D is allowed to send packets to 2, M. Figure 33 Symmetric NAT 2, B 2, M 1, A 3, C 4, D 4, E 5, B Introduction to VLANs A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from devices that are not in the same group(s); the traffic must first go through a router. 64 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 5 WAN Setup In Multi-Tenant Unit (MTU) applications, VLAN is vital in providing isolation and security among the subscribers. When properly configured, VLAN prevents one subscriber from accessing the network resources of another on the same LAN, thus a user will not see the printers and hard disks of another user in the same building. VLAN also increases network performance by limiting broadcasts to a smaller and more manageable logical broadcast domain. In traditional switched environments, all broadcast packets go to each and every individual port. With VLAN, all broadcasts are confined to a specific broadcast domain. Introduction to IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN A tagged VLAN uses an explicit tag (VLAN ID) in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges - they are not confined to the switch on which they were created. The VLANs can be created statically by hand or dynamically through GVRP. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that switches need to process the frame across the network. A tagged frame is four bytes longer than an untagged frame and contains two bytes of TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier), residing within the type/length field of the Ethernet frame) and two bytes of TCI (Tag Control Information), starts after the source address field of the Ethernet frame). The CFI (Canonical Format Indicator) is a single-bit flag, always set to zero for Ethernet switches. If a frame received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not be forwarded as it is to an untagged port. The remaining twelve bits define the VLAN ID, giving a possible maximum number of 4,096 VLANs. Note that user priority and VLAN ID are independent of each other. A frame with VID (VLAN Identifier) of null (0) is called a priority frame, meaning that only the priority level is significant and the default VID of the ingress port is given as the VID of the frame. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID of 0 is used to identify priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible VLAN configurations are 4,094. TPID 2 Bytes User Priority 3 Bits CFI 1 Bit VLAN ID 12 Bits Multicast IP packets are transmitted in either one of two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1. Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. If you would like to read more detailed information about interoperability between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections 4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address 224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts
(including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group. At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership. After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates this information. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 65 Chapter 5 WAN Setup DNS Server Address Assignment Use Domain Name System (DNS) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa, for instance, the IP address of www.zyxel.com is 204.217.0.2. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The ZyXEL Device can get the DNS server addresses in the following ways. 1 The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, manually enter them in the DNS server fields. 2 If your ISP dynamically assigns the DNS server IP addresses (along with the ZyXEL Devices WAN IP address), set the DNS server fields to get the DNS server address from the ISP. 66 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 6 LAN Setup 6.1 Overview A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many computers are attached. A LAN is usually located in one immediate area such as a building or floor of a building. The LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses. LAN DSL Internet See Section 6.7 on page 72 for more information on LANs. See Appendix D on page 215 for more information on IP addresses and subnetting. 6.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The LAN IP screen lets you set the LAN IP address and subnet mask of your ZyXEL device and configure the ZyXEL Devices DHCP settings (Section 6.4 on page 68). The Client List screen lets you assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses (Section 6.5 on page 70). The IP Alias screen lets you change your ZyXEL Devices IP alias settings (Section 6.6 on page 70). 6.2 What You Need To Know IP Address Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number. This is known as an Internet Protocol address. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 67 Chapter 6 LAN Setup Subnet Mask The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise. DHCP DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) allows clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. This ZyXEL Device has a built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability. RIP RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. Multicast and IGMP Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1. IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. There are two versions 1 and 2. IGMP version 2 is an improvement over version 1 but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. DNS DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask. 6.3 Before You Begin Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the DHCP Client List screen. 6.4 The LAN IP Screen Click Network > LAN to open the IP screen. See Section 6.7 on page 72 for background information. Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address and subnet mask of your ZyXEL Device. Follow these steps to configure your LAN settings. 1 Enter an IP address into the IP Address field. The IP address must be in dotted decimal notation. This will become the IP address of your ZyXEL Device. 68 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 6 LAN Setup 2 Enter the IP subnet mask into the IP Subnet Mask field. Unless instructed otherwise it is best to leave this alone, the configurator will automatically compute a subnet mask based upon the IP address you entered. 3 Click Apply to save your settings. Figure 34 LAN > IP The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 15 LAN > IP LABEL LAN TCP/IP IP Address DESCRIPTION IP Subnet Mask DHCP Setup Active DHCP Server IP Pool Starting Address Pool Size IGMP Snooping Active IGMP Snooping Apply Enter the LAN IP address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default). Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example 255.255.255.0 (factory default). Select this option to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses and provide subnet mask, gateway, and DNS server information to the network. The ZyXEL Device is the DHCP server for the network. Otherwise, deselect this to not have the ZyXEL Device provide any DHCP services. The DHCP server will be disabled. When the ZyXEL Device acts as a DHCP server, the following items need to be set:
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool. This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool. Select this option to enable IGMP snooping. This allows the ZyXEL Device to passively learn multicast group. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 69 Chapter 6 LAN Setup 6.5 The Client List Screen This table allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses. Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. Click Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices static DHCP settings. Figure 35 LAN > Client List The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 16 LAN > Client List LABEL IP Address DESCRIPTION Enter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on your LAN with the MAC address that you will also specify. Enter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN. Click this to add a static DHCP entry. This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row). This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above. The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area Network) is unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation). A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no other adapter has a similar address. Click this to delete a static DHCP entry. You cannot delete a dynamic DHCP entry. Click this to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. MAC Address Add Entries
IP Address MAC Address Remove Apply 6.6 The IP Alias Screen IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks over the same Ethernet interface. The ZyXEL Device supports three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the ZyXEL Device itself as the gateway for each LAN network. When you use IP alias, you can also configure firewall rules to control access between the LAN's logical networks (subnets). 70 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide
Make sure that the subnets of the logical networks do not overlap. Chapter 6 LAN Setup The following figure shows a LAN divided into subnets A and B. Figure 36 Physical Network & Partitioned Logical Networks Ethernet Interface A: 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.24 B: 192.168.2.1 - 192.168.2.24 6.6.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen Click Network > LAN > IP Alias to open the following screen. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices IP alias settings. Figure 37 Network > LAN > IP Alias The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 17 Network > LAN > IP Alias LABEL Active IP Alias IP Address IP Subnet Mask DESCRIPTION Select the check box to configure another LAN network for the ZyXEL Device. Enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation. Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example 255.255.255.0 (factory default). Click this to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Apply P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 71 Chapter 6 LAN Setup 6.7 Technical Reference The following section contains additional technical information about the ZyXEL Device features described in this chapter. LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device The actual physical connection determines whether the ZyXEL Device ports are LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next. Figure 38 LAN and WAN IP Addresses LAN WAN Internet DHCP Setup DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the ZyXEL Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured. IP Pool Setup The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the product specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers. LAN TCP/IP The ZyXEL Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability. IP Address and Subnet Mask Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number. Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask. 72 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 6 LAN Setup If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the ZyXEL Device. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your ZyXEL Device, but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise. Private IP Addresses Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. Multicast Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 73 Chapter 6 LAN Setup IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. If you would like to read more detailed information about interoperability between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections 4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address 224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts
(including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group. The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and IGMP version 2 (IGMP-
v2). At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership. After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/disabled on the ZyXEL Device LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN). Select None to disable IP multicasting on these interfaces. 74 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 7 Wireless LAN 7.1 Overview This chapter describes how to perform tasks related to setting up and optimizing your wireless network, including the following. Turning the wireless connection on or off. Configuring a name, wireless channel and security for the network. Using WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) to configure your wireless network. Using a MAC (Media Access Control) address filter to restrict access to the wireless network. See Chapter 2 on page 31 for a tutorial showing how to set up your wireless connection in an example scenario. See Section 7.9 on page 88 for advanced technical information on wireless networks. 7.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter This chapter describes the ZyXEL Devices Network > Wireless LAN screens. Use these screens to set up your ZyXEL Devices wireless connection. The General screen lets you turn the wireless connection on or off, set up wireless security and make other basic configuration changes (Section 7.4 on page 78). Use the WPS screen and the WPS Station screen to use WiFi Protected Setup (WPS). WPS lets you set up a secure network quickly, when connecting to other WPS-enabled devices. Use the WPS screen (see Section 7.5 on page 84) to enable or disable WPS, generate a security PIN (Personal Identification Number) and see information about the ZyXEL Devices WPS status. Use the WPS Station (see Section 7.6 on page 85) screen to set up WPS by pressing a button or using a PIN. The MAC Filter screen lets you configure the MAC filter to allow or block access to the ZyXEL Device based on the MAC addresses of the wireless stations (Section 7.7 on page 86). The Advanced Setup screen lets you change the wireless mode, and make other advanced wireless configuration changes (Section 7.8 on page 87). You dont necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless connection. For example, you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless radio channel and some security in the General screen. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 75 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN 7.2 What You Need to Know Wireless Basics Wireless is essentially radio communication. In the same way that walkie-talkie radios send and receive information over the airwaves, wireless networking devices exchange information with one another. A wireless networking device is just like a radio that lets your computer exchange information with radios attached to other computers. Like walkie-talkies, most wireless networking devices operate at radio frequency bands that are open to the public and do not require a license to use. However, wireless networking is different from that of most traditional radio communications in that there a number of wireless networking standards available with different methods of data encryption. Wireless Network Construction Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges. A wireless client is a radio connected to a users computer. An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can connect with numerous wireless clients and let them access the network. A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and wireless clients, extending a networks range. Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways. An infrastructure type of network has one or more access points and one or more wireless clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points. An ad-hoc type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless clients connect to one another in order to exchange information. Network Names Each network must have a name, referred to as the SSID - Service Set IDentifier. The service set is the network, so the service set identifier is the networks name. This helps you identify your wireless network when wireless networks coverage areas overlap and you have a variety of networks to choose from. Radio Channels In the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed, civilian use. For the purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into numerous channels. This allows a variety of networks to exist in the same place without interfering with one another. When you create a network, you must select a channel to use. Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the number of available channels also varies. 76 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Wireless Security By their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data networks, this means that anyone within range of a wireless network without security can not only read the data passing over the airwaves, but also join the network. Once an unauthorized person has access to the network s/he can either steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to compromise the network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have been developed to ensure that only authorized people can use a wireless data network, or understand the data carried on it. These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that only people presenting the right credentials (often a username and password, or a key phrase) can access the network. Second, they encrypt. This means that the information sent over the air is encoded. Only people with the code key can understand the information, and only people who have been authenticated are given the code key. These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the old Wired Equivalent Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at all, but it will not keep a determined attacker out. Other security standards are secure in themselves but can be broken if a user does not use them properly. For example, the WPA-PSK security standard is perfectly secure if you use a long key which is difficult for an attackers software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter long string of apparently random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if you use a short key which is very easy to guess - for example, a three-letter word from the dictionary. Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, its not just people who have sensitive information on their network who should use security. Everybody who uses any wireless network should ensure that effective security is in place. A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use obscure information that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a way that appears random and does not include real words. For example, if your mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and her favorite movie is Vanishing Point (which you know was made in 1971) you could use 70dodchal71vanpoi as your security key. Signal Problems Because wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to limitations of distance, interference and absorption. Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with interference occur when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference may come from other radio transmissions, such as military or air traffic control communications, or from machines that are coincidental emitters such as electric motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when physical objects (such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal. 7.3 Before You Begin Before you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See Section 7.2 on page 76 if some of the terms used here do not make sense to you. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 77 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN What wireless standards do the other wireless devices support (IEEE 802.11g, for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?
What security options do the other wireless devices support (WPA-PSK, for example)?
What is the best one to use?
Do the other wireless devices support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)? If so, you can set up a well-secured network very easily. Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to set up your network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this is somewhat more complicated to do. What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to configure advanced options, ensure that you know precisely what you want to do. If you do not want to configure advanced options, leave them alone. 7.4 The General Screen
If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL Devices SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL Devices new settings. Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the General screen. Figure 39 Network > Wireless LAN > General 78 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 7 Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 18 Network > Wireless LAN > General LABEL Active Wireless LAN Network Name
(SSID) DESCRIPTION Click the check box to activate wireless LAN. The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN. Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL Devices SSID or WEP settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL Devices new settings. Hide Network Name (SSID) Channel Selection Security Mode Apply Reset Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool. Set the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region. Select a channel from the drop-down list box. See the following sections for more details about this field. Click this to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click this to reload the previous configuration for this screen. 7.4.1 No Security Select No Security to allow wireless devices to communicate with the access points without any data encryption or authentication.
If you do not enable any wireless security on your ZyXEL Device, your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 79 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Figure 40 Wireless LAN > General: No Security The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 19 Wireless LAN > General: No Security LABEL Security Mode Choose No Security from the drop-down list box. DESCRIPTION 7.4.2 WEP Encryption In order to configure and enable WEP encryption; click Network > Wireless LAN to display the General screen. Select WEP from the Security Mode list. 80 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 41 Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP Encryption Chapter 7 Wireless LAN The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen. Table 20 Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP Encryption LABEL Security Mode Choose Static WEP from the drop-down list box. WEP Encryption DESCRIPTION WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) provides data encryption to prevent unauthorized wireless stations from accessing data transmitted over the wireless network. Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to enable data encryption. If you chose 64-bit WEP in the WEP Encryption field, then enter any 5 characters
(ASCII string) or 10 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") preceded by 0x for each key. If you chose 128-bit WEP in the WEP Encryption field, then enter 13 characters
(ASCII string) or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") preceded by 0x for each key. There are four data encryption keys to secure your data from eavesdropping by unauthorized wireless users. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission. Key 1 to Key 4 7.4.3 WPA(2)-PSK In order to configure and enable WPA(2)-PSK authentication; click Network > Wireless LAN to display the General screen. Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the Security Mode list. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 81 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Figure 42 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2)-PSK The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen. Table 21 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2)-PSK LABEL Security Mode Active Compatible This field is only available for WPA2-PSK. Select this if you want the ZyXEL DESCRIPTION Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box. Pre-Shared Key
(WPA) Group Key Update Timer WPA Encryption Device to support WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK simultaneously. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces and symbols). The (WPA) Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using WPA(2)-PSK key management) or RADIUS server (if using WPAWPA(2) key management) sends a new group key out to all clients. The re-keying process is the WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in a WLAN on a periodic basis. Setting of the (WPA) Group Key Update Timer is also supported in WPA(2)-PSK mode. The ZyXEL Device default is 1800 seconds (30 minutes). Select the encryption type (TKIP or AES) for data encryption. 7.4.4 WPA(2) Authentication Use this screen to configure and enable WPA or WPA2 authentication; click the Wireless LAN link under Network to display the General screen. Select WPA or WPA2 from the Security Mode list. 82 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 43 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2) Chapter 7 Wireless LAN The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen. Table 22 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2) LABEL Security Mode Active Compatible DESCRIPTION Choose WPA or WPA2 from the drop-down list box. This field is only available for WPA2. Select this if you want the ZyXEL Device to support WPA and WPA2 simultaneously. Select the encryption type (TKIP or AES) for data encryption. This field is available only when you select WPA2. Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it. Select Enabled to turn on preauthentication in WAP2. Otherwise, select Disabled. This field is available only when you select WPA2. Specify how often wireless stations have to resend usernames and passwords in order to stay connected. Enter a time interval between 10 and 9999 seconds. The default time interval is 1800 seconds (30 minutes). Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the reauthentication timer on the RADIUS server has priority. The ZyXEL Device automatically disconnects a wireless station from the wired network after a period of inactivity. The wireless station needs to enter the username and password again before access to the wired network is allowed. The default time interval is 3600 seconds (or 1 hour). WPA Encryption WPA2 Preauthentication ReAuthentication Timer Idle Timeout P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 83 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Table 22 Wireless LAN > General: WPA(2) LABEL Group Key Update Timer DESCRIPTION This field is available only when you select WPA. The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using WPA(2)-PSK key management) or RADIUS server (if using WPA(2) key management) sends a new group key out to all clients. The re-keying process is the WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in a WLAN on a periodic basis. Setting of the Group Key Update Timer is also supported in WPA(2)-PSK mode. The ZyXEL Device default is 1800 seconds (30 minutes). Authentication Server IP Address Port Number Shared Secret Enter the IP address of the external authentication server in dotted decimal notation. Enter the port number of the external authentication server. The default port number is 1812. You need not change this value unless your network administrator instructs you to do so with additional information. Enter a password (up to 31 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external authentication server and the ZyXEL Device. The key must be the same on the external authentication server and your ZyXEL Device. The key is not sent over the network. 7.5 The WPS Screen Use this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your ZyXEL Device. WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection between two devices. Both devices must support WPS. Click Network > Wireless LAN >WPS. The following screen displays. Figure 44 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS 84 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 7 Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 23 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS LABEL WPS Setup Enable WPS PIN Number DESCRIPTION Select the check box to activate WPS on the ZyXEL Device. This shows the PIN (Personal Identification Number) of the ZyXEL Device. Enter this PIN in the configuration utility of the device you want to connect to using WPS. The PIN is not necessary when you use WPS push-button method. Click this button to have the ZyXEL Device create a new PIN. This displays Configured when the ZyXEL Device has connected to a wireless network using WPS or Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the screen. This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there is no wireless or wireless security changes on the ZyXEL Device or you click Release_Configuration to remove the configured wireless and wireless security settings. This button is available when the WPS status is Configured. Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS connections on the ZyXEL Device. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Refresh to reload the previous configuration for this screen. Generate WPS Status Release_Con figuration Apply Refresh 7.6 The WPS Station Screen Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network using either Push Button Configuration
(PBC) or PIN Configuration. Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station. The following screen displays. Figure 45 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 85 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 24 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station LABEL Push Button DESCRIPTION Click this button to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless range of the ZyXEL Device) to your wireless network. This button may either be a physical button on the outside of device, or a menu button similar to the Push Button on this screen. Or input station's PIN number Note: You must press the other wireless devices WPS button within two minutes of pressing this button. Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection with and click Start to authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network. You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking the devices settings. Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes to have it present its PIN to the ZyXEL Device. 7.7 The MAC Filter Screen This screen allows you to configure the ZyXEL Device to give exclusive access to specific devices (Allow) or exclude specific devices from accessing the ZyXEL Device (Deny). Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC addresses of the devices to configure this screen. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices MAC filter settings.Click Network >
Wireless LAN > MAC Filter. The following screen displays. Figure 46 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter 86 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 7 Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 25 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter LABEL Active MAC Filter DESCRIPTION Select the check box to enable MAC address filtering. MAC Restrict Mode MAC Address Add Entries Set MAC Address Remove Apply Remove Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the table below. Select Allow to permit access to the ZyXEL Device, MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the ZyXEL Device. Select Deny to block access to the ZyXEL Device, MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to access the ZyXEL Device Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the ZyXEL Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc. Click this to save and insert the entry to the table below. This is the index number of the MAC address. This is the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the ZyXEL Device. Select the entry(ies) that you want to delete in the Remove column, then click the Remove button. Click this to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click this to delete the selected entry(ies). 7.8 The Advanced Setup Screen To configure advanced wireless settings, click Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup. The screen appears as shown. Figure 47 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 87 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN DESCRIPTION Enter a value between 0 and 2432. The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 26 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup LABEL RTS/CTS Threshold Fragmentation Threshold Number of Wireless Stations Allowed Output Power This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value between 256 and 2432. Specify the maximum number of the wireless stations that may connect to the ZyXEL Device. Set the output power of the ZyXEL Device. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% or 100%. Select 54g Auto to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The ZyXEL Device adjusts the transmission rate automatically according to the wireless standard supported by the wireless devices. Select 54g Performance to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. Select 802.11b Only to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. In this mode, all wireless devices can only transmit at the data rates supported by IEEE 802.11b. Enabling this feature can help prevent collisions in mixed-mode networks (networks with both IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g traffic). Select Auto to have the wireless devices transmit data after a RTS/CTS handshake. This helps improve IEEE 802.11g performance. Select Off to disable 54g protection. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced in a mixed-mode network. Select a preamble type from the drop-down list menu. Choices are Long or Short. The default setting is Long. See the appendix for more information. Click this to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click this to reload the previous configuration for this screen. 54gTM Mode 54gTM Protection Preamble Apply Reset 7.9 Technical Reference This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see the appendix. 7.9.1 Wireless Network Overview The following figure provides an example of a wireless network. 88 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 48 Example of a Wireless Network Chapter 7 Wireless LAN AP A B The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B use the access point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your ZyXEL Device is the AP. Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines. Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID. The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentity. If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel. Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or frequency, to send and receive information. Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP. Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 89 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN 7.9.2 Additional Wireless Terms The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in the ZyXEL Devices Web Configurator. Table 27 Additional Wireless Terms DESCRIPTION TERM In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are RTS/CTS Threshold sometimes not aware of each others presence. This may cause them to send information to the AP at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through. By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must sometimes get permission to send information to the ZyXEL Device. The lower the value, the more often the devices must get permission. If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the ZyXEL Device. A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble modes: long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the ZyXEL Device does, it cannot communicate with the ZyXEL Device. The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network. A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy. Fragmentation Threshold Authentication Preamble 7.9.3 Wireless Security Overview The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless network. 7.9.3.1 SSID Normally, the ZyXEL Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the ZyXEL Device does not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess. This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network. 7.9.3.2 MAC Address Filter Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number, called a MAC address.1 A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters2; for example, 00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each device in the wireless network, see the devices Users Guide or other documentation. You can use the MAC address filter to tell the ZyXEL Device which devices are allowed or not allowed to use the wireless network. If a device is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to have the correct information (SSID, channel, and security). If a device is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does not matter if it has the correct information. 1. Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks. These kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses. 2. Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. 90 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 7 Wireless LAN This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the MAC address of an authorized device. Then, they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network. 7.9.3.3 User Authentication Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before they can use it. However, every device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this. For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users. Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless network. 7.9.3.4 Encryption Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot understand the message. The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication. (See Section 7.9.3.3 on page 91 for information about this.) Table 28 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication Weakest NO AUTHENTICATION No Security Static WEP WPA-PSK Strongest WPA2-PSK RADIUS SERVER WPA WPA2 For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA or WPA2. If users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static WEP, WPA-
PSK, or WPA2-PSK. Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the wireless network supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network with the ZyXEL Device and you do not have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two devices. Device A only supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA. Therefore, you should set up Static WEP in the wireless network.
It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 91 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your ZyXEL Device, you can also select an option
(WPA compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the devices support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA compatible option in the ZyXEL Device. Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the wireless network must have the same key. 7.9.4 WiFi Protected Setup Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance. WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each devices documentation to make sure). Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a secure network by themselves. 7.9.4.1 Push Button Configuration WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each WPS-enabled device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need to enter any information. Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS PBC button in their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical button. Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button. 1 Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one another. 2 Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its configuration utility and locate the button (see the devices Users Guide for how to do this - for the ZyXEL Device, see Section 7.6 on page 85). 3 Press the button on one of the devices (it doesnt matter which). For the ZyXEL Device you must press the WPS button for more than three seconds. 4 Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the network name (SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the enrollee. If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless clients in the APs configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful. 7.9.4.2 PIN Configuration Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This may either be static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can generate a new PIN by clicking on a button in the configuration interface). 92 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you want to ensure that the connection is established between the devices you specify, not just the first two devices to activate WPS in range of each other. However, you need to log into the configuration interfaces of both devices to use the PIN method. When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually the wireless client) into the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless router). Then, when WPS is activated on the first device, it presents its PIN to the second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends the network and security information to the other, allowing it to join the network. Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or wireless router (referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN method. 1 Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices. 2 Access the WPS section of the APs configuration interface. See the devices Users Guide for how to do this. 3 Look for the clients WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the WPS section of the clients configuration interface (see the devices Users Guide for how to find the WPS PIN - for the ZyXEL Device, see Section 7.5 on page 84). 4 Enter the clients PIN in the APs configuration interface.
If the client devices configuration interface has an area for entering another devices PIN, you can either enter the clients PIN in the AP, or enter the APs PIN in the client - it does not matter which. 5 Start WPS on both devices within two minutes.
Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device itself. 6 On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If you can connect, WPS was successful. If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the APs configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful. The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 93 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Figure 49 Example WPS Process: PIN Method ENROLLEE REGISTRAR WPS This devices WPS PIN: 123456 WPS Enter WPS PIN from other device:
WPS WPS START START WITHIN 2 MINUTES SECURE EAP TUNNEL SSID WPA(2)-PSK COMMUNICATION 7.9.4.3 How WPS Works When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role. One device acts as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security settings) and the other device acts as the enrollee (the device that receives network and security settings. The registrar creates a secure EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name
(SSID) and the WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK is used depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is already part of a network, it sends the existing information. If not, it generates the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly. The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to a WPS-enabled access point. 94 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Figure 50 How WPS works ACTIVATE WPS WITHIN 2 MINUTES ACTIVATE WPS ENROLLEE WPS HANDSHAKE SECURE TUNNEL SECURITY INFO COMMUNICATION REGISTRAR The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is active (two minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the registrar if necessary. The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in each WPS transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the process with one of the existing networked devices and the new device. Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client is not always the enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can some WPS-enabled wireless clients. By default, a WPS devices is unconfigured. This means that it is not part of an existing network and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both functions). If the registrar is unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a WPS-enabled device has connected to another device using WPS, it becomes configured. A configured wireless client can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all subsequent WPS connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to act as an enrollee, you must reset it to its factory defaults. 7.9.4.4 Example WPS Network Setup This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup. The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1 are unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In this example, AP1 is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar randomly generates the security information to set up the network, since it is unconfigured and has no existing information. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 95 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Figure 51 WPS: Example Network Step 1 ENROLLEE CLIENT 1 SECURITY INFO REGISTRAR AP1 In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1 supports registrar mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new client since you must connect to the access point anyway in order to use the network. In this case, AP1 must be the registrar, since it is configured (it already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies the existing security information to Client 2. Figure 52 WPS: Example Network Step 2 REGISTRAR AP1 EXISTING CONNECTION O F Y I N R I T U C E S CLIENT 1 ENROLLEE CLIENT 2 In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of range of AP1, so you cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access point. However, you know that Client 2 supports the registrar function, so you use it to perform the WPS handshake instead. 96 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 53 WPS: Example Network Step 3 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN CLIENT 1 REGISTRAR CLIENT 2 EXISTING CONNECTION N T I O C E N N O G C T I N X I S E SECURITY INFO AP1 ENROLLEE AP2 7.9.4.5 Limitations of WPS WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware. WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client communicate). It does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP). When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll multiple devices simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other. For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the first enrollee
(by pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee, for example), then check that it successfully enrolled, then set up the second device in the same way. WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add non-WPS devices to a network you already set up using WPS. WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether the network uses WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check the configuration interface of the registrar device to discover the key the network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you can enter the key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS device must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK). When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you press the button on one device to the moment you press the button on the other device) when any WPS-enabled device could join the network. This is because the registrar has no way of identifying the correct enrollee, and cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a possible way for a hacker to gain access to a network. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 97 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two devices simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be unable to enroll, and will not have access to the network. If this happens, open the access points configuration interface and look at the list of associated clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the access point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS handshake; a rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain access to the network. Check the MAC addresses of your wireless clients (usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If there is an unknown MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP. 98 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 8 Network Address Translation
(NAT) 8.1 Overview This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the ZyXEL Device. Network Address Translation (NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network. 8.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Port Forwarding screen lets you configure forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network (Section 8.3 on page 99). 8.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. NAT In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Port Forwarding A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP, that you can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the outside world. 8.3 The Port Forwarding Screen This summary screen provides a summary of all port forwarding rules and their configuration. In addition, this screen allows you to create new port forwarding rules and delete existing rules. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 99 Chapter 8 Network Address Translation (NAT) You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or a range of ports.
Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP. To access this screen, click Network > NAT. The following screen appears. Figure 54 NAT Port Forwarding The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 29 NAT Port Forwarding LABEL DESCRIPTION Select a pre-defined service from the drop-down list box. The pre-defined service Service Name port number(s) and protocol will display in the External port, Internal port and Protocol fields. Otherwise, select User Define to open the Rule Setup screen where you can manually enter the port number(s) and select the IP protocol. Select the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. Enter the IP address of the server for the specified service. Enter the original destination port for the packets. To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the External Port End field. To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in the External Port End field. Enter the last port of the original destination port range. To forward only one port, enter the port number in the External Port Start field above and then enter it again in this field. To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port number in the External Port Start field above. WAN Interface Server IP Address External Port Start External Port End 100 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 8 Network Address Translation (NAT) Table 29 NAT Port Forwarding (continued) LABEL Protocol Internal Port Start DESCRIPTION This is the IP protocol. Enter the port number to which you want the ZyXEL Device to translate the incoming port. To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the Internal Port End field. For a range of ports, enter the first number of the range to which you want the incoming ports translated. Server Name Internal Port End Enter the last port of the translated port range. Add No. Active Click this button to add a rule to the table below. This is the rule index number (read-only). This field indicates whether the rule is active or not. Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it. This field displays the name of the service used by the packets for this virtual server. This field shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded. This is the first external port number that identifies a service. This is the last external port number that identifies a service. WAN Interface External Port Start External Port End Internal Port Start Internal Port End This is the last internal port number that identifies a service. Server IP This field displays the destination IP address for the packet. Address Modify This is the first internal port number that identifies a service. Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the port forwarding rule. Click the remove icon to delete an existing port forwarding rule. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to return to the previous configuration. Apply Cancel 8.3.1 The Port Forwarding Edit Screen This screen lets you create or edit a port forwarding rule. Select User Define in the Service Name field or click the rules edit icon in the Port Forwarding screen to open the following screen. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 101 Chapter 8 Network Address Translation (NAT) Figure 55 Port Forwarding Edit WAN Interface External Start Port The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 30 Port Forwarding Edit DESCRIPTION LABEL Active Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it. Enter a name to identify this rule. This field is read-only if you click the edit icon in Service Name the Port Forwarding screen. Select a WAN interface for which you want to configure port forwarding rules. Enter the original destination port for the packets. To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the External End Port field. To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in the External End Port field. Enter the last port of the original destination port range. To forward only one port, enter the port number in the External Start Port field above and then enter it again in this field. To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port number in the External Start Port field above. Enter the port number here to which you want the ZyXEL Device to translate the incoming port. For a range of ports, enter the first number of the range to which you want the incoming ports translated. External End Port Internal Start Port Internal End Port Enter the last port of the translated port range. Server IP Address Protocol Enter the inside IP address of the virtual server here. Select the protocol supported by this virtual server. Choices are TCP, UDP, or TCP/
UDP. Click Back to return to the previous screen. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. Back Apply Cancel 102 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 8.4 Technical Reference Chapter 8 Network Address Translation (NAT) The following section contains additional technical information about the ZyXEL Device features described in this chapter. Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers The most often used port numbers are shown in the following table. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers. Please also refer to the Supporting CD for more examples and details on port forwarding and NAT. Table 31 Services and Port Numbers SERVICES ECHO FTP (File Transfer Protocol) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) DNS (Domain Name System) Finger HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer protocol or WWW, Web) POP3 (Post Office Protocol) NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol) SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) SNMP trap PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) PORT NUMBER 7 21 25 53 79 80 110 119 161 162 1723 Port Forwarding Example Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet. Figure 56 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 103 Chapter 8 Network Address Translation (NAT) 104 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide PART III Security IP Filter (107) 105 106 CHAPTER 9 IP Filter 9.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to enable and configure the ZyXEL Device IP filtering settings. The ZyXEL Device firewall is a packet filtering firewall and restricts access based on the source/destination computer network address of a packet and the type of application. 9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The IP Filtering Incoming screen lets you view and configure incoming IP filtering rules
(Section 9.3 on page 108). 9.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. Basics Computers share information over the Internet using a common language called TCP/IP. TCP/
IP, in turn, is a set of application protocols that perform specific functions. An extension number, called the "TCP port" or "UDP port" identifies these protocols, such as HTTP (Web), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), POP3 (E-mail), etc. For example, Web traffic by default uses TCP port 80. When computers communicate on the Internet, they are using the client/server model, where the server "listens" on a specific TCP/UDP port for information requests from remote client computers on the network. For example, a Web server typically listens on port 80. Please note that while a computer may be intended for use over a single port, such as Web on port 80, other ports are also active. If the person configuring or managing the computer is not careful, a hacker could attack it over an unprotected port. Some of the most common IP ports are:
Table 32 Common IP Ports 21 23 25 FTP Telnet SMTP DNS HTTP POP3 53 80 110 Default Filtering Policies Filtering rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 107 Chapter 9 IP Filter The default rule for incoming traffic blocks all incoming connections from the WAN to the LAN. If you wish to allow certain WAN users to have access to your LAN, you will need to create custom rules to allow it.
If you configure filtering rules without a good understanding of how they work, you might inadvertently introduce security risks to the firewall and to the protected network. Make sure you test your rules after you configure them. These custom rules work by comparing the Source IP address, Destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic to rules set by the administrator. Your customized rules take precedence and override the ZyXEL Devices default rules. 9.3 The Incoming IP Filtering Screen Click Security > IP Filter > Incoming to display the following screen. This screen displays a list of the configured incoming filtering rules. Figure 57 Incoming IP Filter The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 33 Incoming IP Filtering DESCRIPTION LABEL Select this check box to enable the rule. Active Filter Name This displays the name of the rule. This displays the WAN interface to which this rule is applied. Interfaces This displays the IP protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. Protocol This displays the source IP addresses and subnet mask to which this rule applies. Source Address /
Please note that a blank source address is equivalent to Any. Mask This is the source port number. Source Port 108 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 9 IP Filter Table 33 Incoming IP Filtering (continued) LABEL Dest. Address /
Mask Dest. Port Remove DESCRIPTION This displays the destination IP addresses and subnet mask to which this rule applies. Please note that a blank destination address is equivalent to Any. This is the destination port number. Select the rule(s) you want to delete in the Remove column and then click the Remove button. Click Add to create a new rule. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Remove to delete the selected rule(s). Add Apply Remove 9.3.1 Creating Incoming Filtering Rules In the Incoming screen, click Add to display this screen and refer to the following table for information on the labels. Figure 58 Incoming IP Filtering: Add The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 34 Incoming IP Filtering: Add LABEL Filter Name DESCRIPTION Enter a descriptive name of up to 16 printable English keyboard characters, including spaces. Select the WAN interface to which this rule applies. Select the IP protocol (TCP/UDP, TCP, UDP or ICMP) and enter the protocol
(service type) number in the port field. Enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. WAN Interfaces Protocol Source IP Address P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 109 Chapter 9 IP Filter DESCRIPTION Enter the source subnet mask. Table 34 Incoming IP Filtering: Add (continued) LABEL Source Subnet Mask Source Port Destination IP Address Destination Subnet Mask Destination Port Back Apply Enter the destination subnet mask. Enter the port number of the destination. Click Back to return to the previous screen. Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the source. Enter the destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. 110 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide PART IV Advanced Static Route (113) Quality of Service (QoS) (117) Dynamic DNS Setup (127) Remote Management (129) Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) (131) 111 112 CHAPTER 10 Static Route 10.1 Overview The ZyXEL Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the ZyXEL Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes. For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the ZyXEL Devices LAN interface. The ZyXEL Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the ZyXEL Devices default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN. Figure 59 Example of Static Routing Topology A R3 LAN WAN Internet R1 R2 10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Static Route screens let you view and configure IP static routes on the ZyXEL Device
(Section 10.2 on page 114). P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 113 Chapter 10 Static Route 10.2 The Static Route Screen Click Advanced > Static Route to open the Static Route screen. Figure 60 Advanced > Static Route The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 35 Advanced > Static Route LABEL
Active DESCRIPTION This is the number of an individual static route. This field indicates whether the rule is active or not. Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it. This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination. This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. This is the WAN interface through which the traffic is routed. Click the icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route. Click this to create a new rule. Click this to apply your changes to the ZyXEL Device. Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Remove Add Apply 10.2.1 Static Route Edit Click the Add button in the Static Route screen. Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route. 114 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 61 Static Route: Add Chapter 10 Static Route The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 36 Static Route: Add LABEL Destination IP Address DESCRIPTION This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID. IP Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask here. Use Interface Select a predefined interface through which the traffic is sent. If you select a WAN interface using PPPoE you must specify the gateway IP address. Select this option and enter the IP address of the next-hop gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same segment as your ZyXEL Device's interface(s). The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. Click Back to return to the previous screen without saving. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. Use Gateway IP Address Back Apply Cancel P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 115 Chapter 10 Static Route 116 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 11 Quality of Service (QoS) 11.1 Overview Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a networks ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-on-demand. Configure QoS on the ZyXEL Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance. Setting up QoS involves these steps:
1 Configure classifiers to sort traffic into different flows. 2 Assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow. The ZyXEL Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets assigned a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priority if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-
sensitive applications include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video. This chapter contains information about configuring QoS and editing classifiers. 11.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The General screen lets you lets you enable or disable QoS and set the default DSCP value for incoming traffic does not match a class (Section 11.3 on page 118). The Queue Setup screen lets you lets you configure QoS queue assignment (Section 11.4 on page 119). The Class Setup screen lets you add, edit or delete QoS classifiers (Section 11.5 on page 120). P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 117 Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) 11.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. QoS versus Cos QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the same priority. CoS (class of service) is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use CoS to give different priorities to different packet types. CoS technologies include IEEE 802.1p layer 2 tagging and DiffServ (Differentiated Services or DS). IEEE 802.1p tagging makes use of three bits in the packet header, while DiffServ is a new protocol and defines a new DS field, which replaces the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. Tagging and Marking In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) value, IEEE 802.1p priority level and VLAN ID number in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker. 11.3 The Quality of Service Screen Click Advanced Setup > Quality of Service to open the screen as shown next. Use this screen to enable or disable QoS and set the default DSCP value for incoming traffic does not match a class. See Section 11.1 on page 117 for more information. Figure 62 QoS The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 37 QoS LABEL Active QoS Select Default DSCP Mark DESCRIPTION Select the check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance. This field is available only when you select Enable QoS. If you enable QoS and incoming traffic does not match a class configured in the Class Setup screen, the ZyXEL Device sets the DSCP field in the packets with the value you select here. If you select No Change, the ZyXEL Device keeps the DSCP fields in the packets. 118 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 37 QoS LABEL Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. 11.4 The Queue Setup Screen Click QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next. Use this screen to configure QoS queue assignment. Figure 63 QoS Queue Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 38 QoS Queue Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION Click this button to create a new entry. Add This is the index number of this entry. No Active Select the check box to enable the queue. This shows the descriptive name of this entry. Name This shows the name of the ZyXEL Devices interface through which traffic in this Interface queue passes. This shows the priority queue of this entry. Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the queue. Click the remove icon to delete an existing queue. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Precedence Modify Apply P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 119 Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) 11.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue Click the Add button or the edit icon in the Queue Setup screen to configure a queue. Figure 64 QoS Queue Setup: Add The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 39 QoS Queue Setup: Add LABEL Active Queue Name Queue Interface Queue Precedence DESCRIPTION Select to enable or disable this rule. Enter the descriptive name of this rule. Select the interface to which this rule is applied. Select the priority queue of this rule. The smaller the number, the higher the priority level. Click Back to return to the previous screen without saving. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. Back Apply Cancel 11.5 The Class Setup Screen Use this screen to add, edit or delete QoS classifiers. A classifier groups traffic into data flows according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number, destination port number or incoming interface. For example, you can configure a classifier to select traffic from the same protocol port (such as Telnet) to form a flow. You can give different priorities to traffic that the ZyXEL Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications. Click QoS > Class Setup to open the following screen. 120 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 65 QoS Class Setup Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 40 QoS Class Setup LABEL Add Class Name Order CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA This section shows criteria specified in this classifier. Class Intf DESCRIPTION Click this button to create a new classifier. This is the name of the classifier. This field displays the index number of the classifier. This shows the interface through which traffic that matches this classifier is forwarded out. This is the service type. This shows the source MAC address and the mask of traffic of this class. This shows the destination MAC address and the mask of traffic of this class. This shows the source IP address, the source subnet mask and DHCP option 60 or DHCP option 77. This shows the destination IP address and the destination subnet mask. This shows the protocol type. This shows the source port number. This shows the destination port number. This is the DSCP value of traffic of this class. This shows the 802.1P priority level. This is the index number of a queue you configured in the Queue Setup screen. This is the DSCP number added to traffic of this classifier. This is the IEEE 802.1p priority level assigned to traffic of this classifier. This is the VLAN ID number assigned to traffic of this classifier. Ether Type SrcMAC /Mask DstMAC /Mask SrcIP/Mask DstIP/Mask Proto Src Port Dst Port DSCP Check 802.1P Check CLASSIFICATION RESULTS Queue Key DSCP Mark 802.1P Mark VlanID Tag Rate Control Active Select the check box to enable this classifier. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 121 Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 40 QoS Class Setup (continued) LABEL Modify DESCRIPTION Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule. Click the remove icon to delete an existing rule. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Apply 11.5.1 QoS Class Edit Click the Add button or the edit icon in the Class Setup screen to configure a classifier. Figure 66 QoS Class Setup: Add 122 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) Interface The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 41 QoS Class Configuration DESCRIPTION LABEL Active Select to enable or disable this classifier. Enter a descriptive name of up to 20 printable English keyboard characters, Name including spaces. Select from which Ethernet port traffic of this class should come. Select Local for any traffic from the LAN. Select an existing number for where you want to put this classifier to move the classifier to the number you selected after clicking Apply. Select Last to put this rule in the back of the classifier list. Select a predefined application to configure a class for the matched traffic. If you select IP, you also need to configure source or destination MAC address, IP address, DHCP options, DSCP value or the protocol type. If you select 8021Q, you can only configure a 802.1p priority level. Ether Type Order Tag Configuration Assign Classification Queue Mark Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) Select a queue that applies to this class. You should have configured a queue in the Queue Setup screen already. Select a DSCP value with which the ZyXEL Device replaces the DSCP field in the packets. Select Auto Marking and the ZyXEL Device will change the DSCP value to an IP ToS value when there is a 802.1p priority field in the matched packets. Select default to set the DSCP value in the matched packets to 0. Mark 802.1p priority Select a priority level with which the ZyXEL Device replaces the IEEE 802.1 Tag VLAN ID priority field in the packets. Select a VLAN ID number (between 0 and 4095) with which the ZyXEL Device replaces the VLAN ID of the frames. Enter the transmission rate (in Kbps) for traffic that matches this QoS class Set Rate Control(kbps) Filter Configuration Use the following fields to configure the criteria for traffic classification. Source Address Subnet Mask Port Enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. Enter the source subnet mask. If you select a protocol type, enter the port number(s) of the source. 0 means any source port number. Enter the source MAC address of the packet. Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packets MAC address should match. Enter f for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffics MAC address should match. Enter 0 for the bit(s) of the matched traffics MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria. Enter the destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. Enter the destination subnet mask. MAC Address MAC Mask Destination Address Subnet Mask P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 123 Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 41 QoS Class Configuration (continued) LABEL Port DESCRIPTION If you select a protocol type, enter the port number(s) of the destination. 0 means any destination port number. Enter the destination MAC address of the packet. Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packets MAC address should match. Enter f for each bit of the specified destination MAC address that the traffics MAC address should match. Enter 0 for the bit(s) of the matched traffics MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria. Select the protocol (service type) from TCP, UDP, ICMP or IGMP. Select a DSCP value from the drop-down list box. default represents the default DSCP value 000000 or 0x00. Select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop down list box.
"0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest. Select Vendor Class ID (DHCP Option 60) or User Class ID (DHCP Option 77) for the matched traffic. Click Back to return to the previous screen without saving. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. MAC Address MAC Mask Others Protocol Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) 802.1p Priority DHCP Back Apply Cancel 11.6 Technical Reference The following section contains additional technical information about the ZyXEL Device features described in this chapter. IEEE 802.1Q Tag The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the 12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to process the frame across the network. IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p). Table 42 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type PRIORITY LEVEL Level 7 Level 6 Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages. Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in delay). Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter. TRAFFIC TYPE Level 5 124 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 42 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type PRIORITY LEVEL Level 4 TRAFFIC TYPE Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems Network Architecture) transactions. Typically used for excellent effort or better than best effort and would include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay. This is for spare bandwidth. This is typically used for non-critical background traffic such as bulk transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users. Typically used for best-effort traffic. Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Level 0 DiffServ QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow are given the same priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different priorities to different packet types. DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points
(DSCPs) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-
compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going. DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior DiffServ defines a new Differentiated Services (DS) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field. DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-
DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping. DSCP (6 bits) Unused (2 bits) The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 125 Chapter 11 Quality of Service (QoS) 126 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 12 Dynamic DNS Setup 12.1 Overview Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address. First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key. 12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter Use the Dynamic DNS screen (Section 12.3 on page 127) to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the ZyXEL Device. 12.2 What You Need To Know DYNDNS Wildcard Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname. If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS. 12.3 The Dynamic DNS Screen To change your ZyXEL Devices DDNS, click Advanced > Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 127 Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS Setup Figure 67 Advanced > Dynamic DNS The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 43 Advanced > Dynamic DNS LABEL Service Provider Select the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider. Host Name DESCRIPTION Type the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your Dynamic DNS provider. You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (","). Select the WAN interface to use for updating the IP address of the domain name. Type your user name. Type the password assigned to you. If you select TZO in the Service Provider field, enter the user name you used to register for this service. If you select TZO in the Service Provider field, enter the password you used to register for this service. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. Interface User Name Password Email Key Apply Cancel 128 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 13 Remote Management 13.1 Overview This chapter explains how to configure the TR-069 settings on the ZyXEL Device. 13.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The TR-069 Client screen lets you configure the ZyXEL Devices TR-069 auto-configuration settings (Section 13.2 on page 129). 13.2 The TR-069 Screen TR-069 defines how Customer Premise Equipment (CPE), for example your ZyXEL Device, can be managed over the WAN by an Auto Configuration Server (ACS). TR-069 is based on sending Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) between an ACS and a client device. RPCs are sent in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format over HTTP or HTTPS. An administrator can use an ACS to remotely set up the ZyXEL Device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the ZyXEL Device. You have enable the device to be managed by the ACS and specify the ACS IP address or domain name and username and password. Click Advanced > Remote MGMT to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure your P-870HA to be managed by an ACS. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 129 Chapter 13 Remote Management Figure 68 TR-069 The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 44 TR-069 Client LABEL Inform DESCRIPTION Select Enable to activate remote management via TR-069 on the WAN. Otherwise, select Disable. Enter the time interval (in seconds) at which the ZyXEL Device sends information to the auto-configuration server. Enter the URL or IP address of the auto-configuration server. Enter the TR-069 user name for authentication with the auto-configuration server. Enter the TR-069 password for authentication with the auto-configuration server. Select a WAN interface through which the TR-069 traffic passes. Select this option to enable authentication when there is a connection request from the ACS. Enter the connection request user name. When the ACS makes a connection request to the ZyXEL Device, this user name is used to authenticate the ACS. Enter the connection request password. When the ACS makes a connection request to the ZyXEL Device, this password is used to authenticate the ACS. This shows the connection request URL. The ACS can use this URL to make a connection request to the ZyXEL Device. Click this button to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. Inform Interval ACS URL ACS User Name ACS Password WAN Interface used by TR-069 client Connection Request Authentication Connection Request User Name Connection Request Password Connection Request URL Apply/Save Cancel 130 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 14 CHAPTER Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 14.1 Overview Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use. 14.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The UPnP screen lets you enable UPnP on the ZyXEL Device (Section 14.3 on page 132). 14.2 What You Need to Know How do I know if I'm using UPnP?
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device. NAT Traversal UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows the following:
Dynamic port mapping Learning public IP addresses Assigning lease times to mappings Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP. See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT. Cautions with UPnP The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 131 Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device allows multicast messages on the LAN only. All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention. UPnP and ZyXEL ZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum UPnP Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports Internet Gateway Device
(IGD) 1.0. See the following sections for examples of installing and using UPnP. 14.3 The UPnP Screen Click Advanced > UPnP to display the screen shown next. See Section 14.1 on page 131 for more information. Figure 69 Advanced > UPnP The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 45 Advanced > UPnP LABEL Active the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Feature DESCRIPTION Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without entering the ZyXEL Device's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access the web configurator). Click this to save the setting to the ZyXEL Device. Click this to return to the previously saved settings. Apply/Save Cancel 14.4 Installing UPnP in Windows Example This section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP. Installing UPnP in Windows Me Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me. 1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs. 132 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 2 Click on the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the Components selection box. Click Details. Figure 70 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication 3 In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box in the Components selection box. Figure 71 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components 4 Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click Next. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 133 Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 5 Restart the computer when prompted. Installing UPnP in Windows XP Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP. 1 Click Start and Control Panel. 2 Double-click Network Connections. 3 In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and select Optional Networking Components . Figure 72 Network Connections 4 The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays. Select Networking Service in the Components selection box and click Details. Figure 73 Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard 5 In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box. 134 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 74 Networking Services Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 6 Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard window and click Next. 14.5 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the ZyXEL Device. Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the ZyXEL Device. Turn on your computer and the ZyXEL Device. Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device 1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under Internet Gateway. 2 Right-click the icon and select Properties. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 135 Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) Figure 75 Network Connections 3 In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there were automatically created. Figure 76 Internet Connection Properties 136 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 4 You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings. Figure 77 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings Figure 78 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add 5 When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings 6 Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon will be deleted automatically. displays in the system tray. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 137 Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) Figure 79 System Tray Icon 7 Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status. Figure 80 Internet Connection Status Web Configurator Easy Access With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the ZyXEL Device without finding out the IP address of the ZyXEL Device first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the ZyXEL Device. Follow the steps below to access the web configurator. 1 Click Start and then Control Panel. 2 Double-click Network Connections. 3 Select My Network Places under Other Places. 138 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 81 Network Connections Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 4 An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local 5 Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Invoke. The web configurator Network. login screen displays. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 139 Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) Figure 82 Network Connections: My Network Places 6 Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Properties. A properties window displays with basic information about the ZyXEL Device. Figure 83 Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: Example 140 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide PART V Maintenance, Troubleshooting and Specifications System Settings (143) Logs (147) Tools (149) Diagnostic (155) Product Specifications (165) Troubleshooting (159) 141 142 CHAPTER 15 System Settings 15.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval. 15.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The General screen lets you configure system settings (Section 15.2 on page 143). The Time Setting screen lets you set the system time (Section 15.3 on page 144). 15.1.2 What You Need to Know Domain Name This is a network address that identifies the owner of a network connection. For example, in the network address www.zyxel.com/support/files, the domain name is www.zyxel.com. DHCP DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a method of allocating IP addresses to devices on a network from a DHCP Server. Often your ISP or a router on your network performs this function. LAN A LAN (local area network) is typically a network which covers a small area, made up of computers and other devices which share resources such as Internet access, printers etc. 15.2 The General Screen Use the General screen to configure system settings such as the system password. Click Maintenance > System to open the General screen. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 143 Chapter 15 System Settings Figure 84 Maintenance > System > General The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 46 Maintenance > System > Genera LABEL UserName Old Password DESCRIPTION This shows the user name you use to access the system. Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field. Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new password to access the ZyXEL Device. Type the new password again for confirmation. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. New Password Retype to Confirm Apply Cancel 15.3 The Time Setting Screen To change your ZyXEL Devices time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Devices time based on your local time zone. 144 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 85 Maintenance > System > Time Setting Chapter 15 System Settings The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 47 Maintenance > System > Time Setting LABEL Current Time Current Time DESCRIPTION This field displays the time of your ZyXEL Device. Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the time with the time server. This field displays the date of your ZyXEL Device. Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the date with the time server. Select this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and date from the time server you specified below. Select an NTP time server from the drop-down list box. Otherwise, select Other and enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Select None if you dont want to configure the time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information. Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. Current Date Time Zone Setup Automatically synchronize with Internet time servers First NTP time server Second NTP time server Third NTP time server Fourth NTP time server Fifth NTP time server Time zone offset Apply Cancel P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 145 Chapter 15 System Settings 146 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 16 Logs 16.1 Overview This chapter contains information about configuring general log settings and viewing the ZyXEL Devices logs. The web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the ZyXEL Device log and then display the logs or have the ZyXEL Device send them to a syslog server. 16.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The View Log screen lets you see the logs for the categories that you selected in the Log Settings screen (Section 16.2 on page 147). The Log Settings screen lets you configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the ZyXEL Device is to record (Section 16.3 on page 148). 16.2 The View Log Screen Click Maintenance > Logs to open the View Log screen. Use the View Log screen to see the logs for the categories that you selected in the Log Settings screen (see Section 16.3 on page 148). The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after it fills. Figure 86 Maintenance > Logs > View Log P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 147 Chapter 16 Logs The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 48 Maintenance > Logs > View Log LABEL Display DESCRIPTION Select a category of logs to view. The ZyXEL Device displays the logs with the severity level equal to or higher than what you selected. Click this button to renew the log screen. This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry. This field displays the time the log was recorded. This field displays the log facility in the log server or the local memory. This field displays the severity type of the log. This field states the reason for the log. Refresh
Date/Time Facility Severity Message 16.3 The Log Settings Screen Use the Log Settings screen to configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the ZyXEL Device is to record and display. To change your ZyXEL Devices log settings, click Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings. The screen appears as shown. Figure 87 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 49 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings LABEL Active Syslog Server IP Address Log Facility DESCRIPTION Select to enable or disable system logging. Enter the server name or the IP address of the log server. Select the severity level of the logs that you want the ZyXEL Device to record and send to the log serve. The ZyXEL Device records the logs with the severity level equal to or higher than what you selected. Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Click Cancel to return to the previously saved settings. Apply Cancel 148 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 17 Tools
Do not interrupt the file transfer process as this may PERMANENTLY DAMAGE your ZyXEL Device. 17.1 Overview This chapter explains how to upload new firmware, manage configuration files and restart your ZyXEL Device. Use the instructions in this chapter to change the devices configuration file or upgrade its firmware. After you configure your device, you can backup the configuration file to a computer. That way if you later misconfigure the device, you can upload the backed up configuration file to return to your previous settings. You can alternately upload the factory default configuration file if you want to return the device to the original default settings. The firmware determines the devices available features and functionality. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your devices performance.
Only use firmware for your devices specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device. 17.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Firmware Upgrade screen lets you upload firmware to your device (Section 17.2 on page 150). The Configuration screen lets you backup and restore device configurations (Section 17.3 on page 151). You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default. The Restart screen lets you restart your ZyXEL Device (Section 17.4 on page 154). P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 149 Chapter 17 Tools 17.2 The Firmware Upgrade Screen Click Maintenance > Tools to open the Firmware screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in progress!
Figure 88 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 50 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware LABEL Current Firmware Version File Path DESCRIPTION This is the present Firmware version and the date created. Browse... Upload Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes. After you see the Firmware Upload in Progress screen, wait two minutes before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. 150 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide
| 1 | Installation guide 2 | Users Manual | 2.45 MiB |
Figure 89 Firmware Upload In Progress Chapter 17 Tools The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop. Figure 90 Network Temporarily Disconnected After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen. If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Tools to go back to the Firmware screen. Figure 91 Error Message 17.3 The Configuration Screen Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 151 Chapter 17 Tools Figure 92 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration Backup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the ZyXEL Devices current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the ZyXEL Devices current configuration to your computer. Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your ZyXEL Device. Table 51 Restore Configuration LABEL File Path Browse... DESCRIPTION Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Click Upload to begin the upload process. Upload
Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is in progress. After you see a restore configuration successful screen, you must then wait one minute before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. 152 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 93 Configuration Upload Successful Chapter 17 Tools The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop. Figure 94 Network Temporarily Disconnected If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix A on page 173 for details on how to set up your computers IP address. If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Tools >
Configuration to go back to the Configuration screen. Figure 95 Configuration Upload Error Reset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the ZyXEL Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears. Figure 96 Reset Warning Message You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your ZyXEL Device. Refer to Section 1.6 on page 28 for more information on the RESET button. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 153 Chapter 17 Tools 17.4 The Restart Screen System restart allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning the power off. Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the ZyXEL Device reboot. This does not affect the ZyXEL Device's configuration. Figure 97 Maintenance > Tools >Restart 154 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 18 Diagnostic 18.1 Overview The route between a CO VDSL switch and one of its CPE may go through switches owned by independent organizations. A connectivity fault point generally takes time to discover and impacts subscribers network access. In order to eliminate the management and maintenance efforts, IEEE 802.1ag is a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) specification which allows network administrators to identify and manage connection faults. Through discovery and verification of the path, CFM can detect, analyze and isolate connectivity faults in bridged LANs. 18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The 802.1ag screen lets perform CFM actions (Section 18.3 on page 156). 18.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. How CFM Works A Maintenance Association (MA) defines a VLAN and associated Maintenance End Point
(MEP) ports on the device under a Maintenance Domain (MD) level. An MEP port has the ability to send Connectivity Check Messages (CCMs) and get other MEP ports information from neighbor devices CCMs within an MA. CFM provides two tests to discover connectivity faults. Loopback test - checks if the MEP port receives its Loop Back Response (LBR) from its target after it sends the Loop Back Message (LBM). If no response is received, there might be a connectivity fault between them. Link trace test - provides additional connectivity fault analysis to get more information on where the fault is. If an MEP port does not respond to the source MEP, this may indicate a fault. Administrators can take further action to check and resume services from the fault according to the line connectivity status report. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 155 Chapter 18 Diagnostic 18.3 The 802.1ag Screen Click Diagnostic to open the following screen. Use this screen to perform CFM actions. Figure 98 802.1ag DESCRIPTION The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 52 802.1ag LABEL 802.1ag Connectivity Fault Management Maintenance Domain (MD) Name Type a name of up to 39 printable English keyboard characters for this MD. The combined length of the MD Name and MA name must be less or equal to 44bytes. Select a level (0-7) under which you want to create an MA. Type a name of up to 39 printable English keyboard characters for this MA. The combined length of the MD Name and MA name must be less or equal to 44bytes. Maintenance Domain (MD) Level Maintenance Association (MA) Name 156 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 18 Diagnostic Table 52 802.1ag (continued) LABEL Maintenance Association (MA) Format DESCRIPTION Select the format which the ZyXEL Device uses to send this MA information in the domain (MD). Options are VID, String and Integer. If you select VID or Integer, the ZyXEL Device adds the VLAN ID you specified for an MA in the CCM. If you select String, the ZyXEL Device adds the MA name you specified above in the CCM. Destination MAC Address Count 802.1Q VLAN ID Maintenance End Point ID Status Continuity Check Message (CCM) Loopback Message
(LBM) Linktrace Message
(LTM) Enable CCM Disable CCM Update CC status Send Loopback Send Linktrace Note: The MEPs in the same MA shoule use the same MA format. Enter the target devices MAC address to which the ZyXEL Device performs a CFM loopback test. Set how many times the ZyXEL Device send loopback messages (LBMs). Type a VLAN ID (0-4095) for this MA. Enter an ID number (1-8191) for this MEP port. Each MEP port needs a unique ID number within an MD. The MEP ID is to identify an MEP port used when you perform a CFM action This shows how many Connectivity Check Messages (CCMs) are sent and if there is any invalid CCM or cross-connect CCM. This shows how many Loop Back Messages (LBMs) are sent and if there is any inorder or outorder Loop Back Response (LBR) received from a remote MEP. This shows the Time-to-Live (TTL) value and destination MAC address in the Link Trace Response (LTR). Click this button to have the selected MEP send Connectivity Check Messages
(CCMs) to other MEPs. Click this button to disallow the selected MEP to send Connectivity Check Messages (CCMs) to other MEPs. Click this button to reload the test result. Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LBM (Loop Back Message) to a specified remote end point. Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LTMs (Link Trace Messages) to a specified remote end point. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 157 Chapter 18 Diagnostic 158 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 19 Troubleshooting This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ZyXEL Device Access and Login Internet Access 19.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on. 1 Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on. 2 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL Device. 3 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on. 4 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. 5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected. 1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on page 26. 2 Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide. 3 Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables. 4 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. 5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 159 Chapter 19 Troubleshooting 19.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device. 1 The default IP address is 192.168.1.1. 2 If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the ZyXEL Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser. 3 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 28.
I forgot the password. 1 The default password is 1234. 2 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 28.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. 1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address. The default IP address is 192.168.1.1. If you changed the IP address (Section on page 72), use the new IP address. If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device. 2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide. 3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java enabled. See Appendix B on page 197. 4 Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with the default IP address. See Section 1.6 on page 28. 5 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions. Advanced Suggestions If your computer is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a ETHERNET port. 160 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device. Chapter 19 Troubleshooting 1 Make sure you have entered the user name and password correctly. The default password is 1234. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. 3 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 19.1 on page 159. 19.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet. 1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 26. 2 Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the WAN screens. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP. 4 Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again. 5 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore. 1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 26. 2 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. 3 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent. 1 There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.5 on page 26. If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 161 Chapter 19 Troubleshooting 2 Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving your computer closer to the ZyXEL Device if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on). 3 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. 4 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions. Advanced Suggestions Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications. 162 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 19 Troubleshooting P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 163 Chapter 19 Troubleshooting 164 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide CHAPTER 20 Product Specifications The following tables summarize the ZyXEL Devices hardware and firmware features. 20.1 Hardware Specifications Table 53 Hardware Specifications Dimensions Weight Power Specification Built-in Switch RESET Button Antenna WPS Button Operation Temperature Storage Temperature Operation Humidity Storage Humidity
(220 W) x (150 D) x (40 H) mm 485 g 18VDC 1A Four auto-negotiating, auto MDI/MDI-X 10/100 Mbps RJ-45 Ethernet ports Restores factory defaults One attached external dipole antenna, 3dBi 1 second: turn on or off WLAN 5 seconds: enable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) 0 C ~ 40 C
-20 ~ 60 C 20% ~ 85% RH 20% ~ 90% RH 20.2 Firmware Specifications Table 54 Firmware Specifications Default IP Address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 (24 bits) Default Subnet Mask 1234 Default Password DHCP Server IP Pool 192.168.1.33 to 192.168.1.254 10 Static DHCP Addresses 16 Static Routes Use the web configurator to easily configure the rich range of features on Device Management the ZyXEL Device. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 165 Chapter 20 Product Specifications Table 54 Firmware Specifications (continued) Wireless Functionality
(wireless devices only) Firmware Upgrade Configuration Backup &
Restoration Port Forwarding DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Allow the IEEE 802.11b and/or IEEE 802.11g wireless clients to connect to the ZyXEL Device wirelessly. Enable wireless security (WEP, WPA(2), WPA(2)-PSK) and/or MAC filtering to protect your wireless network. Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web site and use the web configurator to put it on the ZyXEL Device. Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!
Make a copy of the ZyXEL Devices configuration. You can put it back on the ZyXEL Device later if you decide to revert back to an earlier configuration. If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your network, you can use this feature to let people access it from the Internet. Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your network. Your device can also act as a surrogate DHCP server (DHCP Relay) where it relays IP address assignment from the actual real DHCP server to the clients. Logs IP Multicast Time and Date Dynamic DNS Support With Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) support, you can use a fixed URL, www.zyxel.com for example, with a dynamic IP address. You must register for this service with a Dynamic DNS service provider. IP multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of computers. The ZyXEL Device supports versions 1 and 2 of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) used to join multicast groups (see RFC 2236). Get the current time and date from an external server when you turn on your ZyXEL Device. You can also set the time manually. These dates and times are then used in logs. Use logs for troubleshooting. You can send logs from the ZyXEL Device to an external syslog server. A UPnP-enabled device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address and convey its capabilities to other devices on the network. Universal Plug and Play
(UPnP) QoS (Quality of Service) You can efficiently manage traffic on your network by reserving bandwidth and giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers. This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP or FTP traffic for example) from a computer on a network (LAN or WAN for example) can access the ZyXEL Device. PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) emulates a dial-up connection. It allows your ISP to use their existing network configuration with newer broadband technologies such as ADSL. The PPPoE driver on your device is transparent to the computers on the LAN, which see only Ethernet and are not aware of PPPoE thus saving you from having to manage PPPoE clients on individual computers. PPPoE idle time out PPPoE dial on demand Your device supports up to 8 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs). PPPoE Support
(RFC2516) Other PPPoE Features Remote Management Multiple PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuits) Support IP Alias Packet Filters IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into logical networks over the same Ethernet interface. Your device supports three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the your device itself as the gateway for each LAN network. Your devices packet filtering function allows added network security and management. 166 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Table 54 Firmware Specifications (continued) ADSL Standards Chapter 20 Product Specifications Support ITU G.992.1 G.dmt (Annex B, U-R2) EOC specified in ITU-T G.992.1 ADSL2 G.dmt.bis (G.992.3) ADSL2 G.lite.bis (G.992.4) ADSL 2/2+ AnnexM ADSL2+ (G.992.5) Reach-Extended ADSL (RE ADSL) SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation) Auto-negotiating rate adaptation ADSL physical connection ATM AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer type 5) Multi-protocol over AAL5 (RFC 2684/1483) PPP over ATM AAL5 (RFC 2364) PPP over Ethernet (RFC 2516) Multiple PPPoE VC-based and LLC-based multiplexing Up to 8 PVCs (Permanent Virtual Circuits) I.610 F4/F5 OAM Zero configuration PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) link layer protocol Transparent bridging for unsupported network layer protocols RIP I/RIP II ICMP ATM QoS SNMP v1 and v2c with MIB II support (RFC 1213) IP Multicasting IGMP v1 and v2 IGMP Proxy Embedded Web Configurator Remote Firmware Upgrade Syslog TR-069 Other Protocol Support Management 20.3 Wireless Features Table 55 Wireless Features External Antenna Wireless LAN MAC Address Filtering WEP Encryption Wi-Fi Protected Access The ZyXEL Device is equipped with an attached antenna to provide a clear radio signal between the wireless stations and the access points. Your device can check the MAC addresses of wireless stations against a list of allowed or denied MAC addresses. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before transmitting over the wireless network to help keep network communications private. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i security standard. Key differences between WPA and WEP are user authentication and improved data encryption. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 167 Chapter 20 Product Specifications Table 55 Wireless Features WPA2 Other Wireless Features WPA 2 is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. IEEE 802.11g Compliance Frequency Range: 2.4 GHz ISM Band Advanced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Data Rates: 54Mbps, 11Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 2Mbps, and 1 Mbps Auto Fallback WPA2 WMM IEEE 802.11i IEEE 802.11e Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Data Encryption 64/128/256 bit. WLAN bridge to LAN Up to 32 MAC Address filters IEEE 802.1x Store up to 32 built-in user profiles using EAP-MD5 (Local User Database) External RADIUS server using EAP-MD5, TLS, TTLS The following list, which is not exhaustive, illustrates the standards supported in the ZyXEL Device. Table 56 Standards Supported STANDARD RFC 867 RFC 868 RFC 1058 RFC 1112 RFC 1157 RFC 1305 RFC 1441 RFC 1483 RFC 1631 RFC 1661 RFC 1723 RFC 1901 RFC 2236 RFC 2364 RFC 2408 RFC 2516 RFC 2684 RFC 2766 IEEE 802.11 DESCRIPTION Daytime Protocol Time Protocol. RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol) IGMP v1 SNMPv1: Simple Network Management Protocol version 1 Network Time Protocol (NTP version 3) SNMPv2 Simple Network Management Protocol version 2 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 IP Network Address Translator (NAT) The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) RIP-2 (Routing Information Protocol) SNMPv2c Simple Network Management Protocol version 2c Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2. PPP over AAL5 (PPP over ATM over ADSL) Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE) Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5. Network Address Translation - Protocol Also known by the brand Wi-Fi, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band IEEE 802.11b 168 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Chapter 20 Product Specifications Table 56 Standards Supported (continued) STANDARD IEEE 802.11g IEEE 802.11g+
IEEE 802.11d DESCRIPTION Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band Turbo and Super G modes Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control
(MAC) Bridges Port Based Network Access Control. IEEE 802.11 e Wireless LAN for Quality of Service Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) standard. G.992.1 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation. ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation. ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates. ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates. ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2+) that extends the capability of basic ADSL by doubling the number of downstream bits. MS PPTP (Microsoft's implementation of Point to Point Tunneling Protocol) Media Bandwidth Management v2 ST2+ over ATM Protocol Specification - UNI 3.1 Version TR-069 DSL Forum Standard for CPE Wan Management. Compliant AAL5 SAR (Segmentation And Re-assembly) IEEE 802.11x IEEE 802.11e QoS ANSI T1.413, Issue 2 G dmt(G.992.1) ITU G.992.1 (G.DMT) ITU G.992.2 (G. Lite) ITU G.992.3 (G.dmt.bis) ITU G.992.4 (G.lite.bis) ITU G.992.5 (ADSL2+) Microsoft PPTP MBM v2 RFC 2383 TR-069 1.363.5 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 169 Chapter 20 Product Specifications 170 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide PART VI Appendices and Index
The appendices provide general information. Some details may not apply to your ZyXEL Device. Setting Up Your Computers IP Address (173) Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions (197) IP Addresses and Subnetting (205) Wireless LANs (215) Common Services (229) Legal Information (233) Customer Support (237) Index (243) 171 172 A APPENDIX Setting Up Your Computers IP Address
Your specific ZyXEL device may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported. This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer. If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your networks computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet. In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:
Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 174 Windows Vista on page 177 Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 181 Mac OS X: 10.5 on page 184 Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 187 Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 191 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 173 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Windows XP/NT/2000 The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT. 1 Click Start > Control Panel. Figure 99 Windows XP: Start Menu 2 In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon. Figure 100 Windows XP: Control Panel 174 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties. Figure 101 Windows XP: Control Panel > Network Connections > Properties 4 On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties. Figure 102 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 175 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens. Figure 103 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties 6 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically. Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided. 7 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. 8 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window. Verifying Settings 1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. 2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information. 176 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Windows Vista This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional. 1 Click Start > Control Panel. Figure 104 Windows Vista: Start Menu 2 In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon. Figure 105 Windows Vista: Control Panel 3 Click the Network and Sharing Center icon. Figure 106 Windows Vista: Network And Internet P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 177 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 4 Click Manage network connections. Figure 107 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center 5 Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties. Figure 108 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue. 178 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 6 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties. Figure 109 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 179 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 7 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens. Figure 110 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties 8 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically. Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced. 9 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. 10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window. Verifying Settings 1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. 2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information. 180 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3. 1 Click Apple > System Preferences. Figure 111 Mac OS X 10.4: Apple Menu 2 In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon. Figure 112 Mac OS X 10.4: System Preferences P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 181 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 3 When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network connection type list, and then click Configure. Figure 113 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences 4 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP tab. Figure 114 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > TCP/IP Tab. 182 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 5 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually. In the IP Address field, type your IP address. In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask. In the Router field, type the IP address of your device. Figure 115 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > Ethernet 6 Click Apply Now and close the window. Verifying Settings Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab. Figure 116 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 183 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Mac OS X: 10.5 The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5. 1 Click Apple > System Preferences. Figure 117 Mac OS X 10.5: Apple Menu 2 In System Preferences, click the Network icon. Figure 118 Mac OS X 10.5: Systems Preferences 184 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 3 When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection types. Figure 119 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet 4 From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings. 5 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
From the Configure list, select Manually. In the IP Address field, enter your IP address. In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask. In the Router field, enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 185 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Figure 120 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet 6 Click Apply and close the window. Verifying Settings Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab. Figure 121 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility 186 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) This section shows you how to configure your computers TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.
Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
1 Click System > Administration > Network. Figure 122 Ubuntu 8: System > Administration Menu 2 When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password. Figure 123 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 187 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 3 In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the Authenticate button. Figure 124 Ubuntu 8: Administrator Account Authentication 4 In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click Properties. Figure 125 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections 188 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 5 The Properties dialog box opens. Figure 126 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Properties In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address. In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields. 6 Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network Settings screen. 7 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 127 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > DNS 8 Click the Close button to apply the changes. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 189 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Verifying Settings Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly. Figure 128 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools 190 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) This section shows you how to configure your computers TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.
Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:
1 Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST). Figure 129 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu 2 When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK. Figure 130 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 191 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 3 When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the Network Card icon. Figure 131 openSUSE 10.3: YaST Control Center 4 When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button. Figure 132 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings 192 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 5 When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab Figure 133 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup 6 Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address. Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Hostname fields. 7 Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 193 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 8 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 134 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings 9 Click Finish to save your settings and close the window. 194 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address Verifying Settings Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information. Figure 135 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly. Figure 136 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 195 Appendix A Setting Up Your Computers IP Address 196 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide B APPENDIX Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
Web browser pop-up windows from your device. JavaScripts (enabled by default). Java permissions (enabled by default).
Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary. Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your devices IP address. Disable Pop-up Blockers 1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 137 Pop-up Blocker You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab. 1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 197 Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 2 Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled. Figure 138 Internet Options: Privacy 3 Click Apply to save this setting. Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps. 1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab. 2 Select Settingsto open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen. 198 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Figure 139 Internet Options: Privacy 3 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix http://. For example, http://192.168.167.1. 4 Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites. Figure 140 Pop-up Blocker Settings P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 199 Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 5 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6 Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScripts If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed. 1 In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 141 Internet Options: Security 2 Click the Custom Level... button. 3 Scroll down to Scripting. 4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default). 5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default). 6 Click OK to close the window. 200 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Figure 142 Security Settings - Java Scripting Java Permissions 1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. 2 Click the Custom Level... button. 3 Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected. 5 Click OK to close the window. Figure 143 Security Settings - Java P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 201 Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions JAVA (Sun) 1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2 Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected. 3 Click OK to close the window. Figure 144 Java (Sun) Mozilla Firefox Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears. 202 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Figure 145 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen. Figure 146 Mozilla Firefox Content Security P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 203 Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 204 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide APPENDIX C IP Addresses and Subnetting This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts. Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. Introduction to IP Addresses One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered. Structure An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal. The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 205 Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting Figure 147 Network Number and Host ID How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet Masks A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term subnet is short for sub-
network. A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a 1 then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is 0 then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal). Table 57 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example 3RD OCTET:
(1) 00000001 11111111 00000001 2ND OCTET:
(168) 10101000 11111111 10101000 11000000 11111111 11000000 00000010 00000000 1ST OCTET:
(192) 4TH OCTET
(2) IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Network Number Host ID 00000010 By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits. Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a 1 value). For example, an 8-bit mask means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes. 206 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Table 58 Subnet Masks BINARY 1ST OCTET 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 8-bit mask 16-bit mask 24-bit mask 29-bit mask 2ND OCTET 00000000 11111111 11111111 11111111 3RD OCTET 00000000 00000000 11111111 11111111 4TH OCTET DECIMAL 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111000 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.248 Network Size The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 59 Maximum Host Numbers SUBNET MASK 8 bits 16 bits 24 bits 29 bits HOST ID SIZE 24 bits 255.0.0.0 16 bits 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 8 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS 16777214 65534 254 6 224 2 216 2 28 2 23 2 Notation Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a / followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. Table 60 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128 ALTERNATIVE NOTATION
/24
/25 LAST OCTET
(BINARY) 0000 0000 1000 0000 LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL) 0 128 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 207 Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting Table 60 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued) SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 ALTERNATIVE NOTATION
/26
/27
/28
/29
/30 LAST OCTET
(BINARY) 1100 0000 1110 0000 1111 0000 1111 1000 1111 1100 LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL) 192 224 240 248 252 Subnetting You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons. In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 2 or 254 possible hosts. The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 148 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting You can borrow one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25). The borrowed host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets;
192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-
networks, A and B. 208 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 149 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnets address itself, all ones is the subnets broadcast address). 192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254. Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to borrow two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnets broadcast address). Table 61 Subnet 1 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER IP Address (Decimal) IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 0 00000000 11000000 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 209 Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting Table 62 Subnet 2 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER IP Address IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127 Table 63 Subnet 3 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER IP Address IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191 Table 64 Subnet 4 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 64 01000000 11000000 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 128 10000000 11000000 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER IP Address IP Address (Binary) Subnet Mask (Binary) Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255 192.168.1. 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111.11111111.11111111. Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254 LAST OCTET BIT VALUE 192 11000000 11000000 Example: Eight Subnets Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet. Table 65 Eight Subnets SUBNET ADDRESS 0 32 64 96 BROADCAST ADDRESS 31 63 95 127 LAST ADDRESS 30 62 94 126 FIRST ADDRESS 1 33 65 97 SUBNET 1 2 3 4 210 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting Table 65 Eight Subnets (continued) SUBNET 5 6 7 8 SUBNET ADDRESS 128 160 192 224 FIRST ADDRESS 129 161 193 225 LAST ADDRESS 158 190 222 254 BROADCAST ADDRESS 159 191 223 255 Subnet Planning SUBNET MASK The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number. Table 66 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning NO. BORROWED HOST BITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET 126 62 30 14 6 2 1 255.255.255.128 (/25) 255.255.255.192 (/26) 255.255.255.224 (/27) 255.255.255.240 (/28) 255.255.255.248 (/29) 255.255.255.252 (/30) 255.255.255.254 (/31) 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 NO. SUBNETS NO. SUBNETS SUBNET MASK The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. Table 67 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning NO. BORROWED HOST BITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 255.255.128.0 (/17) 255.255.192.0 (/18) 255.255.224.0 (/19) 255.255.240.0 (/20) 255.255.248.0 (/21) 255.255.252.0 (/22) 255.255.254.0 (/23) 255.255.255.0 (/24) 255.255.255.128 (/25) 255.255.255.192 (/26) 255.255.255.224 (/27) 255.255.255.240 (/28) 255.255.255.248 (/29) NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET 32766 16382 8190 4094 2046 1022 510 254 126 62 30 14 6 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 211 Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting Table 67 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning (continued) NO. BORROWED HOST BITS 14 15 255.255.255.252 (/30) 255.255.255.254 (/31) SUBNET MASK 16384 32768 NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET 2 1 Configuring IP Addresses Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask. If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise. Private IP Addresses Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses. Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. 212 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting IP Address Conflicts Each device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network. Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address automatically. Figure 150 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example Since a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the routers LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks. Figure 151 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 213 Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and the routers LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address. The computer cannot access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the routers LAN port. Figure 152 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example 214 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide APPENDIX D Wireless LANs Wireless LAN Topologies This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies. Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 153 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network BSS A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 215 Appendix D Wireless LANs Figure 154 Basic Service Set ESS An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS). This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate. 216 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Figure 155 Infrastructure WLAN Appendix D Wireless LANs Channel A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance. Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11. RTS/CTS A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 217 Appendix D Wireless LANs Figure 156 RTS/CTS When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations. RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked. When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission. Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy. Fragmentation Threshold A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames. A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference. 218 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Preamble Type Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet. Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks. Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications. Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long preamble.
The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate. IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 68 IEEE 802.11g DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION 1 2 5.5 / 11 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed) DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) CCK (Complementary Code Keying) Wireless Security Overview Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 219 Appendix D Wireless LANs Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the ZyXEL Device identity. The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your ZyXEL Device. Table 69 Wireless Security Levels SECURITY LEVEL Least Secure SECURITY TYPE Unique SSID (Default) Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled MAC Address Filtering WEP Encryption IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) WPA2 Most Secure
You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. IEEE 802.1x In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
User based identification that allows for roaming. Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUS RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
Authentication Determines the identity of the users. Authorization 220 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network. Accounting Keeps track of the clients network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS Messages The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
Access-Request Sent by an access point requesting authentication. Access-Reject Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access. Access-Accept Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access. Access-Challenge Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
Accounting-Request Sent by the access point requesting accounting. Accounting-Response Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 221 Appendix D Wireless LANs For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client proves that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security) With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the senders identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco. LEAP 222 LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs Dynamic WEP Key Exchange The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed. If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.
EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types. Table 70 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types EAP-TLS Yes Yes Yes Yes Strong Hard No Mutual Authentication Certificate Client Certificate Server Dynamic Key Exchange Credential Integrity Deployment Difficulty Client Identity Protection EAP-TTLS Yes Optional Yes Yes Strong Moderate Yes EAP-MD5 No No No No None Easy No LEAP Yes No No Yes Moderate Moderate No PEAP Yes Optional Yes Yes Strong Moderate Yes WPA and WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication. If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not. Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 223 Appendix D Wireless LANs Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP). TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically. The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but its still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys.
(a weakness of WEP) User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices. Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again. Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it. 224 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs Wireless Client WPA Supplicants A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in
"Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system. 1 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server. 2 The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants 3 A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the or denies network access accordingly. RADIUS server and the client. 4 The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. Figure 157 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example WPA(2)-PSK Application Example A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows. 1 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key
(PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters
(including spaces and symbols). 2 The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 225 Appendix D Wireless LANs 3 The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID. 4 The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them. Figure 158 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication Security Parameters Summary Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features. Table 71 Wireless Security Relational Matrix AUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL Open ENTER MANUAL KEY ENCRYPTIO N METHOD IEEE 802.1X None No Open Shared WPA WPA-PSK WPA2 WPA2-PSK WEP WEP TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Disable Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Enable Disable Enable Disable 226 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs Antenna Overview An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Antenna Characteristics Frequency An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN Radiation Pattern A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antennas coverage area. Antenna Gain Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLAN There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications. Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 227 Appendix D Wireless LANs Positioning Antennas In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-topoint application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area. 228 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide APPENDIX E Common Services The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site. Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like. Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number. Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers. If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number. If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number. Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used. Table 72 Commonly Used Services NAME AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) AIM/New-ICQ PROTOCOL User-Defined TCP AUTH TCP BGP BOOTP_CLIENT BOOTP_SERVER CU-SEEME DNS TCP UDP UDP TCP UDP TCP/UDP ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined FINGER TCP PORT(S) 51 5190 113 179 68 67 7648 24032 53 50 79 DESCRIPTION The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service. AOLs Internet Messenger service. It is also used as a listening port by ICQ. Authentication protocol used by some servers. Border Gateway Protocol. DHCP Client. DHCP Server. A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software. Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for example www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers. The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service. Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 229 Appendix E Common Services Table 72 Commonly Used Services (continued) NAME PORT(S) 20 FTP 21 PROTOCOL TCP TCP H.323 HTTP HTTPS ICMP TCP TCP TCP User-Defined ICQ IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined UDP IKE IRC UDP TCP/UDP MSN Messenger TCP 1720 80 443 1 4000 2 500 6667 1863 5190 144 2049 119 NEW-ICQ NEWS NFS NNTP PING POP3 PPTP PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE) RCMD REAL_AUDIO REXEC RLOGIN RTELNET 230 TCP TCP UDP TCP User-Defined 1 TCP TCP 110 1723 User-Defined 47 TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP 512 7070 514 513 107 DESCRIPTION File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail. NetMeeting uses this protocol. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/
server protocol for the world wide web. HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce. Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic or routing purposes. This is a popular Internet chat program. Internet Group Management Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts. The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management. This is another popular Internet chat program. Microsoft Networks messenger service uses this protocol. An Internet chat program. A protocol for news groups. Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments. Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service. Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable. Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other). Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel. PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel. Remote Command Service. A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web. Remote Execution Daemon. Remote Login. Remote Telnet. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Table 72 Commonly Used Services (continued) NAME PORT(S) 554 RTSP PROTOCOL TCP/UDP SFTP SMTP TCP TCP SNMP SNMP-TRAPS SQL-NET TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP SSH STRM WORKS SYSLOG TCP/UDP UDP UDP TACACS TELNET UDP TCP TFTP UDP 115 25 161 162 1521 22 1558 514 49 23 69 VDOLIVE TCP 7000 Appendix E Common Services DESCRIPTION The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. Simple File Transfer Protocol. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another. Simple Network Management Program. Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215). Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers. Secure Shell Remote Login Program. Stream Works Protocol. Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server. Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System). Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/
IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems. Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). Another videoconferencing solution. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 231 Appendix E Common Services 232 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide APPENDIX F Legal Information Copyright Copyright 2008 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation. Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved. Disclaimer ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice. Trademarks ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners. Certifications Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
This device may not cause harmful interference. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations. This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 233 Appendix F Legal Information If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. 2 Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver. 3 Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. 4 Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. FCC Radiation Exposure Statement This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
Notices Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France. This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003. Cet appareil numrique de la classe B est conforme la norme NMB-003 du Canada. Viewing Certifications 1 Go to http://www.zyxel.com. 2 Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page. 234 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix F Legal Information 3 Select the certification you wish to view from this page. ZyXEL Limited Warranty ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions. Note Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser. To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/
support_warranty_info.php. Registration Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 235 Appendix F Legal Information 236 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide APPENDIX G Customer Support In the event of problems that cannot be solved by using this manual, you should contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a ZyXEL office for the region in which you bought the device. Regional offices are listed below (see also http://
www.zyxel.com/web/contact_us.php). Please have the following information ready when you contact an office. Required Information Product model and serial number. Warranty Information. Date that you received your device. Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.
+ is the (prefix) number you dial to make an international telephone call. Corporate Headquarters (Worldwide) Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.tw Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.tw Telephone: +886-3-578-3942 Fax: +886-3-578-2439 Web: www.zyxel.com Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Corp., 6 Innovation Road II, Science Park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan China - ZyXEL Communications (Beijing) Corp. Support E-mail: cso.zycn@zyxel.cn Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.cn Telephone: +86-010-82800646 Fax: +86-010-82800587 Address: 902, Unit B, Horizon Building, No.6, Zhichun Str, Haidian District, Beijing Web: http://www.zyxel.cn China - ZyXEL Communications (Shanghai) Corp. Support E-mail: cso.zycn@zyxel.cn Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.cn Telephone: +86-021-61199055 Fax: +86-021-52069033 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 237 Appendix G Customer Support Address: 1005F, ShengGao International Tower, No.137 XianXia Rd., Shanghai Web: http://www.zyxel.cn Costa Rica Support E-mail: soporte@zyxel.co.cr Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.cr Telephone: +506-2017878 Fax: +506-2015098 Web: www.zyxel.co.cr Regular Mail: ZyXEL Costa Rica, Plaza Roble Escaz, Etapa El Patio, Tercer Piso, San Jos, Costa Rica Czech Republic E-mail: info@cz.zyxel.com Telephone: +420-241-091-350 Fax: +420-241-091-359 Web: www.zyxel.cz Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, Czech s.r.o., Modransk 621, 143 01 Praha 4 -
Modrany, Cesk Republika Denmark Support E-mail: support@zyxel.dk Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.dk Telephone: +45-39-55-07-00 Fax: +45-39-55-07-07 Web: www.zyxel.dk Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Columbusvej, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark Finland Support E-mail: support@zyxel.fi Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.fi Telephone: +358-9-4780-8411 Fax: +358-9-4780-8448 Web: www.zyxel.fi Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Oy, Malminkaari 10, 00700 Helsinki, Finland France E-mail: info@zyxel.fr Telephone: +33-4-72-52-97-97 Fax: +33-4-72-52-19-20 Web: www.zyxel.fr Regular Mail: ZyXEL France, 1 rue des Vergers, Bat. 1 / C, 69760 Limonest, France 238 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix G Customer Support Germany Support E-mail: support@zyxel.de Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.de Telephone: +49-2405-6909-69 Fax: +49-2405-6909-99 Web: www.zyxel.de Regular Mail: ZyXEL Deutschland GmbH., Adenauerstr. 20/A2 D-52146, Wuerselen, Germany Hungary Support E-mail: support@zyxel.hu Sales E-mail: info@zyxel.hu Telephone: +36-1-3361649 Fax: +36-1-3259100 Web: www.zyxel.hu Regular Mail: ZyXEL Hungary, 48, Zoldlomb Str., H-1025, Budapest, Hungary India Support E-mail: support@zyxel.in Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.in Telephone: +91-11-30888144 to +91-11-30888153 Fax: +91-11-30888149, +91-11-26810715 Web: http://www.zyxel.in Regular Mail: India - ZyXEL Technology India Pvt Ltd., II-Floor, F2/9 Okhla Phase -1, New Delhi 110020, India Japan Support E-mail: support@zyxel.co.jp Sales E-mail: zyp@zyxel.co.jp Telephone: +81-3-6847-3700 Fax: +81-3-6847-3705 Web: www.zyxel.co.jp Regular Mail: ZyXEL Japan, 3F, Office T&U, 1-10-10 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0022, Japan Kazakhstan Support: http://zyxel.kz/support Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.kz Telephone: +7-3272-590-698 Fax: +7-3272-590-689 Web: www.zyxel.kz Regular Mail: ZyXEL Kazakhstan, 43 Dostyk Ave., Office 414, Dostyk Business Centre, 050010 Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 239 Appendix G Customer Support Malaysia Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.my Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.my Telephone: +603-8076-9933 Fax: +603-8076-9833 Web: http://www.zyxel.com.my Regular Mail: ZyXEL Malaysia Sdn Bhd., 1-02 & 1-03, Jalan Kenari 17F, Bandar Puchong Jaya, 47100 Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia North America Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com Support Telephone: +1-800-978-7222 Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com Sales Telephone: +1-714-632-0882 Fax: +1-714-632-0858 Web: www.zyxel.com Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Inc., 1130 N. Miller St., Anaheim, CA 92806-
2001, U.S.A. Norway Support E-mail: support@zyxel.no Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.no Telephone: +47-22-80-61-80 Fax: +47-22-80-61-81 Web: www.zyxel.no Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Nils Hansens vei 13, 0667 Oslo, Norway Poland E-mail: info@pl.zyxel.com Telephone: +48-22-333 8250 Fax: +48-22-333 8251 Web: www.pl.zyxel.com Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, ul. Okrzei 1A, 03-715 Warszawa, Poland Russia Support: http://zyxel.ru/support Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.ru Telephone: +7-095-542-89-29 Fax: +7-095-542-89-25 Web: www.zyxel.ru Regular Mail: ZyXEL Russia, Ostrovityanova 37a Str., Moscow 117279, Russia 240 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Appendix G Customer Support Singapore Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.sg Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.sg Telephone: +65-6899-6678 Fax: +65-6899-8887 Web: http://www.zyxel.com.sg Regular Mail: ZyXEL Singapore Pte Ltd., No. 2 International Business Park, The Strategy
#03-28, Singapore 609930 Spain Support E-mail: support@zyxel.es Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.es Telephone: +34-902-195-420 Fax: +34-913-005-345 Web: www.zyxel.es Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, Arte, 21 5 planta, 28033 Madrid, Spain Sweden Support E-mail: support@zyxel.se Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.se Telephone: +46-31-744-7700 Fax: +46-31-744-7701 Web: www.zyxel.se Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Sjporten 4, 41764 Gteborg, Sweden Taiwan Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.tw Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.tw Telephone: +886-2-27399889 Fax: +886-2-27353220 Web: http://www.zyxel.com.tw Address: Room B, 21F., No.333, Sec. 2, Dunhua S. Rd., Da-an District, Taipei Thailand Support E-mail: support@zyxel.co.th Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.th Telephone: +662-831-5315 Fax: +662-831-5395 Web: http://www.zyxel.co.th Regular Mail: ZyXEL Thailand Co., Ltd., 1/1 Moo 2, Ratchaphruk Road, Bangrak-Noi, Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 241 Appendix G Customer Support Turkey Support E-mail: cso@zyxel.com.tr Telephone: +90 212 222 55 22 Fax: +90-212-220-2526 Web: http:www.zyxel.com.tr Address: Kaptanpasa Mahallesi Piyalepasa Bulvari Ortadogu Plaza N:14/13 K:6 Okmeydani/Sisli Istanbul/Turkey Ukraine Support E-mail: support@ua.zyxel.com Sales E-mail: sales@ua.zyxel.com Telephone: +380-44-247-69-78 Fax: +380-44-494-49-32 Web: www.ua.zyxel.com Regular Mail: ZyXEL Ukraine, 13, Pimonenko Str., Kiev 04050, Ukraine United Kingdom Support E-mail: support@zyxel.co.uk Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.uk Telephone: +44-1344-303044, 0845 122 0301 (UK only) Fax: +44-1344-303034 Web: www.zyxel.co.uk Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications UK Ltd., 11 The Courtyard, Eastern Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2XB, United Kingdom (UK) 242 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Index Index loopback test 155 MA 155 MD 155 MEP 155 MIP 155 channel 217 interference 217 channel ID 79 configuration 68, 72 Configure QoS 117 Connectivity Check Messages, see CCMs contact information 237 copyright 233 CoS 125 CTS (Clear to Send) 218 customer support 237 D default 153 default LAN IP address 39 DHCP 50, 68, 72, 127 DHCP relay 166 DHCP server 166 DiffServ (Differentiated Services) 125 DiffServ marking rule 125 disclaimer 233 DNS 68 DNS server address assignment 66 Domain Name 103 domain name system see DNS Domain Name System. See DNS. DoS Basics 107 DS field 125 DS See Differentiated Services DSCP 125 DSL interface 54 dynamic DNS 127 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. See DHCP. dynamic WEP key exchange 223 DYNDNS wildcard 127 A AAL5 167 ADSL2 167 Advanced Encryption Standard See AES. AES 224 alternative subnet mask notation 207 antenna 165 directional 227 gain 227 omni-directional 227 AP (access point) 217 applications Internet access 26 ATM AAL5 167 ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) 167 auto-negotiating rate adaptation 167 B backup 152 bandwidth management 117 Basic Service Set, See BSS 215 blinking LEDs 27 broadcast 65 BSS 215 C CA 222 Canonical Format Indicator See CFI CCMs 155 Certificate Authority See CA. certifications 233 notices 234 viewing 234 CFI 65 CFM 155 CCMs 155 link trace test 155 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 243 Index E EAP Authentication 221 EAP-MD5 168 ECHO 103 encapsulated routing link protocol (ENET ENCAP) 63 Encapsulation 62 PPP over Ethernet 63 encapsulation ENET ENCAP 63 encryption 224 WEP 81 ESS 216 Extended Service Set IDentification 79 Extended Service Set, See ESS 216 external antenna 167 external RADIUS 168 F F4/F5 OAM 167 FCC interference statement 233 Finger 103 Firewall Creating/Editing Rules 109 Introduction 107 Policies 107 firmware upload 150 upload error 151 fragmentation threshold 218 frequency range 168 FTP 100, 103 G G.992.1 167 G.992.3 167 G.992.4 167 G.992.5 167 H hidden node 217 host 144 HTTP 103, 107 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 150 humidity 165 I IANA 73, 212 IBSS 215 IEEE 802.11g 219 IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN 167 IEEE 802.11i 167 IEEE 802.1Q 65 IGMP 65, 68, 74 version 65 IGMP proxy 167 IGMP v1 167 IGMP v2 167 Independent Basic Service Set See IBSS 215 initialization vector (IV) 224 install UPnP 132 Windows Me 132 Windows XP 134 Internet access 26 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority See IANA 212 IP address 72 IP Address Assignment 63 IP alias 166 IP multicasting 167 IP pool 69 IP pool setup 72 L LAN TCP/IP 72 LBR 155 link trace 155 Link Trace Message, see LTM Link Trace Response, see LTR logs 147 Loop Back Response, see LBR loopback 155 LTM 155 LTR 155 244 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide M MA 155 MAC address filter action 87 MAC filter 86 Maintenance Association, see MA Maintenance Domain, see MD Maintenance End Point, see MEP managing the device good habits 25 MD 155 MEP 155 Message Integrity Check (MIC) 224 MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) 65 multicast 65, 68, 73, 74 multiple PVC support 166 N NAT 73, 103, 212 Symmetric 64 NAT (Network Address Translation) 99 NAT traversal 131 Network Management 103 NNTP 103 O OAM 167 operation humidity 165 operation temperature 165 P Packet Transfer Mode 54 Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 224, 226 Permanent Virtual Circuits 167 PHB (Per-Hop Behavior) 125 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 103 POP3 103, 107 ports 27 power adaptor 168 power specifications 165 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) Link Layer Protocol 167 Index PPP over ATM AAL5 167 PPP over Ethernet 167 PPPoE 63 Benefits 63 PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) 166 PPTP 103 preamble mode 219 product registration 235 PSK 224 PTM 54 PVCs 167 Q QoS 118, 125 QoS class configuration 120 Quality of Service (QoS) 117 Quick Start Guide 39 R RADIUS 168, 220 message types 221 messages 221 shared secret key 221 Reach-Extended ADSL 167 registration product 235 related documentation 3 remote management TR-069 129 resetting your device 28 restore 152 RFC 1483 167 RFC 1631 99 RFC 2131. See DHCP. RFC 2132. See DHCP RFC 2364 167 RFC 2516 166, 167 RFC 2684 167 RIP 68 Routing Information Protocol see RIP router features 26 RTS (Request To Send) 218 threshold 217, 218 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 245 Index S safety warnings 6 seamless rate adaptation 167 Service Set 79 Services 103 SMTP 103 SNMP 103, 167 SRA 167 static route 113 static VLAN status indicators 27 storage humidity 165 storage temperature 165 subnet 205 subnet mask 72, 206 subnetting 208 Symmetric NAT 64 Symmetric NAT, Outgoing 64 syntax conventions 4 T Tag Control Information See TCI Tag Protocol Identifier See TPID TCI TCP/IP 107 temperature 165 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 224 TLS 168 TPID 65 TR-069 129 trademarks 233 transparent bridging 167 TTLS 168 U unicast 65 Universal Plug and Play 131 application 131 UPnP 131 forum 132 security issues 131 V VID Virtual Local Area Network See VLAN VLAN 64 Introduction 64 number of possible VIDs priority frame static VLAN ID 65 VLAN Identifier See VID VLAN tag 65 W WAN (Wide Area Network) 53 warranty 235 note 235 Web Configurator 39 WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) 167 WEP encryption 82 Wi-Fi Protected Access 223 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) 167 wireless client WPA supplicants 225 wireless LAN MAC address filtering 167 wireless security 219 Wireless tutorial 31 WLAN interference 217 security parameters 226 WLAN button 28 WPA 223 key caching 224 pre-authentication 224 user authentication 224 vs WPA-PSK 224 wireless client supplicant 225 with RADIUS application example 225 WPA2 223 user authentication 224 vs WPA2-PSK 224 wireless client supplicant 225 with RADIUS application example 225 WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 223 WPA2-PSK 223, 224 application example 225 WPA-PSK 223, 224 application example 225 246 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide Z ZyXEL_s Firewall Introduction 107 Index P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide 247 Index 248 P-870HW-51a v2 Users Guide
| frequency | equipment class | purpose | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2008-12-30 | 2412 ~ 2462 | DTS - Digital Transmission System | Original Equipment |
| app s | Applicant Information | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Effective |
2008-12-30
|
||||
| 1 | Applicant's complete, legal business name |
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
|
||||
| 1 | FCC Registration Number (FRN) |
0021059092
|
||||
| 1 | Physical Address |
No.2, Industry East Road IX, Science Park
|
||||
| 1 |
Hsinchu, N/A
|
|||||
| 1 |
Taiwan
|
|||||
| app s | TCB Information | |||||
| 1 | TCB Application Email Address |
h******@atcb.com
|
||||
| 1 | TCB Scope |
A4: UNII devices & low power transmitters using spread spectrum techniques
|
||||
| app s | FCC ID | |||||
| 1 | Grantee Code |
I88
|
||||
| 1 | Equipment Product Code |
P870HW51AV2
|
||||
| app s | Person at the applicant's address to receive grant or for contact | |||||
| 1 | Name |
E****** B****
|
||||
| 1 | Title |
Section Manager
|
||||
| 1 | Telephone Number |
886 3******** Extension:
|
||||
| 1 | Fax Number |
886 3********
|
||||
| 1 |
E******@zyxel.com.tw
|
|||||
| app s | Technical Contact | |||||
| 1 | Firm Name |
Intertek Testing Services Taiwan Ltd.
|
||||
| 1 | Name |
K******** C******
|
||||
| 1 | Physical Address |
No. 11, Ko-Tze-Nan Chia-Tung Li
|
||||
| 1 |
Hsinchu, 300
|
|||||
| 1 |
Taiwan
|
|||||
| 1 | Telephone Number |
(+886******** Extension:
|
||||
| 1 | Fax Number |
(+886********
|
||||
| 1 |
K******@intertek.com
|
|||||
| app s | Non Technical Contact | |||||
| n/a | ||||||
| app s | Confidentiality (long or short term) | |||||
| 1 | Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | Yes | ||||
| 1 | Long-Term Confidentiality Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | No | ||||
| if no date is supplied, the release date will be set to 45 calendar days past the date of grant. | ||||||
| app s | Cognitive Radio & Software Defined Radio, Class, etc | |||||
| 1 | Is this application for software defined/cognitive radio authorization? | No | ||||
| 1 | Equipment Class | DTS - Digital Transmission System | ||||
| 1 | Description of product as it is marketed: (NOTE: This text will appear below the equipment class on the grant) | 802.11bg Wireless VDSL2 4-Port Gateway | ||||
| 1 | Related OET KnowledgeDataBase Inquiry: Is there a KDB inquiry associated with this application? | No | ||||
| 1 | Modular Equipment Type | Does not apply | ||||
| 1 | Purpose / Application is for | Original Equipment | ||||
| 1 | Composite Equipment: Is the equipment in this application a composite device subject to an additional equipment authorization? | No | ||||
| 1 | Related Equipment: Is the equipment in this application part of a system that operates with, or is marketed with, another device that requires an equipment authorization? | No | ||||
| 1 | Grant Comments | Power Output listed is Conducted. The antenna(s) used for this transmitter must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least 20 cm from all persons and must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. Only the antennas referenced in this application are authorized under this certification. End-users and installers must be provided with antenna installation instructions and transmitter operating conditions for satisfying RF exposure compliance. | ||||
| 1 | Is there an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application? | No | ||||
| 1 | If there is an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application, has the associated waiver been approved and all information uploaded? | No | ||||
| app s | Test Firm Name and Contact Information | |||||
| 1 | Firm Name |
Intertek Testing Services Taiwan Ltd.
|
||||
| 1 | Name |
I******** C****
|
||||
| 1 | Telephone Number |
886-2******** Extension:
|
||||
| 1 | Fax Number |
886-2********
|
||||
| 1 |
i******@intertek.com
|
|||||
| Equipment Specifications | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | Rule Parts | Grant Notes | Lower Frequency | Upper Frequency | Power Output | Tolerance | Emission Designator | Microprocessor Number | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 15C | 2412.00000000 | 2462.00000000 | 0.3614100 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
some individual PII (Personally Identifiable Information) available on the public forms may be redacted, original source may include additional details
This product uses the FCC Data API but is not endorsed or certified by the FCC