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Chapter 11 Filters 11.4 IPv6 Filter Use this screen to create and apply IPv6 filters. Click Security > Filter > IPv6 Filter. The screen appears as shown. Figure 69 Security > Filter > IPv6 Filter The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 47 Security > Filter > IPv6 Filter LABEL DESCRIPTION Rule Type Rule Type selection IPv6 Filter Rule Editing Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to specify traffic to block. IPv6 Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter rule. Active Interface Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule. Select the PVC to which to apply the filter. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 151 Chapter 11 Filters Table 47 Security > Filter > IPv6 Filter LABEL DESCRIPTION Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction. Rule Type Source IPv6 Address Use the IPv6 filter to block or allow traffic by IPv6 addresses. Enter the source IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::. Source Prefix Length Enter the prefix length for the source IPv6 address Destination IPv6 Address Destination Prefix Length ICMPv6 Type Enter the destination IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::. Enter the prefix length for the destination IPv6 address. Select the ICMPv6 message type to filter. The following message types can be selected:
1 / Destination Unreachable: 0 - no route to destination; 1 -
communication with destination administratively prohibited; 3 -
address unreachable; 4 - port unreachable 2 / Packet Too Big 3 / Time Exceeded: 0 - hop limit exceeded in transit; 1 -
fragment reassembly time exceeded 4 / Parameter Problem: 0 - erroneous header field encountered; 1 - unrecognized Next Header type encountered;
2 - unrecognized IPv6 option encountered 128 / Echo Request 129 / Echo Response 130 / Listener Query - Multicast listener query 131 / Listener Report - Multicast listener report 132 / Listener Done - Multicast listener done 143 / Listener Reportv2 - Multicast listener report v2 133 / Router Solicitation 134 / Router Advertisement 135 / Neighbor Solicitation 136 / Neighbor Advertisement 137 / Redirect - Redirect message Protocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6. IPv6 Filter Listing IPv6 Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box.
#
Active Interface This is the index number of the rule in a filter set. This field shows whether the rule is activated. This is the interface that the rule applies to. 152 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 11 Filters Table 47 Security > Filter > IPv6 Filter LABEL DESCRIPTION Direction The filter set applies to this traffic direction. ICMPv6 Type The ICMPv6 message type to filter. Src IP/PrefixLength This displays the source IPv6 address and prefix length. Dest IP/PrefixLength This displays the destination IPv6 address and prefix length. Protocol Apply Delete Cancel This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6. Click this to apply your changes. Click this to remove the filter rule. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 153 Chapter 11 Filters 154 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 2 Certificate 12.1 Overview The ZyXEL Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owners identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication. 12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the ZyXEL Device (Section 12.3 on page 156). 12.2 What You Need to Know The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter. Certification Authority A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the ZyXEL Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority. Certificate File Format The certification authority certificate that you want to import has to be in one of these file formats:
PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509: This Privacy Enhanced Mail format uses 64 ASCII characters to convert a binary X.509 certificate into a printable form. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 155 Chapter 12 Certificate 12.3 The Trusted CA Screen Click Security > Certificates to open the following screen. This screen displays a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the ZyXEL Device to accept as trusted. The ZyXEL Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities. Figure 70 Trusted CA The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 48 Trusted CA LABEL Name Subject Type Action DESCRIPTION This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information. This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Click View to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate. Click Remove to delete the certificate. Import Certificate Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust to the ZyXEL Device. 156 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 12 Certificate 12.3.1 View Trusted CA Certificate Click the View button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authoritys certificate. Figure 71 Trusted CA: View The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 49 Trusted CA: View LABEL Name Type Subject Certificate DESCRIPTION This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C). This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form. You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example). Back Click this button to return to the previous screen. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 157 Chapter 12 Certificate 12.3.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate Click the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The ZyXEL Device trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates. Figure 72 Trusted CA: Import Certificate The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 50 Trusted CA: Import Certificate LABEL Browse Back Apply DESCRIPTION Click this button to locate the certificate file on your computer. Click this button to return to the previous screen. Click this button to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. 158 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 3 Static Route 13.1 Overview The ZyXEL Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the ZyXEL Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes. For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the ZyXEL Devices LAN interface. The ZyXEL Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the ZyXEL Devices default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN. Figure 73 Example of Static Routing Topology A R3 LAN WAN R1 R2 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 159 Chapter 13 Static Route 13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens Use the Static Route screens (Section 13.2 on page 160) to view and configure IP static routes on the ZyXEL Device. Use the IPv6 Static Route screens (Section 13.2.2 on page 162) to view and configure IPv6 static routes on the ZyXEL Device. 13.2 The Static Route Screen Use this screen to view the static route rules. Click Advanced > Static Route to open the Static Route screen. Figure 74 Advanced > Static Route The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 51 Advanced > Static Route LABEL DESCRIPTION
#
This is the number of an individual static route. Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. Netmask Gateway This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination. This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the ZyXEL Device. Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route. 160 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 13 Static Route 13.2.1 Static Route Edit Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route. Select a static route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears. Figure 75 Advanced > Static Route: Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 52 Advanced > Static Route: Edit LABEL DESCRIPTION Static Route Setup Destination IP Address This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID. IP Subnet Mask Gateway IP Address Back Apply Cancel Enter the IP subnet mask here. Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 161 Chapter 13 Static Route 13.2.2 IPv6 Static Route Use this screen to view the IPv6 static route rules. Click Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route to open the IPv6 Static Route screen. Figure 76 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 53 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route LABEL DESCRIPTION
#
This is the number of an individual static route. Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. Prefix Length An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (starting from the left) in the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the IPv6 subnet mask. Gateway Device Modify This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. This specifies the LAN or WAN PVC. Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the ZyXEL Device. Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route. 162 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 13 Static Route 13.2.3 IPv6 Static Route Edit Use this screen to configure the required information for an IPv6 static route. Select an IPv6 static route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears. Figure 77 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 54 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: Edit LABEL DESCRIPTION Static Route Setup Destination IPv6 Address This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a prefix length of 128 in the prefix length field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID. IPv6 Prefix Length Enter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits compose the network address. Gateway IPv6 Address Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations. PVC IPv6 Address Back Apply Cancel Select the interface through which the traffic is routed. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 163 Chapter 13 Static Route 164 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 4 Quality of Service (QoS) 14.1 Overview Use the QoS screen to set up your ZyXEL Device to use QoS for traffic management. Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a networks ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control bandwidth. QoS allows the ZyXEL Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance. Without QoS, all traffic data are equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical applications such as video-on-demand. The ZyXEL Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets assigned with a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priorities if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video. In the following figure, your Internet connection has an upstream transmission speed of 50 Mbps. You configure a classifier to assign the highest priority queue
(6) to VoIP traffic from the LAN interface, so that voice traffic would not get delayed when there is network congestion. Traffic from the bosss IP address
(192.168.1.23 for example) is mapped to queue 5. Traffic that does not match P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 165 Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) these two classes are assigned priority queue based on the internal QoS mapping table on the ZyXEL Device. Figure 78 QoS Example VoIP: Queue 6 Boss: Queue 5 IP=192.168.1.23 DSL 50 Mbps 14.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens Use the General screen (Section 14.2 on page 167) to enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, and specify the type of scheduling. Use the QoS Summary List screen (Section 14.2.1 on page 168) to check the summary of QoS rules and actions you configured for the ZyXEL Device. Use the Queue Setup screen (Section 14.3 on page 168) to configure QoS settings on the ZyXEL Device. Use the Class Setup screen (Section 14.4 on page 170) to configure QoS settings on the ZyXEL Device. 14.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS 802.1p QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the same priority. 802.1p is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use 802.1p to give different priorities to different packet types. Tagging and Marking In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) value and IEEE 802.1p priority level in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker. 166 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) Finding Out More See Section on page 171 for advanced technical information on QoS. 14.2 The General Screen Use this screen to enable or disable QoS. Click Advanced Setup > QoS to open the screen as shown next. Figure 79 Advanced Setup > QoS The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 55 Advanced Setup > QoS LABEL QoS DESCRIPTION Use this field to turn on QoS to improve your network performance. You can give priority to traffic that the ZyXEL Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications. Click this to save your changes. Click this to display a summary of configured rules and actions. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. Apply Rule&Action Summary Cancel P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 167 Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) 14.2.1 The QoS Summary List Screen Use this screen to display a summary of rules and actions configured for the ZyXEL Device. In the Advanced > QoS screen, click the Rule&Action Summary button to open the following screen. Figure 80 Advanced Setup > QoS > QoS Summary List The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 56 Advanced Setup > QoS > QoS Summary List LABEL
#
Active DESCRIPTION This is the rules index number. This shows whether the rule is enabled or disabled. Physical Ports This is the physical port associated with the rule. Classification Criteria Forward To This shows criteria specified in this rule, for example the interface from which traffic of this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this classifier. This is the interface through which traffic that matches the rule is forwarded out. IPP/TOS (DSCP) This shows the IPP/TOS or DSCP settings. 802.1p This is the 802.1p priority level. IPP/TOS (DSCP) Remarking The ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority values specified in this field to matched traffic. 802.1p Remarking The ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority levels specified in this field to matched traffic. To Queue The ZyXEL Device assigns the queue level specified in this field to matched traffic. 14.3 The Queue Setup Screen Use this screen to configure QoS queue disciplines and priorities. 168 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) Click Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next. Figure 81 Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 57 Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION Queue Editing Queue Discipline Select weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling to allow packets of all priorities to transmit depending on their assigned relative weight. Select Strict Priority to require traffic transmit in order of priority. Queue Index Specify the queue index. Queue Enable Specify to enable or disable the queue. Queue Weight If you selected WRR, specify the WRR weight for each queue index. A higher weight indicates higher priority while a lower weight indicates lower priority. For example, 15 is higher priority than 1. Queue Priority If you selected strict priority, specify the queue priority for each queue index. Add Delete Cancel Queue List Click this to add the queue to the list. Click this to delete the specified queue index. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. Queue Index This is the specified queue index. Active Priority This specifies if the queue is enabled or disabled. This specifies the assigned priority. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 169 Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) 14.4 The Class Setup Screen Use this screen to set up QoS class rules and have the ZyXEL Device assign priority levels to traffic according to the port range, IEEE 802.1p priority level and/
or IP precedence. Click Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup to open the screen as shown next. Figure 82 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup 170 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) The following table describes the labels in this screen. QoS Technical Reference Table 58 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION Class Rule Rule Index Select the rules index number from the drop-down list box. Rule Enable Use this field to enable or disable the rule. Application Select an application from the drop-down list box. The Destination Port Range and Protocol ID fields may change depending on the type of applications you choose. Physical Ports Select Enet1 to apply the rule to the Ethernet port. Destination MAC Type a destination MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this destination MAC address. Leave it blank to apply the rule to all MAC addresses. Destination IP Enter a destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this destination IP address. A blank destination IP address means any destination IP address. Destination SubNet Mask Destination Port Range Source MAC Source IP Source SubNet Mask Source Port Range Enter a destination subnet mask here. Either use the default value set by the application you choose, or enter the port number to which the rule should be applied. Type a source MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this source MAC address. Leave it blank to apply the rule to all MAC addresses. Enter a source IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this source IP address. A blank source IP address means any source IP address. Enter a source subnet mask here. Enter the port number to which the rule should be applied. 0 means any source port number. See Appendix F on page 305 for some common services and port numbers. Protocol ID Select an IP protocol type from the drop-down list box. Vlan ID Range Enter the source VLAN ID in this field. IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services. Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range. IP Precedence Range Enter a range from 0 to 7 for IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority and seven is the highest. Type of Service Select a type of service from the drop-down list box. Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize throughput, Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost. DSCP Range Specify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 in this field. 802.1p Action Select a priority level (0 to 7) from the drop-down list box. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 171 Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) Table 58 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION Forward To Select the interface through which traffic that matches the rule is forwarded out. If you select Unchange, the ZyXEL Device forwards traffic of this class according to the default routing table. If traffic of this class comes from a WAN interface and is in a queue that forwards traffic through the LAN/WLAN interface, the ZyXEL Device ignores the setting here. IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services. Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range. IP Precedence Remarking Enter a range from 0 to 7 to re-assign IP precedence to matched traffic. Zero is the lowest priority and seven is the highest. Type of Service Remarking DSCP Remarking 802.1p Remarking Queue #
Add Delete Cancel Select a type of service to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic. Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize throughput, Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost. Specify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic. Select a priority level (0 to 7) to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic. Specify a queue tag to matched traffic. Traffic assigned to a higher queue gets through faster while traffic in lower queues is dropped when there is network congestion. Click this to add the rule. Click this to remove the rule. Click this to restore previously saved settings. 14.5 QoS Technical Reference This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter. 172 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 14.5.1 IEEE 802.1p Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p). Table 59 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type PRIORITY LEVEL Level 7 Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 TRAFFIC TYPE Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages. Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in delay). Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter. Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA
(Systems Network Architecture) transactions. Typically used for excellent effort or better than best effort and would include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay. This is for spare bandwidth. This is typically used for non-critical background traffic such as bulk transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users. Level 0 Typically used for best-effort traffic. 14.5.2 IP Precedence Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-
bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There are eight classes of services
(ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority level and seven is the highest. 14.5.3 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment If you enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, the ZyXEL Device can automatically base on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not match a class. The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the ZyXEL Device. On the ZyXEL Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 173 Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS) gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the network is congested. Table 60 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping LAYER 2 LAYER 3 PRIORITY QUEUE IEEE 802.1P USER PRIORITY
(ETHERNET PRIORITY) TOS (IP PRECEDENCE) DSCP IP PACKET LENGTH (BYTE) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 0 3 4 5 6 7
>1100 250~1100
<250 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 000000 000000 001110 001100 001010 001000 010110 010100 010010 010000 011110 011100 011010 011000 100110 100100 100010 100000 101110 101000 110000 111000 174 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 5 Dynamic DNS Setup 15.1 Overview Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-
SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address. First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key. 15.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen Use the Dynamic DNS screen (Section 15.2 on page 176) to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the ZyXEL Device. 15.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS DYNDNS Wildcard Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname. If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 175 Chapter 15 Dynamic DNS Setup 15.2 The Dynamic DNS Screen Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices DDNS. Click Advanced >
Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown. Figure 83 Advanced > Dynamic DNS The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 61 Advanced > Dynamic DNS LABEL DESCRIPTION Dynamic DNS Setup Active Dynamic DNS Service Provider Select this check box to use dynamic DNS. This is the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider. Dynamic DNS Type Select the type of service that you are registered for from your Dynamic DNS service provider. Host Name Type the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your Dynamic DNS provider. You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma
(","). User Name Type your user name. Password Enable Wildcard Option Apply Cancel Type the password assigned to you. Select the check box to enable DynDNS Wildcard. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 176 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 6 Remote Management 16.1 Overview Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which ZyXEL Device interface (if any) from which computers. The following figure shows remote management of the ZyXEL Device coming in from the WAN. Figure 84 Remote Management From the WAN LAN WAN HTTP Telnet Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the WAN, you still need to configure a IP filter rule to allow access. You may manage your ZyXEL Device from a remote location via:
Internet (WAN only) LAN only LAN and WAN None (Disable) To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding Service Access field. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 177 Chapter 16 Remote Management 16.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens Use the WWW screen (Section 16.2 on page 179) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL Device. Use the Telnet screen (Section 16.3 on page 180) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL Device. Use the FTP screen (Section 16.4 on page 180) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL Device. Your ZyXEL Device can act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. Use the SNMP screen (see Section 16.5 on page 181) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use SNMP to access the ZyXEL Device. Use the ICMP screen (Section 16.6 on page 184) to set whether or not your ZyXEL Device will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available. 16.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management Remote Management Limitations Remote management does not work when:
You have not enabled that service on the interface in the corresponding remote management screen. You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens. The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the ZyXEL Device will disconnect the session immediately. There is a firewall rule that blocks it. Remote Management and NAT When NAT is enabled:
Use the ZyXEL Devices WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN. Use the ZyXEL Devices LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN. 178 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 16 Remote Management 16.2 The WWW Screen Use this screen to specify how to connect to the ZyXEL Device from a web browser, such as Internet Explorer. 16.2.1 Configuring the WWW Screen Click Advanced > Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen. Figure 85 Advanced > Remote MGMT > WWW The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 62 Advanced > Remote Management > WWW LABEL DESCRIPTION Server Port You may change the server port number for a service, if needed. However, you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management. Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Secured Client IP Address A secured client is a trusted computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 179 Chapter 16 Remote Management 16.3 The Telnet Screen You can use Telnet to access the ZyXEL Devices command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can come. Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet tab to display the screen as shown. Figure 86 Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 63 Advanced > Remote Management > Telnet LABEL DESCRIPTION Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management. Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Secured Client IP Address A secured client is a trusted computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 16.4 The FTP Screen You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the ZyXEL Devices firmware and configuration files. Please see the Users Guide chapter on firmware and configuration file maintenance for details. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client. 180 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 16 Remote Management Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP address the access can come. To change your ZyXEL Devices FTP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP. The screen appears as shown. Figure 87 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 64 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP LABEL DESCRIPTION Server Port You may change the server port number for a service, if needed. However, you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management. Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Secured Client IP Address A secured client is a trusted computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 16.5 The SNMP Screen Simple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information between network devices. Your ZyXEL Device supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. The ZyXEL Device supports SNMP version P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 181 Chapter 16 Remote Management one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation. Figure 88 SNMP Management Model An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager. An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the ZyXEL Device). An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices. The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects. 182 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 16 Remote Management 16.5.1 Configuring SNMP To change your ZyXEL Devices SNMP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT
> SNMP tab. The screen appears as shown. Figure 89 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 65 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP LABEL DESCRIPTION Server Port The SNMP agent listens on port 161 by default. If you change the SNMP server port to a different number on the ZyXEL Device, for example 8161, then you must notify people who need to access the ZyXEL Device SNMP agent to use the same port. Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service. Secured Client IP Address A secured client is a trusted computer that is allowed to access the SNMP agent on the ZyXEL Device. Select All to allow any computer to access the SNMP agent. Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the SNMP agent. Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests. Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests. Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. Get Community Set Community Apply Cancel P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 183 Chapter 16 Remote Management 16.6 The ICMP Screen To change your ZyXEL Devices security settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > ICMP. The screen appears as shown. If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the ZyXEL Device exists. Your ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed. Note: If you want your device to respond to pings and requests for unauthorized services, you will also need to configure the firewall accordingly by disabling SPI. Figure 90 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 66 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP LABEL ICMP Respond to Ping on Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-
reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user. The ZyXEL Device will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is selected. Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests. Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select LAN & WAN to reply to both incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 184 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) C H A P T E R 1 7 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 17.1 Overview Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use. 17.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen Use the UPnP screen (Section 17.2 on page 187) to enable UPnP on the ZyXEL Device and allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL Device. 17.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP Identifying UPnP Devices UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder
(Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device. NAT Traversal UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows the following:
Dynamic port mapping Learning public IP addresses P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 185 Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) Assigning lease times to mappings Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP. See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT. Cautions with UPnP The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments. When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device allows multicast messages on the LAN only. All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention. UPnP and ZyXEL ZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum UPnP Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports Internet Gateway Device (IGD) 1.0. See the following sections for examples of installing and using UPnP. 186 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 17.2 The UPnP Screen Use the following screen to configure the UPnP settings on your ZyXEL Device. Click Advanced > UPnP to display the screen shown next. See Section 17.1 on page 185 for more information. Figure 91 Advanced > UPnP > General The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 67 Advanced > UPnP > General LABEL DESCRIPTION Active the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Feature Allow users to make configuration changes through UPnP Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without entering the ZyXEL Device's IP address
(although you must still enter the password to access the web configurator). Select this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL Device so that they can communicate through the ZyXEL Device, for example by using NAT traversal, UPnP applications automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 187 Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 17.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example This section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP. Installing UPnP in Windows Me Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me. 1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs. 2 Click on the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the Components selection box. Click Details. Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication 188 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 3 In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box in the Components selection box. Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components 4 Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click Next. 5 Restart the computer when prompted. Installing UPnP in Windows XP Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP. 1 Click Start and Control Panel. 2 Double-click Network Connections. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 189 Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 3 In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and select Optional Networking Components . Network Connections 4 The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays. Select Networking Service in the Components selection box and click Details. Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard 190 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 5 In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box. Networking Services 6 Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard window and click Next. 17.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the ZyXEL Device. Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the ZyXEL Device. Turn on your computer and the ZyXEL Device. Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device 1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under Internet Gateway. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 191 Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 2 Right-click the icon and select Properties. Network Connections 3 In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there were automatically created. Internet Connection Properties 192 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 4 You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings. Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add 5 When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings will be deleted automatically. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 193 Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 6 Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in the system tray. System Tray Icon 7 Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status. Internet Connection Status Web Configurator Easy Access With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the ZyXEL Device without finding out the IP address of the ZyXEL Device first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the ZyXEL Device. Follow the steps below to access the web configurator. 1 Click Start and then Control Panel. 2 Double-click Network Connections. 194 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 3 Select My Network Places under Other Places. Network Connections 4 An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 195 Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) 5 Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Invoke. The web configurator login screen displays. Network Connections: My Network Places 6 Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Properties. A properties window displays with basic information about the ZyXEL Device. Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: Example 196 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 8 CWMP 18.1 Overview The ZyXEL Device supports TR-069 Amendment 1 (CPE WAN Management Protocol Release 2.0) and TR-069 Amendment 2 (CPE WAN Management Protocol v1.1, Release 3.0). TR-069 is a protocol that defines how your ZyXEL Device (ZD) can be managed via a management server (MS) such as ZyXELs Vantage Access. Figure 92 LAN and WAN ZD MS An administrator can use a management server to remotely set up the ZyXEL device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the ZyXEL device. In order to use CWMP, you need to configure the following steps:
1 Activate CWMP 2 Specify the URL, username and password. 3 Activate periodic inform and specify an interval value. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 197 Chapter 18 CWMP 18.2 The CWMP Setup Screen Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server. Click Advanced> CWMP to display the following screen. Figure 93 Advanced > CWMP The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 68 Advanced > CWMP LINK DESCRIPTION CWMP Setup CWMP Select Activated to allow the ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server or select Deactivated to not allow the ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server. Login ACS Configure this part of the screen to log into the management server. URL Type the IP address or domain name of the management server. If the ZyXEL Device is behind a NAT router that assigns it a private IP address, you will have to configure a NAT port forwarding rule on the NAT router. 198 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 18 CWMP Table 68 Advanced > CWMP (continued) LINK DESCRIPTION User Name Password The user name is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a connection to the management server. This user name on the management server and the ZyXEL Device must be the same. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed. The password is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a connection to the management server. This password on the management server and the ZyXEL Device must be the same. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Connection Request Use this part of the screen to allow the management server to connect to the ZyXEL Device after a successful login. Path Port UserName Password Periodic Inform Interval Apply Cancel Type the IP address or domain name of the ZyXEL Device. The management server uses this path to verify the ZyXEL Device. The default port for access to the ZyXEL Device from the management server is port 7547. If you change it, make sure it does not conflict with another port on your network and it is recommended to use a port number above 1024 (not a commonly used port). The management server should use this port to connect to the ZyXEL Device. You may need to alter your NAT port forwarding rules if they were already configured. The user name is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the ZyXEL Device. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed. The password is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the ZyXEL Device. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces are not allowed. Select Activated to have the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to the management server (recommended if CWMP is enabled) or select Deactivated to not have the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to the management server The interval is the duration in seconds for which the ZyXEL Device must attempt to connect with the management server to send information and check for configuration updates. Enter a value between 1 and 86400 seconds. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 199 Chapter 18 CWMP 200 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 9 System Settings 19.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval. 19.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens Use the General screen (Section 19.2 on page 201) to configure system settings. Use the Time Setting screen (Section 19.3 on page 202) to set the system time. 19.2 The General Screen Use this screen to configure system admin password. Click Maintenance > System to open the General screen. Figure 94 Maintenance > System > General P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 201 Chapter 19 System Settings The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 69 Maintenance > System > General LABEL Password Admin Password Old Password New Password Retype to confirm Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field. Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new password to access the ZyXEL Device. Type the new password again for confirmation. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 19.3 The Time Setting Screen Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Devices time based on your local time zone. To change your ZyXEL Devices time and date, click Maintenance >
System > Time Setting. The screen appears as shown. Figure 95 Maintenance > System > Time Setting 202 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 19 System Settings The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 70 Maintenance > System > Time Setting LABEL DESCRIPTION Current Time and Date Current Time This field displays the time and date of your ZyXEL Device. Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the time and date with the time server. Time and Date Setup Manual New Time
(hh:mm:ss) New Date
(yyyy/mm/dd) Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it. This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time configured manually. When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and then click Apply. This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured manually. When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and then click Apply. Get from Time Server Select this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and date from the time server you specified below. Time Server Address Enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information. Time Zone Setup Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening. Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time. Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select Second, Sunday, March and type 2 in the o'clock field. Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 203 Chapter 19 System Settings Table 70 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued) LABEL End Date DESCRIPTION Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, November and type 2 in the o'clock field. Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 204 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 2 0 Logs 20.1 Overview This chapter contains information about viewing the ZyXEL Devices logs. The web configurator allows you to choose which types of events and/or alerts to have the ZyXEL Device log and then display the logs. 20.1.1 What You Need To Know About Logs Alerts An alert is a message that is enabled as soon as the event occurs. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black. Logs A log is a message about an event that occurred on your ZyXEL Device. For example, when someone logs in to the ZyXEL Device, you can set a schedule for how often logs should be enabled, or sent to a syslog server. 20.2 The View Log Screen Use the View Log screen to view logs. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 205 Chapter 20 Logs To view your ZyXEL Devices logs, click Maintenance > Logs > View Log. The screen appears as shown. Figure 96 Maintenance > System Logs The following table describes the fields in this screen. Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings LABEL DESCRIPTION System Log Refresh Click this to refresh to log display. 20.3 The Log Settings Screen Use the Log Settings screen to configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the ZyXEL Device is to record and display. To change your ZyXEL Devices log settings, click Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings. The screen appears as shown. 206 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 20 Logs Figure 97 Maintenance > System Logs > Log Settings The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 71 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings LABEL Active Mode Syslog Server IP Address Syslog Server UDP Port DESCRIPTION Select to enable or disable system logging. Select Local File to record the logs and store them in the local memory of the ZyXEL Device only. Select Local File and Remote to record the logs and store them in the local memory and also send logs to the log server. Enter the server name or the IP address of the log server. Enter the UDP port of the log server. Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 207 Chapter 20 Logs 208 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 2 1 Tools 21.1 Overview This chapter explains how to upload new firmware, manage configuration files and restart your ZyXEL Device. Use the instructions in this chapter to change the devices configuration file or upgrade its firmware. After you configure your device, you can backup the configuration file to a computer. That way if you later misconfigure the device, you can upload the backed up configuration file to return to your previous settings. You can alternately upload the factory default configuration file if you want to return the device to the original default settings. The firmware determines the devices available features and functionality. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your devices performance. Only use firmware for your devices specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device. 21.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens Use the Firmware Upgrade screen (Section 21.2 on page 209) to upload firmware to your device. Use the Configuration screen (Section 21.3 on page 212) to backup and restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default. Use the Restart screen (Section 21.4 on page 215) to restart your ZyXEL device. 21.2 The Firmware Screen Click Maintenance > Tools to open the Firmware screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 209 Chapter 21 Tools Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in progress!
Figure 98 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 72 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware LABEL DESCRIPTION Current Firmware Version File Path Browse... Upload This is the present Firmware version and the date created. Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes. After you see the Firmware Upload in Progress screen, wait two minutes before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. Figure 99 Firmware Upload In Progress 210 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 21 Tools The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop. Figure 100 Network Temporarily Disconnected After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen. If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Firmware screen. Figure 101 Error Message P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 211 Chapter 21 Tools 21.3 The Configuration Screen Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next. Figure 102 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration Backup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the ZyXEL Devices current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the ZyXEL Devices current configuration to your computer. 212 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 21 Tools Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your ZyXEL Device. Table 73 Restore Configuration LABEL DESCRIPTION File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process. Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is in progress. After you see a restore configuration successful screen, you must then wait one minute before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. Figure 103 Configuration Upload Successful The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop. Figure 104 Network Temporarily Disconnected If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix A on page 235 for details on how to set up your computers IP address. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 213 Chapter 21 Tools If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Configuration screen. Figure 105 Configuration Upload Error Reset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the ZyXEL Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears. Figure 106 Reset Warning Message Figure 107 Reset In Process Message You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your ZyXEL Device. Refer to Section 1.7 on page 27 for more information on the RESET button. 214 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 21 Tools 21.4 The Restart Screen System restart allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device remotely without turning the power off. You may need to do this if the ZyXEL Device hangs, for example. Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the ZyXEL Device reboot. This does not affect the ZyXEL Device's configuration. Figure 108 Maintenance > Tools >Restart P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 215 Chapter 21 Tools 216 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 2 2 Diagnostic 22.1 Overview These read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the ZyXEL Device. 22.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens Use the General screen (Section 22.2 on page 217) to ping an IP address. Use the DSL Line screen (Section 22.3 on page 218) to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line. 22.2 The General Screen Use this screen to ping an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic to open the screen shown next. Figure 109 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 217 Chapter 22 Diagnostic The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 74 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General LABEL TCP/IP Address Ping PingV6 DESCRIPTION Type the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a connection. Click this to ping the IP address that you entered. Click this to ping the IPv6 address that you entered. 22.3 The DSL Line Screen Use this screen to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line to open the screen shown next. Figure 110 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line 218 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 22 Diagnostic The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 75 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line LABEL DESCRIPTION ATM Status Click this to view your DSL connections Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) statistics. ATM is a networking technology that provides high-
speed data transfer. ATM uses fixed-size packets of information called cells. With ATM, a high QoS (Quality of Service) can be guaranteed. The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into ATM cells. It also receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets. These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up. inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received. inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected. outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent. outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected. inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM) F4 cells that have been received. See ITU recommendation I.610 for more on OAM for ATM. outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent. inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received. outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent. openChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has opened a logical DSL channel. closeChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has closed a logical DSL channel. txRate is the number of bytes transmitted per second. rxRate is the number of bytes received per second. ATM Loopback Test Click this to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured at least one PVC with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The ZyXEL Device sends an OAM F5 packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and then returns it (loops it back) to the ZyXEL Device. The ATM loopback test is useful for troubleshooting problems with the DSLAM and ATM network. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 219 Chapter 22 Diagnostic Table 75 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION DSL Line Status Click this to view statistics about the DSL connections. noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the downstream part of the connection (coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP). It is measured in decibels. The higher the number the more signal and less noise there is. output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the ZyXEL Device is using to transmit to the ISP. attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of the DSL signal coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP. Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a lines bandwidth into sub-carriers (sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of the display is the lines bit allocation. This is displayed as the number (in hexadecimal format) of bits transmitted for each tone. This can be used to determine the quality of the connection, whether a given sub-carrier loop has sufficient margins to support certain ADSL transmission rates, and possibly to determine whether particular specific types of interference or line attenuation exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1 recommendation for more information on DMT. The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted for a DMT tone. The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per DMT tone is 15. There will be some tones without any bits as there has to be space between the upstream and downstream channels. Reset ADSL Line Click this to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then displays the progress and results of this operation, for example:
"Start to reset ADSL Loading ADSL modem F/W... Reset ADSL Line Successfully!"
Capture All Logs Click this to display information and statistics about your ZyXEL Devices ATM statistics, DSL connection statistics, DHCP settings, firmware version, WAN and gateway IP address, VPI/VCI and LAN IP address. 220 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 2 3 Troubleshooting This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ZyXEL Device Access and Login Internet Access 23.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs The ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on. 1 Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on. 2 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL Device. 3 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on. 4 5 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. If the problem continues, contact the vendor. One of the LEDs does not behave as expected. 1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.6 on page 26. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 221 Chapter 23 Troubleshooting 2 Check the hardware connections. 3 4 5 Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables. Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. If the problem continues, contact the vendor. 23.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device. 1 2 The default IP address is 192.168.1.1. If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the ZyXEL Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser. 3 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page 27. I forgot the password. 1 2 The default admin user name and password can be found on the cover of this Users Guide. If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page 27. I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator. 1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address. 222 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 23 Troubleshooting The default IP address is 192.168.1.1. If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 91), use the new IP address. If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device. 2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide. 3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java enabled. See Appendix C on page 269. 4 Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with the default IP address. See Section 1.7 on page 27. 5 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions. Advanced Suggestions Try to access the ZyXEL Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the ZyXEL Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the ZyXEL Device does not respond to HTTP. If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a ETHERNET port. I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device. 1 Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default user and default admin password can be found on the cover page of this Users Guide. The field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2 3 4 You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device. Log out of the ZyXEL Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out. Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 23.1 on page 221. I cannot Telnet to the ZyXEL Device. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 223 Chapter 23 Troubleshooting See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser. I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware. See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser. 23.3 Internet Access I cannot access the Internet. 1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 26. 2 Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3 4 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP. If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure you enabled the wireless LAN and have selected the correct country and channel in which your ZyXEL Device operates in the Wireless LAN > AP screen. 5 Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again. 6 If the problem continues, contact your ISP. I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore. 1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 26. 224 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 23 Troubleshooting 2 3 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. If the problem continues, contact your ISP. The Internet connection is slow or intermittent. 1 There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.6 on page 26. If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. 2 Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving your computer closer to the ZyXEL Device if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on). 3 4 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions. Advanced Suggestions Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 225 Chapter 23 Troubleshooting 226 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 2 4 Product Specifications The following tables summarize the ZyXEL Devices hardware and firmware features. 24.1 Hardware Specifications Table 76 Hardware Specifications Dimensions 133 x 61 x 163 mm Weight 215g Power Specification 12V 0.5A or 12V 1A Built-in Switch Four auto-negotiating, auto MDI/MDI-X 10/100 Mbps RJ-45 Ethernet ports ADSL Port 1 RJ-11 FXS POTS port RESET Button Restores factory defaults Antenna 2 internal antenna, 2dBi WPS Button Press for over 5 seconds to turn on or off WLAN Press for 1-5 seconds to enable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) Operation Temperature 0 C ~ 40 C Storage Temperature
-25 ~ 60 C Operation Humidity 20% ~ 90% RH Storage Humidity 20% ~ 90% RH 24.2 Firmware Specifications Table 77 Firmware Specifications Default IP Address 192.168.1.1 Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 (24 bits) P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 227 Chapter 24 Product Specifications Table 77 Firmware Specifications (continued) Default user admin Default Admin Password 1234 DHCP Server IP Pool 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.64 Static DHCP Addresses Static Routes 10 16 Device Management Use the web configurator to easily configure the rich range of features on the ZyXEL Device. Wireless Functionality
(wireless devices only) Firmware Upgrade Allow the IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless clients to connect to the ZyXEL Device wirelessly. Enable wireless security (WEP, WPA(2), WPA(2)-PSK) and/or MAC filtering to protect your wireless network. Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web site and use the web configurator to put it on the ZyXEL Device. Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!
Configuration Backup
& Restoration Make a copy of the ZyXEL Devices configuration. You can put it back on the ZyXEL Device later if you decide to revert back to an earlier configuration. Network Address Translation (NAT) Port Forwarding DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) DHCPv6 Dynamic DNS Support IP Multicast IPv6 Multicast Time and Date Each computer on your network must have its own unique IP address. Use NAT to convert your public IP address(es) to multiple private IP addresses for the computers on your network. If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your network, you can use this feature to let people access it from the Internet. Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your network. Your device can also act as a surrogate DHCP server
(DHCP Relay) where it relays IP address assignment from the actual real DHCP server to the clients. Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IPv6 addresses, an IPv6 default gateway and IPv6 DNS servers to computers on your network. With Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) support, you can use a fixed URL, www.zyxel.com for example, with a dynamic IP address. You must register for this service with a Dynamic DNS service provider. IP multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of computers. The ZyXEL Device supports versions 1 and 2 of IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol) used to join multicast groups (see RFC 2236). IPv6 multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of computers. The ZyXEL Device supports MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) used to join IPv6 multicast groups (see RFC 2236). Get the current time and date from an external server when you turn on your ZyXEL Device. You can also set the time manually. These dates and times are then used in logs. 228 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 24 Product Specifications Table 77 Firmware Specifications (continued) Logs Use logs for troubleshooting. You can send logs from the ZyXEL Device to an external syslog server. Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) A UPnP-enabled device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address and convey its capabilities to other devices on the network. Firewall Your device has a stateful inspection firewall with DoS (Denial of Service) protection. By default, when the firewall is activated, all incoming traffic from the WAN to the LAN is blocked unless it is initiated from the LAN. The firewall supports TCP/UDP inspection, DoS detection and prevention, real time alerts, reports and logs. URL Filtering URL filtering allows you to block access to Internet web sites of certain URL that you specify. IP and IPv6 Filtering IP/MAC and IPv6 filtering allows you to block traffic by IP addresses, MAC addresses and IPv6 addresses. QoS (Quality of Service) You can efficiently manage traffic on your network by reserving bandwidth and giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers. Remote Management This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP or FTP traffic for PPPoE Support
(RFC2516) example) from a computer on a network (LAN or WAN for example) can access the ZyXEL Device. PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) emulates a dial-up connection. It allows your ISP to use their existing network configuration with newer broadband technologies such as ADSL. The PPPoE driver on your device is transparent to the computers on the LAN, which see only Ethernet and are not aware of PPPoE thus saving you from having to manage PPPoE clients on individual computers. Other PPPoE Features PPPoE idle time out PPPoE dial on demand Multiple PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuits) Support IP Alias Your device supports up to 8 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs). IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into logical networks over the same Ethernet interface. Your device supports three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the your device itself as the gateway for each LAN network. Packet Filters Your devices packet filtering function allows added network security and management. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 229 Chapter 24 Product Specifications Table 77 Firmware Specifications (continued) ADSL Standards Support Multi-Mode standard (ANSI T1.413, Issue 2; G.dmt
(G.992.1); G.lite (G992.2)) EOC specified in ITU-T G.992.1 ADSL2 G.dmt.bis (G.992.3) ADSL2 G.lite.bis (G.992.4) ADSL2+ (G.992.5) Reach Extended ADSL (RE ADSL) SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation) Auto-negotiating rate adaptation ADSL physical connection ATM AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer type 5) Support multi-protocol over AAL5 (RFC2684/1483) Support PPP over ATM AAL5 (RFC2364) PPP over Ethernet support for DSL connection (RFC 2516) Support VC-based and LLC-based multiplexing Support up to 8 PVCs I.610 F4/F5 OAM TR-067/TR-100 supported 230 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 24 Product Specifications Table 77 Firmware Specifications (continued) Other Protocol Support SIP pass-through DNS Proxy Dynamic DNS (www.dyndns.org) IP Alias DHCP client/server/relay RIP I/ RIP II supported Support 16 IP Static routes and 16 IPv6 Static routes by Gateway IGMP v1 and v2 IP Policy Routing UPnP support Transparent bridging, VLAN-tagging pass-through bridge mode Management Embedded Web Configurator(remove webhelp) Static DHCP SNMP v1 & v2c with MIB II Remote Management Control: Telnet, FTP, and Web. TR-069 HTTPS MTU adjustable on WebGUI SMT 24.3 Wireless Features Table 78 Wireless Features Internal Antenna The ZyXEL Device is equipped with two internal antenna to provide a clear radio signal between the wireless stations and the access points. Wireless LAN MAC Address Filtering Your device can check the MAC addresses of wireless stations against a list of allowed or denied MAC addresses. WEP Encryption Wi-Fi Protected Access WPA2-PSK WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before transmitting over the wireless network to help keep network communications private. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i security standard. Key difference between WPA-PSK and WEP is improved data encryption. WPA2-PSK is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA-PSK. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 231 Chapter 24 Product Specifications Table 78 Wireless Features WMM QoS WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia) QoS (Quality of Service) allows you to prioritize wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of individual services. Other Wireless Features WDS(wireless client: G-570S v2) IEEE 802.11n Compliance Frequency Range:2.4 GHz Advanced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) 2x2 Wireless Configuration Data Rates:300Mbps and Auto Fallback EIRP: 22dBm Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Data Encryption 64/128 WLAN bridge to LAN 16 MAC Address filter WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK WPS IEEE 802.1x (EAP-MD5, TLS and TTLS) WMM Multi BSSID (4 BSSIDs) The following list, which is not exhaustive, illustrates the standards supported in the ZyXEL Device. Table 79 Standards Supported STANDARD DESCRIPTION RFC 867 RFC 868 RFC 1058 RFC 1112 RFC 1305 RFC 1483 RFC 1631 RFC 1661 RFC 1723 RFC 1981 RFC 2236 RFC 2364 RFC 2408 Daytime Protocol Time Protocol RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol) IGMP v1 Network Time Protocol (NTP version 3) Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 IP Network Address Translator (NAT) The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) RIP-2 (Routing Information Protocol) Path MTU Discovery for IPv6 IGMP v2 PPP over AAL5 (PPP over ATM over ADSL) Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
(ISAKMP) 232 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 24 Product Specifications Table 79 Standards Supported (continued) STANDARD DESCRIPTION RFC 2460 RFC 2516 RFC 2684 RFC 2766 RFC 3484 RFC 4291 RFC 4443 RFC 4861 RFC 4862 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11g IEEE 802.11n IPv6 Specification A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE) Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5. Network Address Translation - Protocol Default Address Selection for IPv6 IPv6 Addressing Architecture ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery for IPv6 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Also known by the brand Wi-Fi, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/
WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band IEEE 802.11g+
Turbo and Super G modes IEEE 802.11d Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges IEEE 802.11x Port Based Network Access Control. IEEE 802.11e QoS IEEE 802.11 e Wireless LAN for Quality of Service ANSI T1.413, Issue 2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) standard. G dmt(G.992.1) G.992.1 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers ITU G.992.1 (G.DMT) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation. ITU G.992.2 (G. Lite) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation. ITU G.992.3
(G.dmt.bis) ITU G.992.4
(G.lite.bis) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates. ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates. ITU G.992.5 (ADSL2+) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2+) that extends the capability of basic ADSL by doubling the number of downstream bits. Microsoft PPTP MS PPTP (Microsoft's implementation of Point to Point Tunneling Protocol) MBM v2 RFC 2383 TR-069 1.363.5 Media Bandwidth Management v2 ST2+ over ATM Protocol Specification - UNI 3.1 Version TR-069 DSL Forum Standard for CPE Wan Management. Compliant AAL5 SAR (Segmentation And Re-assembly) P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 233 Chapter 24 Product Specifications 24.4 Power Adaptor Specifications Table 80 ZyXEL Device Series Power Adaptor Specifications AC POWER ADAPTER MODEL 12V 0.5A SWITCHING PA Input Power Output Power 100~240V-50/60HZ DC 12Volts/0.5A Power Consumption 7Watt max Safety Standards EN 60950-1:2006/A11:2009 AC POWER ADAPTER MODEL 12V 1A SWITCHING PA Input Power Output Power 100~240V-50/60HZ DC 12Volts/1A Power Consumption 7Watt max Safety Standards EN 60950-1:2006/A11:2009 234 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide A P P E N D I X A Setting up Your Computers IP Address All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed. Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package. TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems. After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to "communicate" with your network. If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Devices LAN port. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 235 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Windows 95/98/Me Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network window. Figure 111 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration Installing Components The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks. If you need the adapter:
1 In the Network window, click Add. 2 Select Adapter and then click Add. 3 Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK. If you need TCP/IP:
1 In the Network window, click Add. 2 Select Protocol and then click Add. 236 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers. 4 Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK. If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
1 Click Add. 2 Select Client and then click Add. 3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers. 4 Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK. 5 Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect. Configuring 1 In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click Properties 2 Click the IP Address tab. If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically. If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields. Figure 112 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 237 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 3 Click the DNS Configuration tab. If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS. If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in). Figure 113 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration 4 Click the Gateway tab. If you do not know your gateways IP address, remove previously installed gateways. If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add. 5 Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window. 6 Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted. 7 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer when prompted. Verifying Settings 1 Click Start and then Run. 2 In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window. 3 Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default gateway. 238 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Windows 2000/NT/XP The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme. 1 Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel. Figure 114 Windows XP: Start Menu 2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-
up Connections in Windows 2000/NT). Figure 115 Windows XP: Control Panel P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 239 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties. Figure 116 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties 4 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties. Figure 117 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties 5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP). 240 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically. If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields. Click Advanced. Figure 118 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties 6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK. Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add. In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add. Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add. Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways. In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric. Click Add. Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 241 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Click OK when finished. Figure 119 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties 7 In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):
Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es). If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields. 242 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them. Figure 120 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties 8 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. 9 Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window. 10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT). 11 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings 1 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt. 2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab. Windows Vista This section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 243 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 1 Click the Start icon, Control Panel. Figure 121 Windows Vista: Start Menu 2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet. Figure 122 Windows Vista: Control Panel 3 Click Network and Sharing Center. Figure 123 Windows Vista: Network And Internet 244 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 4 Click Manage network connections. Figure 124 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center 5 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties. Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue. Figure 125 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 245 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 6 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties. Figure 126 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties 7 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab). If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically. If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields. 246 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Click Advanced. Figure 127 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties 8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK. Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add. In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add. Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add. Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways. In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric. Click Add. Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 247 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Click OK when finished. Figure 128 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties 9 In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):
Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es). If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields. 248 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them. Figure 129 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties 10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window. 11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window. 12 Close the Network Connections window. 13 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings 1 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt. 2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 249 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Macintosh OS 8/9 1 Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/
IP Control Panel. Figure 130 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu 250 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 2 Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list. Figure 131 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP 3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list. 4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
From the Configure box, select Manually. Type your IP address in the IP Address box. Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box. Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box. 5 Close the TCP/IP Control Panel. 6 Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration. 7 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 251 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Macintosh OS X 1 Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window. Figure 132 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu 2 Click Network in the icon bar. Select Automatic from the Location list. Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list. Click the TCP/IP tab. 3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list. Figure 133 Macintosh OS X: Network 4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
252 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address From the Configure box, select Manually. Type your IP address in the IP Address box. Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box. Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box. 5 Click Apply Now and close the window. 6 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted). Verifying Settings Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window. Linux This section shows you how to configure your computers TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release version. Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE) Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE. 1 Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click Network. Figure 134 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 253 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 2 Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device General screen displays as shown. Figure 135 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and select dhcp from the drop down list. If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields. 3 Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen. 4 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 136 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS 5 Click the Devices tab. 254 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 6 Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save the changes in all screens. Figure 137 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate 7 After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network Configuration screen. Using Configuration Files Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address. 1 Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with any plain text editor. If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure shows an example. Figure 138 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=dhcp USERCTL=no PEERDNS=yes TYPE=Ethernet P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 255 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Figure 139 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=192.168.1.10 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 USERCTL=no PEERDNS=yes TYPE=Ethernet 2 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP addresses are specified. Figure 140 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf nameserver 172.23.5.1 nameserver 172.23.5.2 3 After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example. Figure 141 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card
[root@localhost init.d]# network restart Shutting down interface eth0: [OK]
Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]
Setting network parameters: [OK]
Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]
Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]
256 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Verifying Settings Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties. Figure 142 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties
[root@localhost]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44 inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb) Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000
[root@localhost]#
P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 257 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address 258 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide A P P E N D I X B IP Addresses and Subnetting This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device
(including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts. Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. Introduction to IP Addresses One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered. Structure An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 259 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID. Figure 143 Network Number and Host ID How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet Masks A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term subnet is short for sub-network. A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a 1 then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is 0 then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal). Table 81 Subnet Masks 1ST OCTET:
2ND OCTET:
3RD OCTET:
4TH OCTET
(192)
(168)
(1)
(2) IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001 Host ID 00000010 260 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits. Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a 1 value). For example, an 8-bit mask means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes. Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Table 82 Subnet Masks BINARY 1ST OCTET 2ND OCTET 3RD OCTET 4TH OCTET DECIMAL 8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0 16-bit mask 24-bit mask 29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.24 8 Network Size The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network
(192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 83 Maximum Host Numbers SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE 8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 29 bits 255.255.255.2 3 bits 48 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS 224 2 216 2 28 2 23 2 16777214 65534 254 6 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 261 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Notation Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a / followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. Table 84 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 ALTERNATIVE NOTATION LAST OCTET
(BINARY) LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
/24
/25
/26
/27
/28
/29
/30 0000 0000 1000 0000 1100 0000 1110 0000 1111 0000 1111 1000 1111 1100 0 128 192 224 240 248 252 Subnetting You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons. In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 2 or 254 possible hosts. 262 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 144 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting You can borrow one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or
/25). The borrowed host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B. Figure 145 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 263 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnets address itself, all ones is the subnets broadcast address). 192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254. Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to borrow two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnets broadcast address). Table 85 Subnet 1 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63 Table 86 Subnet 2 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE IP Address 192.168.1. 64 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126 264 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Table 87 Subnet 3 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE IP Address 192.168.1. 128 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191 Table 88 Subnet 4 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190 IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE IP Address 192.168.1. 192 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192 Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254 Example: Eight Subnets Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet. Table 89 Eight Subnets SUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224 1 33 65 97 129 161 193 225 30 62 94 126 158 190 222 254 31 63 95 127 159 191 223 255 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 265 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting Subnet Planning The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number. Table 90 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning NO. BORROWED HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 255.255.255.128 (/25) 255.255.255.192 (/26) 255.255.255.224 (/27) 255.255.255.240 (/28) 255.255.255.248 (/29) 255.255.255.252 (/30) 2 4 8 16 32 64 255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 126 62 30 14 6 2 1 The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. Table 91 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning NO. BORROWED HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 255.255.128.0 (/17) 255.255.192.0 (/18) 255.255.224.0 (/19) 255.255.240.0 (/20) 255.255.248.0 (/21) 255.255.252.0 (/22) 255.255.254.0 (/23) 255.255.255.0 (/24) 255.255.255.128 (/25) 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 32766 16382 8190 4094 2046 1022 510 254 126 62 30 14 6 2 1 Configuring IP Addresses Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP 266 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask. If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise. Private IP Addresses Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses. Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 267 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting 268 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide A P P E N D I X C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
Web browser pop-up windows from your device. JavaScripts (enabled by default). Java permissions (enabled by default). Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary. Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your devices IP address. Disable Pop-up Blockers 1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 146 Pop-up Blocker You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 269 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy. 2 Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled. Figure 147 Internet Options: Privacy 3 Click Apply to save this setting. Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps. 1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab. 270 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 2 Select Settingsto open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen. Figure 148 Internet Options: Privacy 3 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix http://. For example, http://192.168.167.1. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 271 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 4 Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites. Figure 149 Pop-up Blocker Settings 5 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6 Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScripts If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed. 272 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 1 In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 150 Internet Options: Security 2 Click the Custom Level... button. 3 Scroll down to Scripting. 4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default). 5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default). P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 273 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 6 Click OK to close the window. Figure 151 Security Settings - Java Scripting Java Permissions 1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. 2 Click the Custom Level... button. 3 Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected. 274 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 5 Click OK to close the window. Figure 152 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun) 1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2 Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 275 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 3 Click OK to close the window. Figure 153 Java (Sun) Mozilla Firefox Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears. Figure 154 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options 276 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen. Figure 155 Mozilla Firefox Content Security P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 277 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 278 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide A P P E N D I X D Wireless LANs Wireless LAN Topologies This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies. Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 156 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network BSS A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 279 Appendix D Wireless LANs with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other. Figure 157 Basic Service Set ESS An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS). This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. 280 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate. Figure 158 Infrastructure WLAN Channel A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance. Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11. RTS/CTS A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 281 Appendix D Wireless LANs hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other. Figure 159 RTS/CTS When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations. RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked. When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS
(Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission. Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy. 282 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Fragmentation Threshold Appendix D Wireless LANs A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames. A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference. If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Preamble Type Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet. Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks. Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications. Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long preamble. Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate. IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point
(and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 283 Appendix D Wireless LANs several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 92 IEEE 802.11g DATA RATE
(MBPS) MODULATION 1 2 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed) DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) 5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying) 6/9/12/18/24/36/
48/54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Wireless Security Overview Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network. Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the ZyXEL Device identity. The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your ZyXEL Device. Table 93 Wireless Security Levels SECURITY LEVEL Least Secure SECURITY TYPE Unique SSID (Default) Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled MAC Address Filtering WEP Encryption IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) WPA2 Most Secure Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. 284 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide IEEE 802.1x Appendix D Wireless LANs In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
User based identification that allows for roaming. Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUS RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
Authentication Determines the identity of the users. Authorization Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network. Accounting Keeps track of the clients network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS Messages The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
Access-Request Sent by an access point requesting authentication. Access-Reject Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access. Access-Accept Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 285 Appendix D Wireless LANs Access-Challenge Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
Accounting-Request Sent by the access point requesting accounting. Accounting-Response Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate
(also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client proves that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. 286 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security) With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the senders identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-
TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco. LEAP LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 287 Appendix D Wireless LANs Dynamic WEP Key Exchange The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed. If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled. Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types. Table 94 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP Mutual Authentication Certificate Client Certificate Server Dynamic Key Exchange Credential Integrity Deployment Difficulty Client Identity Protection No No No No None Easy No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional Optional Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Strong Strong Strong Moderate Hard No Moderate Moderate Moderate Yes Yes No WPA and WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2
(IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication. If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. 288 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not. Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2. Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP). TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-
packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically. The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but its still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 289 Appendix D Wireless LANs keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP) User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-
authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices. Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again. Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it. Wireless Client WPA Supplicants A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number
(default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system. 1 2 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly. 3 A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client. 290 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs 4 The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. Figure 160 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example WPA(2)-PSK Application Example A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows. 1 2 3 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols). The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches. The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 291 Appendix D Wireless LANs 4 The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them. Figure 161 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication Security Parameters Summary Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features. Table 95 Wireless Security Relational Matrix AUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL Open Open ENCRYPTIO N METHOD ENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X None No Disable Enable without Dynamic WEP Key WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Yes Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key Yes Yes No Yes No Yes TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES TKIP/AES Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Disable Enable Disable Enable Disable WPA WPA-PSK WPA2 WPA2-PSK 292 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix D Wireless LANs Antenna Overview An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Antenna Characteristics Frequency An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz
(IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN Radiation Pattern A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antennas coverage area. Antenna Gain Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLAN There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 293 Appendix D Wireless LANs Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications. Positioning Antennas In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-topoint application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area. 294 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide A P P E N D I X E IPv6 Overview IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses. IPv6 Addressing The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000. IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:
Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0. Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15. Prefix and Prefix Length Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits
(start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as /x where x is a number. For example, 2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32 means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 295 Appendix E IPv6 Link-local Address A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a private IP address in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows. Table 96 Link-local Unicast Address Format 1111 1110 10 0 Interface ID 10 bits 54 bits 64 bits Global Address A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a public IP address in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3. Unspecified Address An unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does not have its own address. It is similar to 0.0.0.0 in IPv4. Loopback Address A loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4. Multicast Address In IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses. Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts in a multicast group. Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast addresses. Table 97 Predefined Multicast Address MULTICAST ADDRESS DESCRIPTION FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local node. FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local node. FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local connected link. FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local connected link. FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local site. FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 All DHCP severs on a local site. 296 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned to a multicast group. Table 98 Reserved Multicast Address Appendix E IPv6 MULTICAST ADDRESS FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 Subnet Masking Both an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character (1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each blocks 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000. Interface ID In IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One interface should have a unique interface ID. EUI-64 The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and fourth bytes of the P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 297 Appendix E IPv6 MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC address. See the following example. MAC 00 : 13 : 49 : 12 : 34
: 56 EUI-64 02 : 13 : 49 : FF
: FE
: 12 : 34
: 56 Stateless Autoconfiguration With stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6, addresses can be uniquely and automatically generated. Unlike DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version six) which is used in IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration, the owner and status of addresses dont need to be maintained by a DHCP server. Every IPv6 device is able to generate its own and unique IP address automatically when IPv6 is initiated on its interface. It combines the prefix and the interface ID (generated from its own Ethernet MAC address, see Interface ID and EUI-64) to form a complete IPv6 address. When IPv6 is enabled on a device, its interface automatically generates a link-local address (beginning with fe80). When the interface is connected to a network with a router and the ZyXEL Device is set to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the router for the interface, it generates 3another address which combines its interface ID and global and subnet information advertised from the router. This is a routable global IP address. DHCPv6 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6, RFC 3315) is a server-client protocol that allows a DHCP server to assign and pass IPv6 network addresses, prefixes and other configuration information to DHCP clients. DHCPv6 servers and clients exchange DHCP messages using UDP. Each DHCP client and server has a unique DHCP Unique IDentifier (DUID), which is used for identification when they are exchanging DHCPv6 messages. The DUID is generated from the MAC address, time, vendor assigned ID and/or the vendor's private enterprise number registered with the IANA. It should not change over time even after you reboot the device. Identity Association An Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. 3. In IPv6, all network interfaces can be associated with several addresses. 298 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix E IPv6 Each IA must be associated with exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP information. The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's discretion. T1 T2 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Renew to S1 Rebind to S2 Rebind to S2 DHCP Relay Agent A DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-
local address and a well-known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network. The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string, such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts. Prefix Delegation Prefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The ZyXEL Device uses the received IPv6 prefix (for example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements (RAs) regularly by multicast, the P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 299 Appendix E IPv6 ZyXEL Device passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses. ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping". Multicast Listener Discovery The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3. MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4. MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join. MLD Messages A multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report message for that address. An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if other devices connected to this port should remain in the group. Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/Vista By default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This 300 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide also displays how to use the ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses. Appendix E IPv6 C:\>ipv6 install Installing... Succeeded. C:\>ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IP Address. : 10.1.1.46 Subnet Mask . : 255.255.255.0 IP Address. : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4 Default Gateway . : 10.1.1.254 IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available for the interface on your computer. Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XP Windows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment, you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore this section.) This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:
1 Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer. 2 After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-
DHCPv6 > Client Install as service. 3 Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 301 Appendix E IPv6 4 Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client. 5 Click Start and then OK. 6 Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server. Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7 Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7 computer. To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:
302 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix E IPv6 1 Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection. 2 Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it. 3 Click OK to save the change. 4 Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen. 5 Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 303 Appendix E IPv6 6 Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server. C:\>ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IPv6 Address. : 2001:b021:2d::1000 Link-local IPv6 Address . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11 IPv4 Address. : 172.16.100.61 Subnet Mask . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11 172.16.100.254 304 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide A P P E N D I X F Services The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like. Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/
UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number. Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number. If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number. Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 305 Appendix F Services Table 99 Examples of Services NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 AIM AUTH BGP BOOTP_CLIENT BOOTP_SERVER TCP TCP TCP UDP UDP CU-SEEME TCP/UDP DNS TCP/UDP TCP/UDP 5190 113 179 68 67 7648 24032 53 ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 50 FINGER FTP H.323 HTTP HTTPS ICMP ICQ TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP 79 20 21 1720 80 443 User-Defined 1 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service. AOLs Internet Messenger service. Authentication protocol used by some servers. Border Gateway Protocol. DHCP Client. DHCP Server. A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software. Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for instance www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers. The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service. Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on. File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail. NetMeeting uses this protocol. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/
server protocol for the world wide web. HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce. Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic purposes. UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program. IGMP
(MULTICAST) User-Defined 2 IKE IMAP4 IMAP4S UDP TCP TCP 500 143 993 IRC TCP/UDP 6667 Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts. The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management. The Internet Message Access Protocol is used for e-mail. This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that runs over SSL. This is another popular Internet chat program. 306 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Table 99 Examples of Services (continued) NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION Appendix F Services MSN Messenger TCP NetBIOS NEW-ICQ NEWS NFS TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP TCP UDP 1863 137 138 139 445 5190 144 2049 NNTP TCP 119 PING User-Defined 1 POP3 TCP 110 POP3S PPTP TCP TCP 995 1723 PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE) User-Defined 47 RCMD REAL_AUDIO REXEC RLOGIN TCP TCP TCP TCP ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP RTELNET RTSP TCP TCP/UDP 512 7070 514 513 1026 107 554 Microsoft Networks messenger service uses this protocol. The Network Basic Input/Output System is used for communication between computers in a LAN. An Internet chat program. A protocol for news groups. Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments. Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service. Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable. Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other). This is a more secure version of POP3 that runs over SSL. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel. PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel. Remote Command Service. A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web. Remote Execution Daemon. Remote Login. This is an ISP that provides services mainly for cable modems. Remote Telnet. The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 307 Appendix F Services Table 99 Examples of Services (continued) PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION NAME SFTP SMTP TCP TCP SMTPS TCP SNMP TCP/UDP SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 115 25 465 161 162 SQL-NET TCP 1521 SSDP UDP 1900 SSH TCP/UDP STRM WORKS SYSLOG TACACS UDP UDP UDP TELNET TCP VDOLIVE TCP UDP 22 1558 514 49 23 7000 user-
defined The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old way of transferring files between computers. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another. This is a more secure version of SMTP that runs over SSL. Simple Network Management Program. Traps for use with the SNMP
(RFC:1215). Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers. The Simple Service Discovery Protocol supports Universal Plug-and-Play
(UPnP). Secure Shell Remote Login Program. Stream Works Protocol. Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server. Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System). Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems. A videoconferencing solution. The UDP port number is specified in the application. 308 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide A P P E N D I X G Legal Information Copyright Copyright 2011 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation. Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved. Disclaimer ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice. Trademarks ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners. Certifications Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
This device may not cause harmful interference. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 309 Appendix G Legal Information This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations. This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. 2 Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver. 3 Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. 4 Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. FCC Radiation Exposure Statement This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n(20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n(40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9. To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
310 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Appendix G Legal Information
Notices Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France. This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003. Cet appareil numrique de la classe B est conforme la norme NMB-003 du Canada. Viewing Certifications 1 Go to http://www.zyxel.com. 2 Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page. 3 Select the certification you wish to view from this page. ZyXEL Limited Warranty ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions. Note Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 311 Appendix G Legal Information including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser. To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country. Registration Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products. 312 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Index Index Numerics 802.1p 171, 173 A activation CWMP 198 dynamic DNS 176 DYNDNS wildcard 176 firewalls 145 MAC address filter 111 NAT 133 port forwarding 136 QoS 167, 170 SIP ALG 137 SPI 145 SSID 111 UPnP 187 wireless LAN 105 WPS 114 address mapping types 140 administrator password 30, 202 alerts 205 alternative subnet mask notation 262 antenna directional 294 gain 293 omni-directional 294 AP (access point) 281 applications, NAT 140 Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATM ATM 219 MBS 77, 83 PCR 77, 82 QoS 77, 82, 87 SCR 77, 83 status 219 authentication 117, 119 RADIUS server 119 B backup configuration 212 Basic Service Set, See BSS 279 Basic Service Set, see BSS broadcast 72 BSS 121, 279 example 122 C CA 155, 287 CBR 77, 82, 87 Certificate Authority See CA. certificates 155 authentication 155 CA public key 155 Certification Authority 155 Certification Authority. see CA certifications 309 notices 311 viewing 311 channel 281 interference 281 channel, wireless LAN 117 CLI 22 client list 94 Command Line Interface, see CLI configuration backup 212 CWMP 198 DHCP 94 firewalls 145 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 313 Index IP alias 96 IP precedence 171 IP/MAC filter 150, 152 logs 205 port forwarding 134 reset 214 restoring 213 static route 161, 163 WAN 73 wireless LAN 105 wizard 60 connection nailed-up 81, 86 on demand 81 copyright 309 CPE WAN Management Protocol, see CWMP CTS (Clear to Send) 282 CTS threshold 109, 117 CWMP 197 activation 198 configuration 198 DYNDNS wildcard 175 activation 176 E EAP Authentication 286 encapsulation 71, 74, 80 ENET ENCAP 83 PPPoA 84 PPPoE 84 RFC 1483 84 encryption 106, 120, 289 WEP 107 key 108 WPA-PSK 108 pre-shared key 109 ENET ENCAP 74, 80, 83 ESS 280 Extended Service Set, See ESS 280 D F data fragment threshold 109, 117 DDoS 144 default server, NAT 133, 135 Denials of Service, see DoS DHCP 90, 94, 99 diagnostic 217 DiffServ Code Point, see DSCP digital IDs 155 disclaimer 309 DNS 90, 94, 99 Domain Name System, see DNS DoS 143 DSCP 171 DSL connections, status 220 dynamic DNS 175 activation 176 wildcard 175 activation 176 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP dynamic WEP key exchange 288 FCC interference statement 309 filters 147 IP/MAC 149 structure 147 IP/MAC filter configuration 150, 152 MAC address 110, 119 activation 111 URL 147, 148 firewalls 143 configuration 145 DDoS 144 DoS 143 LAND attack 144 Ping of Death 144 status 39 SYN attack 143 firmware 209 version 38 forwarding ports 132, 133 activation 136 configuration 134 example 134 314 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide rules 136 fragmentation threshold 109, 117, 283 FTP 22, 180 H hidden node 281 I IANA 267 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority see IANA IBSS 279 ICMP 184 IEEE 802.11g 283 IGA 138 IGMP 72, 90, 92, 101 ILA 138 Independent Basic Service Set See IBSS 279 initialization vector (IV) 289 Inside Global Address, see IGA Inside Local Address, see ILA Internet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMP Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6 IP address 72, 74, 80, 85, 90, 100 default server 133, 135 ping 217 private 100 IP alias 96 configuration 96 NAT applications 140 IP precedence 172, 173 configuration 171 IP/MAC filter 149 configuration 150, 152 structure 147 IPv6 295 addressing 295 EUI-64 297 global address 296 interface ID 297 Index link-local address 296 Neighbor Discovery Protocol 295 ping 295 prefix 295 prefix length 295 stateless autoconfiguration 298 unspecified address 296 L LAN 89 client list 94 DHCP 90, 94, 99 DNS 90, 94, 99 IGMP 90, 101 IP address 90, 91, 100 IP alias 96 configuration 96 MAC address 95 multicast 90, 92, 101 RIP 90, 101 status 38 subnet mask 90, 91, 100 LAND attack 144 LEDs 26 limitations wireless LAN 121 WPS 128 Local Area Network, see LAN login 29 passwords 30 logs 205 alerts 205 settings 205 M MAC address 95, 111 filter 104, 106, 110, 119 MAC address filter activation 111 Management Information Base (MIB) 182 mapping address types 140 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 315 Index Maximum Burst Size, see MBS administrator 202 MBS 77, 83, 86 MBSSID 122 MTU 83 multicast 72, 76, 90, 92, 101 PBC 123 PCR 77, 82, 86 Peak Cell Rate, see PCR PIN, WPS 115, 124 IGMPInternet Group Multicast Protocol, see example 125 IGMP Multiple BSS, see MBSSID multiplexing 74, 80, 84 LLC-based 85 VC-based 85 N nailed-up connection 75, 81, 86 NAT 81, 131, 132, 137, 138, 267 activation 133 address mapping types 140 applications 140 IP alias 140 default server IP address 133, 135 example 139 global 138 IGA 138 ILA 138 inside 138 local 138 outside 138 port forwarding 132, 133 activation 136 configuration 134 example 134 rules 136 remote management 178 SIP ALG 137 activation 137 Network Address Translation see NAT Network Address Translation, see NAT P Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 289, 291 passwords 30 Ping of Death 144 port forwarding 132, 133 activation 136 configuration 134 example 134 rules 136 PPPoA 74, 80, 84 PPPoE 74, 80, 84 preamble 110, 117 preamble mode 283 pre-shared key 109 private IP address 100 product registration 312 PSK 289 push button 24, 115 Push Button Configuration, see PBC push button, WPS 123 Q QoS 165 802.1p 171, 173 activation 167, 170 DSCP 171 example 165 IP precedence 172, 173 priority queue 173 Quality of Service, see QoS R RADIUS 285 message types 285 messages 285 shared secret key 286 RADIUS server 119 registration 316 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Index product 312 related documentation 3 remote management 177 FTP 180 ICMP 184 limitations 178 NAT 178 Telnet 180 WWW 179 reset 27, 214 restart 215 restoring configuration 213 RFC 1483 74, 80, 84 RIP 76, 90, 101 Routing Information Protocol, see RIP RTS (Request To Send) 282 threshold 281, 282 RTS threshold 109, 117 rules, port forwarding 136 S safety warnings 7 SCR 77, 83, 86 security wireless LAN 106, 118 Security Parameter Index, see SPI Service Set IDentifier, see SSID setup DHCP 94 firewalls 145 IP alias 96 IP precedenceQoS IP precedence 171 IP/MAC filter 150, 152 logs 205 port forwarding 134 static route 161, 163 WAN 73 wireless LAN 105 wizard 60 shaping traffic 86, 87 Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMP SIP ALG 137 activation 137 SNMP 181 agents 182 Manager 182 managers 182 MIB 182 network components 182 versions 181 SPI 144 activation 145 SSID 104, 106, 113, 118 activation 111 MBSSID 122 static route 159 configuration 161, 163 example 159 status 33, 37, 40 ATM 219 DSL connections 220 firewalls 39 firmware version 38 LAN 38 WAN 38 wireless LAN 39 WPS 114 subnet 259 subnet mask 90, 100, 260 subnetting 262 Sustain Cell Rate, see SCR SYN attack 143 syntax conventions 5 system 201 firmware 209 version 38 LED 26 passwords 30 administrator 202 reset 27 status 33, 37 firewalls 39 LAN 38 WAN 38 wireless LAN 39 time 202 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 317 Index T Telnet 180 thresholds data fragment 109, 117 RTS/CTS 109, 117 time 202 TR-069 22 trademarks 309 traffic shaping 86 example 87 U UBR 77, 82, 88 unicast 72 ATM QoS 77, 82, 87 encapsulation 71, 74, 80 IGMP 72 IP address 72, 74, 80, 85 mode 73, 79 MTU 83 multicast 72, 76 multiplexing 74, 80, 84 nailed-up connection 75, 81, 86 NAT 81 RIP 76 setup 73 status 38 traffic shaping 86 example 87 VCI 74, 80, 85 VPI 74, 80, 85 warranty 311 note 311 Universal Plug and Play, see UPnP web configurator 22, 29 upgrading firmware 209 UPnP 185 activation 187 cautions 186 example 188 installation 188 NAT traversal 185 URL 147 URL filter 148 URL 147 V VBR 87 VBR-nRT 77, 82, 88 VBR-RT 77, 82, 87 VCI 74, 80, 85 Virtual Channel Identifier, see VCI Virtual Path Identifier, see VPI VPI 74, 80, 85 W WAN 71 318 login 29 passwords 30 WEP 107, 120 key 108 Wide Area Network, see WAN Wi-Fi Protected Access 288 WiFi Protected Setup, see WPS wireless client WPA supplicants 290 wireless LAN 103, 115 activation 105 authentication 117, 119 BSS 121 example 122 channel 117 configuration 105 encryption 106, 120 example 116 fragmentation threshold 109, 117 limitations 121 MAC address filter 104, 106, 110, 111, 119 MBSSID 122 preamble 110, 117 RADIUS server 119 RTS/CTS threshold 109, 117 security 118 SSID 104, 106, 113, 118 activation 111 status 39 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Index status 114 WEP 107, 120 key 108 wizard 66 WPA 120 WPA-PSK 108, 120 pre-shared key 109 WPS 113, 123, 125 activation 114 adding stations 115 example 127 limitations 128 PIN 115, 124 push button 24, 115, 123 status 114 wireless security 284 Wireless tutorial 43 wizard 57 configuration 60 wireless LAN 66 WLAN interference 281 security parameters 292 WPA 120, 288 key caching 290 pre-authentication 290 user authentication 290 vs WPA-PSK 289 wireless client supplicant 290 with RADIUS application example 290 WPA2 288 user authentication 290 vs WPA2-PSK 289 wireless client supplicant 290 with RADIUS application example 290 WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 288 WPA2-PSK 288, 289 application example 291 WPA-PSK 108, 120, 289 application example 291 pre-shared key 109 WPS 113, 123, 125 activation 114 adding stations 115 example 127 limitations 128 PIN 115, 124 example 125 push button 24, 115, 123 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 319 Index 320 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Index P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 321 Index 322 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide
1 | Users Manual-1 | Users Manual | 2.93 MiB | January 04 2011 |
P-660HN-Tx 802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway Default Login Details IP Address http://192.168.1.1 Password 1234 Firmware Version 1.02 Edition 1, 1/2011 www.zyxel.com www.zyxel.com Copyright 2011 ZyXEL Communications Corporation About This User's Guide About This User's Guide Intended Audience This manual is intended for people who want to configure the ZyXEL Device using the web configurator. You should have at least a basic knowledge of TCP/IP networking concepts and topology. Related Documentation Quick Start Guide The Quick Start Guide is designed to help you get up and running right away. It contains information on setting up your network and configuring for Internet access. Support Disc Refer to the included CD for support documents. ZyXEL Web Site Please refer to www.zyxel.com for additional support documentation and product certifications. Documentation Feedback Send your comments, questions or suggestions to: techwriters@zyxel.com.tw Thank you!
The Technical Writing Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp., 6 Innovation Road II, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, 30099, Taiwan. Need More Help?
More help is available at www.zyxel.com. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 3 About This User's Guide Download Library Search for the latest product updates and documentation from this link. Read the Tech Doc Overview to find out how to efficiently use the User Guide, Quick Start Guide and Command Line Interface Reference Guide in order to better understand how to use your product. Knowledge Base If you have a specific question about your product, the answer may be here. This is a collection of answers to previously asked questions about ZyXEL products. Forum This contains discussions on ZyXEL products. Learn from others who use ZyXEL products and share your experiences as well. Customer Support In the event of problems that cannot be solved by using this manual, you should contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a ZyXEL office for the region in which you bought the device. See http://www.zyxel.com/
web/contact_us.php for contact information. Please have the following information ready when you contact an office. Product model and serial number. Warranty Information. Date that you received your device. Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it. Disclaimer Graphics in this book may differ slightly from the product due to differences in operating systems, operating system versions, or if you installed updated firmware/software for your device. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. 4 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Document Conventions Document Conventions Warnings and Notes These are how warnings and notes are shown in this Users Guide. Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device. Note: Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations. Syntax Conventions The P-660HN-Tx may be referred to as the ZyXEL Device, the device, the system or the product in this Users Guide. Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font. A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example,
[ENTER] means the enter or return key on your keyboard. Enter means for you to type one or more characters and then press the
[ENTER] key. Select or choose means for you to use one of the predefined choices. A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For example, Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click Maintenance in the navigation panel, then the Log sub menu and finally the Log Setting tab to get to that screen. Units of measurement may denote the metric value or the scientific value. For example, k for kilo may denote 1000 or 1024, M for mega may denote 1000000 or 1048576 and so on. e.g., is a shorthand for for instance, and i.e., means that is or in other words. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 5 Document Conventions Icons Used in Figures Figures in this Users Guide may use the following generic icons. The ZyXEL Device icon is not an exact representation of your device. ZyXEL Device Computer Notebook computer Server Firewall Telephone Router Switch 6 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Safety Warnings Safety Warnings Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool. Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids. Do NOT store things on the device. Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device. Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information. Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports. Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them. Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling. Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe). Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord. Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution. If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source. Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one. Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord. Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 7 Safety Warnings 8 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Contents Overview Contents Overview Users Guide ........................................................................................................................... 19 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 21 The Web Configurator ............................................................................................................... 29 Status Screens .......................................................................................................................... 37 Tutorials ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Technical Reference .............................................................................................................. 55 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard .......................................................................................... 57 WAN Setup ................................................................................................................................ 71 LAN Setup ................................................................................................................................. 89 Wireless LAN ........................................................................................................................... 103 Network Address Translation (NAT) ........................................................................................ 131 Firewall .................................................................................................................................... 143 Filters ....................................................................................................................................... 147 Certificate ................................................................................................................................ 155 Static Route ............................................................................................................................. 159 Quality of Service (QoS) .......................................................................................................... 165 Dynamic DNS Setup ................................................................................................................ 175 Remote Management .............................................................................................................. 177 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) ............................................................................................. 185 CWMP ..................................................................................................................................... 197 System Settings ....................................................................................................................... 201 Logs ......................................................................................................................................... 205 Tools ........................................................................................................................................ 209 Diagnostic ................................................................................................................................ 217 Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................... 221 Product Specifications ............................................................................................................. 227 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 9 Contents Overview 10 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Table of Contents Table of Contents About This User's Guide .......................................................................................................... 3 Document Conventions............................................................................................................ 5 Safety Warnings........................................................................................................................ 7 Contents Overview ................................................................................................................... 9 Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... 11 Part I: Users Guide................................................................................ 19 Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 21 1.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 21 1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device .................................................................................... 21 1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device ..................................................................... 22 1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device ...................................................................................... 22 1.4.1 Internet Access .......................................................................................................... 23 1.5 Wireless Access .................................................................................................................. 23 1.5.1 Using the WPS/WLAN Button .................................................................................... 24 1.6 LEDs (Lights) ....................................................................................................................... 26 1.7 The RESET Button .............................................................................................................. 27 1.7.1 Using the Reset Button .............................................................................................. 28 Chapter 2 The Web Configurator ............................................................................................................ 29 2.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 29 2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator ................................................................................ 29 2.2 The Main Screen ................................................................................................................. 32 2.2.1 Title Bar ...................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.2 Navigation Panel ........................................................................................................ 33 2.2.3 Main Window .............................................................................................................. 34 2.2.4 Status Bar ................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3 Status Screens ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 37 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 11 Table of Contents 3.2 The Status Screen ............................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 4 Tutorials ................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 41 4.2 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network ............................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings ................................................................ 42 4.2.2 Using WPS ................................................................................................................. 43 4.2.3 Without WPS .............................................................................................................. 48 4.3 Configuring the MAC Address Filter .................................................................................... 48 4.4 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network ................................................... 50 4.5 Multiple WAN Connections Example ................................................................................... 53 Part II: Technical Reference .................................................................. 55 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard...................................................................................... 57 5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 57 5.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup ............................................................................................. 57 5.2.1 Manual Configuration ................................................................................................. 60 5.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup ..................................................................................... 66 5.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key .............................................................................. 68 5.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key ...................................................................................... 69 Chapter 6 WAN Setup............................................................................................................................... 71 6.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 71 6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens ..................................................................... 71 6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN ........................................................................ 71 6.1.3 Before You Begin ....................................................................................................... 72 6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen ...................................................................................... 73 6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup ............................................................................... 76 6.3 The More Connections Screen ............................................................................................ 77 6.3.1 More Connections Edit ............................................................................................... 79 6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup ....................................................... 82 6.4 WAN Technical Reference ................................................................................................... 83 6.4.1 Encapsulation ............................................................................................................. 83 6.4.2 Multiplexing ................................................................................................................ 84 6.4.3 VPI and VCI ............................................................................................................... 85 6.4.4 IP Address Assignment .............................................................................................. 85 6.4.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP) ..................................................................................... 86 12 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Table of Contents 6.4.6 NAT ............................................................................................................................ 86 6.5 Traffic Shaping ..................................................................................................................... 86 6.5.1 ATM Traffic Classes ................................................................................................... 87 Chapter 7 LAN Setup................................................................................................................................ 89 7.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 89 7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens ....................................................................... 89 7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN ......................................................................... 90 7.1.3 Before You Begin ....................................................................................................... 91 7.2 The LAN IP Screen .............................................................................................................. 91 7.2.1 The Advanced LAN IP Setup Screen ......................................................................... 92 7.3 The DHCP Setup Screen .................................................................................................... 93 7.4 The Client List Screen ......................................................................................................... 94 7.5 The IP Alias Screen ............................................................................................................. 96 7.5.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen ......................................................................... 96 7.6 The IPv6 Screen .................................................................................................................. 97 7.7 LAN Technical Reference .................................................................................................... 98 7.7.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device .......................................................................... 98 7.7.2 DHCP Setup ............................................................................................................... 99 7.7.3 DNS Server Addresses .............................................................................................. 99 7.7.4 LAN TCP/IP ................................................................................................................ 99 7.7.5 RIP Setup ................................................................................................................. 101 7.7.6 Multicast ................................................................................................................... 101 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN......................................................................................................................... 103 8.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 103 8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens ...................................................... 103 8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless ................................................................. 104 8.1.3 Before You Start ....................................................................................................... 104 8.2 The AP Screen .................................................................................................................. 105 8.2.1 No Security ............................................................................................................... 106 8.2.2 WEP Encryption ....................................................................................................... 107 8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK ............................................................................................................ 108 8.2.4 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup ................................................................................ 109 8.2.5 MAC Filter .............................................................................................................110 8.3 The More AP Screen ..........................................................................................................111 8.3.1 More AP Edit .............................................................................................................112 8.4 The WPS Screen ................................................................................................................113 8.5 The WPS Station Screen ....................................................................................................114 8.6 Wireless LAN Technical Reference ....................................................................................115 8.6.1 Wireless Network Overview ......................................................................................115 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 13 Table of Contents 8.6.2 Additional Wireless Terms .........................................................................................117 8.6.3 Wireless Security Overview ......................................................................................118 8.6.4 Signal Problems ....................................................................................................... 121 8.6.5 BSS .......................................................................................................................... 121 8.6.6 MBSSID ................................................................................................................... 122 8.6.7 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) .................................................................................... 123 Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT).................................................................................... 131 9.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 131 9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens ..................................................................... 131 9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT ....................................................................... 131 9.2 The NAT General Setup Screen ........................................................................................ 132 9.3 The Port Forwarding Screen ............................................................................................. 133 9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen .................................................................. 134 9.3.2 The Port Forwarding Rule Edit Screen .................................................................... 136 9.4 The ALG Screen ................................................................................................................ 137 9.5 NAT Technical Reference .................................................................................................. 137 9.5.1 NAT Definitions ........................................................................................................ 137 9.5.2 What NAT Does ....................................................................................................... 138 9.5.3 How NAT Works ....................................................................................................... 139 9.5.4 NAT Application ........................................................................................................ 140 9.5.5 NAT Mapping Types ................................................................................................. 140 Chapter 10 Firewall................................................................................................................................... 143 10.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 143 10.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens ............................................................. 143 10.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall ................................................................ 143 10.2 The Firewall Screen ......................................................................................................... 145 Chapter 11 Filters ..................................................................................................................................... 147 11.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 147 11.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens .................................................................. 147 11.1.2 What You Need to Know About Filtering ................................................................ 147 11.2 The URL Filter Screen .................................................................................................... 148 11.3 The IP Filter Screen ......................................................................................................... 149 11.4 IPv6 Filter ......................................................................................................................... 151 Chapter 12 Certificate .............................................................................................................................. 155 12.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 155 14 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Table of Contents 12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 155 12.2 What You Need to Know .................................................................................................. 155 12.3 The Trusted CA Screen ................................................................................................... 156 12.3.1 View Trusted CA Certificate ................................................................................... 157 12.3.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate ................................................................................. 158 Chapter 13 Static Route ........................................................................................................................... 159 13.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 159 13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens ...................................................... 160 13.2 The Static Route Screen .................................................................................................. 160 13.2.1 Static Route Edit ................................................................................................... 161 13.2.2 IPv6 Static Route .................................................................................................... 162 13.2.3 IPv6 Static Route Edit .......................................................................................... 163 Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)....................................................................................................... 165 14.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 165 14.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens .................................................................. 166 14.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS ..................................................................... 166 14.2 The General Screen ........................................................................................................ 167 14.2.1 The QoS Summary List Screen ............................................................................. 168 14.3 The Queue Setup Screen ................................................................................................ 168 14.4 The Class Setup Screen ................................................................................................. 170 14.5 QoS Technical Reference ................................................................................................ 172 14.5.1 IEEE 802.1p ........................................................................................................... 173 14.5.2 IP Precedence ........................................................................................................ 173 14.5.3 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment ................................................................... 173 Chapter 15 Dynamic DNS Setup ............................................................................................................. 175 15.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 175 15.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen ................................................................. 175 15.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS .................................................................. 175 15.2 The Dynamic DNS Screen .............................................................................................. 176 Chapter 16 Remote Management............................................................................................................ 177 16.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 177 16.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens ....................................... 178 16.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management .......................................... 178 16.2 The WWW Screen ........................................................................................................... 179 16.2.1 Configuring the WWW Screen ............................................................................... 179 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 15 Table of Contents 16.3 The Telnet Screen ........................................................................................................... 180 16.4 The FTP Screen .............................................................................................................. 180 16.5 The SNMP Screen ........................................................................................................... 181 16.5.1 Configuring SNMP ................................................................................................. 183 16.6 The ICMP Screen ............................................................................................................ 184 Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).......................................................................................... 185 17.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 185 17.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen .................................................................. 185 17.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP ................................................................... 185 17.2 The UPnP Screen ............................................................................................................ 187 17.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example .............................................................................. 188 17.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example ............................................................................. 191 Chapter 18 CWMP..................................................................................................................................... 197 18.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 197 18.2 The CWMP Setup Screen ............................................................................................... 198 Chapter 19 System Settings .................................................................................................................... 201 19.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 201 19.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens ................................................ 201 19.2 The General Screen ........................................................................................................ 201 19.3 The Time Setting Screen ................................................................................................ 202 Chapter 20 Logs ....................................................................................................................................... 205 20.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 205 20.1.1 What You Need To Know About Logs .................................................................... 205 20.2 The View Log Screen ...................................................................................................... 205 20.3 The Log Settings Screen ................................................................................................. 206 Chapter 21 Tools....................................................................................................................................... 209 21.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 209 21.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens ................................................................... 209 21.2 The Firmware Screen ...................................................................................................... 209 21.3 The Configuration Screen ................................................................................................ 212 21.4 The Restart Screen ......................................................................................................... 215 Chapter 22 Diagnostic.............................................................................................................................. 217 16 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Table of Contents 22.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 217 22.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens ......................................................... 217 22.2 The General Screen ........................................................................................................ 217 22.3 The DSL Line Screen ...................................................................................................... 218 Chapter 23 Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................... 221 23.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ...................................................................... 221 23.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login .................................................................................... 222 23.3 Internet Access ................................................................................................................ 224 Chapter 24 Product Specifications ......................................................................................................... 227 24.1 Hardware Specifications .................................................................................................. 227 24.2 Firmware Specifications ................................................................................................... 227 24.3 Wireless Features ............................................................................................................ 231 24.4 Power Adaptor Specifications .......................................................................................... 234 Appendix A Setting up Your Computers IP Address............................................................ 235 Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting ........................................................................... 259 Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions ...................................... 269 Appendix D Wireless LANs .................................................................................................. 279 Appendix E IPv6 ................................................................................................................... 295 Appendix F Services ............................................................................................................ 305 Appendix G Legal Information.............................................................................................. 309 Index....................................................................................................................................... 313 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 17 Table of Contents 18 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide PA RT I Users Guide 19 20 C H A P T E R 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview The P-660HN-Tx (x stands for 1 or 3) is an ADSL2+ router with 2x2 wireless. By integrating DSL and NAT, you are provided with ease of installation and high-
speed, shared Internet access. With 802.11n 2x2, the P-660HN-Tx can transfer at data rates up to 300Mbps. The P-660HN-Tx is also a complete security solution with a robust firewall and content filtering. Please refer to the following description of the product name format. H denotes an integrated 4-port hub (switch). N denotes 802.11n draft 2.0. The N models support 802.11n wireless connection mode. Models ending in 1, for example P-660HN-Tx, denote a device that works over the analog telephone system, POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service). Models ending in 3 denote a device that works over ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) or T-ISDN (UR-2). Only use firmware for your ZyXEL Devices specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device. Note: All screens displayed in this users guide are from the P-660HN-Tx model. See the product specifications for a full list of features. 1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device Use any of the following methods to manage the ZyXEL Device. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 21 Chapter 1 Introduction Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the ZyXEL Device using a (supported) web browser. Command Line Interface. Line commands are mostly used for troubleshooting by service engineers. FTP for firmware upgrades and configuration backup/restore. TR-069. This is an auto-configuration server used to remotely configure your device. 1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device Do the following things regularly to make the ZyXEL Device more secure and to manage the ZyXEL Device more effectively. Change the password. Use a password thats not easy to guess and that consists of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters. Write down the password and put it in a safe place. Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the ZyXEL Device to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the ZyXEL Device. You could simply restore your last configuration. 1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device Here are some example uses for which the ZyXEL Device is well suited. 22 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 1 Introduction 1.4.1 Internet Access Your ZyXEL Device provides shared Internet access by connecting the DSL port to the DSL or MODEM jack on a splitter or your telephone jack. Computers can connect to the ZyXEL Devices LAN ports (or wirelessly). Figure 1 ZyXEL Devices Router Features LAN DSL You can also configure firewall and filtering feature on the ZyXEL Device for secure Internet access. When the firewall is on, all incoming traffic from the Internet to your network is blocked unless it is initiated from your network. This means that probes from the outside to your network are not allowed, but you can safely browse the Internet and download files. Use the filtering feaure to block access to specific web sites or Internet applications such as MSN or Yahoo Messanger. You can also configure IP/MAC filtering rules for incoming or outgoing traffic. Use QoS to efficiently manage traffic on your network by giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers. For example, you could make sure that the ZyXEL Device gives voice over Internet calls high priority, and/or limit bandwidth devoted to the bosss excessive file downloading. 1.5 Wireless Access The ZyXEL Device is a wireless Access Point (AP) for wireless clients, such as notebook computers or PDAs and iPads. It allows them to connect to the Internet without having to rely on inconvenient Ethernet cables. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 23 Chapter 1 Introduction You can configure your wireless network in either the built-in Web Configurator, or using the WPS button. Figure 2 Wireless Access Example However, before you can use this ZyXEL Device to create a wireless network, you must set its country code first in the Web Configurator. This is very important. To set the wireless country code:
1 Log into the ZyXEL Devices built-in Web Configurator. See Chapter 8 on page 103. 2 Open the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen. 3 Select your country from the Channel Selection list. See Section 8.2 on page 105 for details. 4 Click Apply to save your changes. 5 Finally, open the Internet and Wireless Configuration wizards to set up your network. See Chapter 5 on page 57. 1.5.1 Using the WPS/WLAN Button By default, the wireless network on the ZyXEL Device is turned on. To turn it off, simply press the WPS/WLAN button on top of the device for over 5 seconds. When the WPS/WLAN LED is green, the wireless network is active. You can also use the WPS/WLAN button to quickly set up a secure wireless connection between the ZyXEL Device and a WPS-compatible client by adding one device at a time. To activate WPS:
1 Make sure the POWER LED is on and not blinking. 24 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 2 Press the WPS/WLAN button for one to five seconds and release it. Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Press the WPS button on another WPS-enabled device within range of the ZyXEL Device. The WPS/WLAN LED should flash while the ZyXEL Device sets up a WPS connection with the other wireless device. 4 Once the connection is successfully made, the WPS/WLAN LED shines green. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 25 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.6 LEDs (Lights) The following graphic displays the labels of the LEDs. Figure 3 LEDs None of the LEDs are on if the ZyXEL Device is not receiving power. Table 1 LED Descriptions LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION POWER Green On The ZyXEL Device is receiving power and ready for use. Red LAN 1-4 Green Blinking The ZyXEL Device is self-testing. On Off On The ZyXEL Device detected an error while self-testing, or there is a device malfunction. The ZyXEL Device is power off. The ZyXEL Device has an Ethernet connection with a device on the Local Area Network (LAN). Blinking The ZyXEL Device is transmitting data to or receiving data from the LAN. Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an Ethernet connection with the LAN. WPS/
WLAN Green On The wireless network is activated. Blinking The ZyXEL Device is communicating with other wireless clients. Orange Blinking The ZyXEL Device is setting up a WPS connection. DSL Green Off On The wireless network is not activated. The DSL line is up. Blinking The ZyXEL Device is initializing the DSL line. Off The DSL line is down. 26 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 1 Introduction Table 1 LED Descriptions LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION INTERNET Green On The ZyXEL Device has an IP connection but no traffic. Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or assigned by a server), PPP negotiation was successfully completed (if used) and the DSL connection is up. Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving IP traffic. Red On The ZyXEL Device attempted to make an IP connection but failed. Possible causes are no response from a DHCP server, no PPPoE response, PPPoE authentication failed, no IP address from IPCP. Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an IP connection. Refer to the Quick Start Guide for information on hardware connections. 1.7 The RESET Button If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need to use the RESET button at the back of the device to reload the factory-default configuration file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you had previously and the user name and password will be reset to the default. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 27 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.7.1 Using the Reset Button 1 Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking). 2 To set the device back to the factory default settings, press the RESET button for ten seconds or until the POWER LED begins to blink and then release it. When the POWER LED begins to blink, the defaults have been restored and the device restarts. 28 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 2 The Web Configurator 2.1 Overview The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy device setup and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later or Netscape Navigator 7.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels. In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2. JavaScripts (enabled by default). Java permissions (enabled by default). See Appendix C on page 269 if you need to make sure these functions are allowed in Internet Explorer. 2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator 1 Make sure your ZyXEL Device hardware is properly connected (refer to the Quick Start Guide). Launch your web browser. Type "192.168.1.1" as the URL. 2 3 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 29 Chapter 2 The Web Configurator 4 A password screen displays. To access the administrative web configurator and manage the ZyXEL Device, type the user name (admin by default) and admin password (1234 by default) in the password screen and click Login. Click Cancel to revert to the default user password in the password field. If you have changed the password, enter your password and click Login. Figure 4 Password Screen 5 The following screen displays if you have not yet changed your password. It is strongly recommended you change the default password. Enter a new password, retype it to confirm and click Apply; alternatively click Ignore to proceed to the main menu if you do not want to change the password now. Figure 5 Change Password Screen 30 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 2 The Web Configurator 6 Select Go to Wizard setup and click Apply to display the wizard main screen. Otherwise, select Go to Advanced setup and click Apply to display the Status screen. Figure 6 Replace Factory Default Certificate Screen Note: For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device automatically logs you out if you do not use the web configurator for five minutes (default). If this happens, log in again. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 31 Chapter 2 The Web Configurator 2.2 The Main Screen Figure 7 Main Screen B A C D As illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:
A - title bar B - navigation panel C - main window D - status bar 2.2.1 Title Bar The title bar provides some icons in the upper right corner. The icons provide the following functions. Table 2 Web Configurator Icons in the Title Bar ICON DESCRIPTION Wizards: Click this icon to go to the configuration wizards. See Chapter 5 on page 57 for more information. Logout: Click this icon to log out of the web configurator. 32 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 2 The Web Configurator 2.2.2 Navigation Panel Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure ZyXEL Device features. The following tables describe each menu item. Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary LINK Status Network WAN TAB FUNCTION This screen shows the ZyXEL Devices general device and network status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and client list. Internet Connection More Connections Use this screen to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address assignment, and other advanced properties. Use this screen to configure additional WAN connections. LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN TCP/IP settings, and other advanced properties. DHCP Server Use this screen to configure LAN DHCP settings and DNS server. Client List IP Alias IPv6 Use this screen to view current DHCP client information and to assign specific IP addresses to individual MAC addresses (and host names). Use this screen to partition your LAN interface into subnets. Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings on the ZyXEL devices LAN interface. Wireless LAN AP Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and WLAN authentication/security settings. More AP Use this screen to configure multiple BSSs on the ZyXEL Device. WPS Use this screen to configure and view your WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) settings. WPS Station Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network. NAT General Use this screen to enable NAT. Port Forwarding Use this screen to make your local servers visible to the outside world. ALG Use this screen to enable or disable SIP ALG. Security Firewall Use this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall and SPI
(Security Parameter Index). Filter URL Filter Use this screen to block access to certain URL web sites. IP Filter IPv6 Filter Use this screen to configure IPfiltering rules for incoming or outgoing traffic. Use this screen to configure IPv6 filtering rules for incoming or outgoing traffic Use this screen to view and manage the list of trusted CAs. Certificate Advanced P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 33 Chapter 2 The Web Configurator Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary LINK TAB FUNCTION Static Route Static Route Use this screen to configure IP static routes to tell your device about networks beyond the directly connected remote nodes. IPv6 Static Route Use this screen to configure IPv6 static routes. QoS General Use this screen to enable QoS and traffic prioritizing. Class Setup Use this screen to configure QoS rules and actions. Dynamic DNS Remote MGMT WWW Telnet FTP SNMP ICMP UPnP CWMP Maintenance This screen allows you to use a static hostname alias for a dynamic IP address. Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL Device. Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL Device. Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL Device. Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can access the SNMP agent on the ZyXEL Device. Use this screen to set whether or not your device will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available. Use this screen to turn UPnP on or off. Use this screen to have a management server manage the ZyXEL Device with TR-069. System General Use this screen to configure your devices password. Time and Date Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices time and date. Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the level that you selected. Log Settings Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices log settings. Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your device. Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore your devices configuration
(settings) or reset the factory default settings. Restart This screen allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning the power off. Diagnostic General Use this screen to test the connections to other devices. DSL Line This screen displays information to help you identify problems with the DSL connection. 2.2.3 Main Window The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this document. 34 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Right after you log in, the Status screen is displayed. See Chapter 3 on page 37 for more information about the Status screen. Chapter 2 The Web Configurator 2.2.4 Status Bar Check the status bar when you click Apply or OK to verify that the configuration has been updated. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 35 Chapter 2 The Web Configurator 36 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 3 Status Screens 3.1 Overview Use the Status screens to look at the current status of the device, system resources, and interfaces (LAN and WAN). The Status screen also provides detailed information from DHCP and statistics from bandwidth management, and traffic. 3.2 The Status Screen Use this screen to view the status of the ZyXEL Device. Click Status to open this screen. Figure 8 Status Screen P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 37 Chapter 3 Status Screens Each field is described in the following table. Table 4 Status Screen LABEL DESCRIPTION Refresh Interval Select how often you want the ZyXEL Device to update this screen. Apply Click this to update this screen immediately. Device Information User Name This field displays the ZyXEL Device system name. It is used for identification. This is the model name of your device. This is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to your ZyXEL Device. This is the current version of the firmware inside the device. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This is the current version of the devices DSL modem code. Model Number MAC Address Firmware Version DSL Firmware Version WAN Information DSL Mode This is the DSL standard that your ZyXEL Device is using. IP Address This is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. IP Subnet Mask Default Gateway IPv6 Address IPv6 Prefix Length IPv6 Default Gateway VPI/VCI LAN Information IP Address IP Subnet Mask IPv6 Address IPv6 Prefix Length This is the current subnet mask in the WAN. This is the IP address of the default gateway, if applicable. This is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the WAN. This is the IPv6 address of the default gateway, if applicable. This is the Virtual Path Identifier and Virtual Channel Identifier that you entered in the wizard or WAN screen. This is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This is the current subnet mask in the LAN. This is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the LAN. 38 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 3 Status Screens Table 4 Status Screen LABEL DESCRIPTION DHCP This field displays what DHCP services the ZyXEL Device is providing to the LAN. Choices are:
Server - The ZyXEL Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to other computers in the LAN. Relay - The ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP requests and responses between the remote server and the clients. None - The ZyXEL Device is not providing any DHCP services to the LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. WLAN Information ESSID This is the descriptive name used to identify the ZyXEL Device in a wireless LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. Channel This is the channel number used by the ZyXEL Device now. Security Mode WPS This displays the type of security mode the ZyXEL Device is using in the wireless LAN. This displays whether WPS is configured. Click this to go to the screen where you can configure the settings. Status This displays whether WLAN is activated. Security Firewall System Status System Uptime Current Time System Mode CPU Usage Memory Usage Interface Status This displays whether or not the ZyXEL Devices firewall is activated. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it. This field displays how long the ZyXEL Device has been running since it last started up. The ZyXEL Device starts up when you plug it in, when you restart it (Maintenance > Tools > Restart), or when you reset it. This field displays the current date and time in the ZyXEL Device. You can change this in Maintenance > System > Time Setting. This displays whether the ZyXEL Device is functioning as a router or a bridge. This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Devices processing ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using QoS; see Chapter 14 on page 165). This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Devices memory is currently used. Usually, this percentage should not increase much. If memory usage does get close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is probably becoming unstable, and you should restart the device. See Section 21.4 on page 215, or turn off the device (unplug the power) for a few seconds. Interface This column displays each interface the ZyXEL Device has. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 39 Chapter 3 Status Screens Table 4 Status Screen LABEL Status DESCRIPTION This field indicates whether or not the ZyXEL Device is using the interface. For the DSL interface, this field displays Down (line is down), Up (line is up or connected) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE encapsulation. For the LAN interface, this field displays Up when the ZyXEL Device is using the interface and NoLink when the ZyXEL Device is not using the interface. For the WLAN interface, it displays Active when WLAN is enabled or InActive when WLAN is disabled. Rate For the LAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting. For the DSL interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate. For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate when WLAN is enabled or N/A when WLAN is disabled. 40 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 4 Tutorials 4.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to use the ZyXEL Devices various features. Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network, see page 41 Configuring the MAC Address Filter, see page 48 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network, see page 50 Now B should be able to receive traffic from A. You may need to additionally configure Bs firewall settings to allow specific traffic to pass through., see page 52 Multiple WAN Connections Example, see page 53 4.2 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network Thomas wants to set up a wireless network so that he can use his notebook to access the Internet. In this wireless network, the ZyXEL Device serves as an access point (AP), and the notebook is the wireless client. The wireless client can access the Internet through the AP. Thomas has to configure the wireless network settings on the ZyXEL Device. Then he can set up a wireless network using WPS (Section 4.2.2 on page 43) or manual configuration (Section 4.2.3 on page 48). P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 41 Chapter 4 Tutorials 4.2.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings This example uses the following parameters to set up a wireless network. SSID Example Security Mode WPA2-PSK Pre-Shared Key DoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork 802.11 Mode 802.11b+g+n 1 Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Configure the screen using the provided parameters (see page 42). Click Apply. 2 Click the Advanced Setup button and select 802.11b+g+n in the 802.11 Mode field. Click Apply. 42 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 4 Tutorials Thomas can now use the WPS feature to establish a wireless connection between his notebook and the ZyXEL Device (see Section 4.2.2 on page 43). He can also use the notebooks wireless client to search for the ZyXEL Device (see Section 4.2.3 on page 48). 4.2.2 Using WPS This section shows you how to set up a wireless network using WPS. It uses the ZyXEL Device as the AP and ZyXEL NWD210N as the wireless client which connects to the notebook. Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB adapter or PCMCIA card). There are two WPS methods to set up the wireless client settings:
Push Button Configuration (PBC) - simply press a button. This is the easier of the two methods. PIN Configuration - configure a Personal Identification Number (PIN) on the ZyXEL Device. A wireless client must also use the same PIN in order to download the wireless network settings from the ZyXEL Device. Push Button Configuration (PBC) 1 Make sure that your ZyXEL Device is turned on and your notebook is within the cover range of the wireless signal. 2 Make sure that you have installed the wireless client driver and utility in your notebook. 3 In the wireless client utility, go to the WPS setting page. Enable WPS and press the WPS button (Start or WPS button). P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 43 Chapter 4 Tutorials 4 Push and hold the WPS button located on the ZyXEL Devices rear panel for more than 1-5 seconds. Alternatively, you may log into ZyXEL Devices web configurator and click the Push Button in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen. Note: Your ZyXEL Device has a WPS button located on its rear panel as well as a WPS button in its configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same function: you can use one or the other. Note: It doesnt matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second button within two minutes of pressing the first one. The ZyXEL Device sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. The wireless client is then able to communicate with the ZyXEL Device securely. 44 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 4 Tutorials The following figure shows you an example of how to set up a wireless network and its security by pressing a button on both ZyXEL Device and wireless client. Example WPS Process: PBC Method Wireless Client ZyXEL Device WITHIN 2 MINUTES Press and hold for 5 seconds SECURITY INFO COMMUNICATION P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 45 Chapter 4 Tutorials PIN Configuration When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both the ZyXEL Devices web configurator and the wireless clients utility. 1 Launch your wireless clients configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and select the PIN method to get a PIN number. 2 Enter the PIN number in the PIN field in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen on the ZyXEL Device. 3 Click the Start buttons (or the button next to the PIN field) on both the wireless client utility screen and the ZyXEL Devices WPS Station screen within two minutes. The ZyXEL Device authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. The wireless client is then able to communicate with the ZyXEL Device securely. 46 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 4 Tutorials The following figure shows you how to set up a wireless network and its security on a ZyXEL Device and a wireless client by using PIN method. Example WPS Process: PIN Method Wireless Client ZyXEL Device WITHIN 2 MINUTES Authentication by PIN SECURITY INFO COMMUNICATION P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 47 Chapter 4 Tutorials 4.2.3 Without WPS Use the wireless adapters utility installed on the notebook to search for the Example SSID. Then enter the DoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork pre-shared key to establish an wireless Internet connection. Note: The ZyXEL Device supports IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g wireless clients. Make sure that your notebook or computers wireless adapter supports one of these standards. 4.3 Configuring the MAC Address Filter Thomas noticed that his daughter Josephine spends too much time surfing the web and downloading media files. He decided to prevent Josephine from accessing the Internet so that she can concentrate on preparing for her final exams. Josephines computer connects wirelessly to the Internet through the ZyXEL Device. Thomas can deny access to the wireless network using the MAC address of Josephines computer. Thomas Josephine 48 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 1 Click Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen. Look for the MAC address of Josephines computer. Chapter 4 Tutorials 2 Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Click the Edit button in the MAC Filter field. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 49 Chapter 4 Tutorials 3 Select Enable MAC Filter and Deny Association. Enter the MAC address you found in the Client List screen. Click Apply. Josephine will no longer be able to access the Internet through the ZyXEL Device. 4.4 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network In order to extend your Intranet and control traffic flowing directions, you may connect a router to the ZyXEL Devices LAN. The router may be used to separate two department networks. This tutorial shows how to configure a static routing rule for two network routings. In the following figure, router R is connected to the ZyXEL Devices LAN. R connects to two networks, N1 (192.168.1.x/24) and N2 (192.168.10.x/24). If you want to send traffic from computer A (in N1 network) to computer B (in N2 50 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide network), the traffic is sent to the ZyXEL Devices WAN default gateway by default. In this case, B will never receive the traffic. Chapter 4 Tutorials N1 A R N2 B You need to specify a static routing rule on the ZyXEL Device to specify R as the router in charge of forwarding traffic to N2. In this case, the ZyXEL Device routes traffic from A to R and then R routes the traffic to B. N1 A R N2 B This tutorial uses the following example IP settings:
Table 5 IP Settings in this Tutorial DEVICE / COMPUTER IP ADDRESS The ZyXEL Devices WAN 172.16.1.1 The ZyXEL Devices LAN 192.168.1.1 A Rs N1 192.168.1.34 192.168.1.253 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 51 Chapter 4 Tutorials Table 5 IP Settings in this Tutorial DEVICE / COMPUTER IP ADDRESS Rs N2 B 192.168.10.2 192.168.10.33 To configure a static route to route traffic from N1 to N2:
1 Log into the ZyXEL Devices Web Configurator in advanced mode. 2 Click Advanced > Static Route. 3 Click Edit on a new rule in the Static Route screen. 4 Configure the Static Route Setup screen using the following settings:
4a Type 192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0 for the destination, N2. 4b Type 192.168.1.253 (Rs N1 address) in the Gateway IP Address field. 4a Click Apply. Now B should be able to receive traffic from A. You may need to additionally configure Bs firewall settings to allow specific traffic to pass through. 52 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 4 Tutorials 4.5 Multiple WAN Connections Example This example shows an application for multiple WAN connections. Your ISP may configure more than one WAN connection on the ZyXEL Device to record traffic statistics or calculate service charges. In Figure 9, three WAN connections are configured over the ADSL line:
The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/33, is dedicated for Media-On-Demand (MOD) service. The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/34, is dedicated for VoIP service. The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/35, is dedicated for general data transmission. Figure 9 Example for Multiple WAN Connections P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 53 Chapter 4 Tutorials 54 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide PA RT II Technical Reference 55 56 C H A P T E R 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard 5.1 Overview Use the wizard setup screens to configure your system for Internet access with the information given to you by your ISP. Note: See the advanced menu chapters for background information on these fields. 5.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup 1 After you enter the password to access the web configurator, click the wizard icon
(
) in the top right corner of the web configurator to go to the wizards. 2 Click INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP to configure the system for Internet access and wireless connection. Figure 10 Wizard Welcome P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 57 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard 3 Your ZyXEL device attempts to detect your DSL connection and your connection type. 3a The following screen appears if a connection is not detected. Check your hardware connections and click Restart the INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP Wizard to return to the wizard welcome screen. If you still cannot connect, click Manually configure your Internet connection. Follow the directions in the wizard and enter your Internet setup information as provided to you by your ISP. See Section 5.2.1 on page 60 for more details. If you would like to skip your Internet setup and configure the wireless LAN settings, leave Yes selected and click Next. Figure 11 Auto Detection: No DSL Connection 58 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard 3b The following screen displays if a PPPoE or PPPoA connection is detected. Enter your Internet account information (username, password and/or service name) exactly as provided by your ISP. Then click Next and see Section 5.3 on page 66 for wireless connection wizard setup. Figure 12 Auto-Detection: PPPoE 3c The following screen appears if the ZyXEL device detects a connection but not the connection type. Click Next and refer to Section 5.2.1 on page 60 on how to manually configure the ZyXEL Device for Internet access. Figure 13 Auto Detection: Failed P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 59 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard 5.2.1 Manual Configuration 1 If the ZyXEL Device fails to detect your DSL connection type but the physical line is connected, enter your Internet access information in the wizard screen exactly as your service provider gave it to you. Leave the defaults in any fields for which you were not given information. Figure 14 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 6 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters LABEL Mode DESCRIPTION Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP give you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP address from ISPs DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL Device. Encapsulation Select the encapsulation type your ISP uses from the Encapsulation drop-down list box. Choices vary depending on what you select in the Mode field. If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET ENCAP or PPPoE. If you select Bridge in the Mode field, only RFC 1483 method of encapsulation is available. 60 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard Table 6 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters LABEL DESCRIPTION Multiplexing Select the multiplexing method used by your ISP from the Multiplex drop-down list box either VC-based or LLC-based. Virtual Circuit ID VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information. VPI VCI Back Next Exit Enter the VPI assigned to you. This field may already be configured. Enter the VCI assigned to you. This field may already be configured. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. The next wizard screen you see depends on what protocol you chose above. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. 2 The next wizard screen varies depending on what mode and encapsulation type you use. All screens shown are with routing mode. Configure the fields and click Next to continue. See Section 5.3 on page 66 for wireless connection wizard setup Figure 15 Internet Connection with PPPoE P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 61 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 7 Internet Connection with PPPoE LABEL DESCRIPTION User Name Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given. Password Enter the password associated with the user name above. Service Name Back Apply Exit Type the name of your PPPoE service here. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. Figure 16 Internet Connection with RFC 1483 62 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 8 Internet Connection with RFC 1483 LABEL DESCRIPTION IP Address This field is available if you select Routing in the Mode field. Back Next Exit Type your ISP assigned IP address in this field. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. Figure 17 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 63 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 9 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP LABEL DESCRIPTION Obtain an IP Address Automatically A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet. Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address. Select Static IP Address if your ISP gave you an IP address to use. Static IP Address IP Address Enter your ISP assigned IP address. Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation. Refer to the appendix to calculate a subnet mask if you are implementing subnetting. Gateway IP address You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you use ENET ENCAP in the Encapsulation field in the previous screen. First DNS Server Enter the IP addresses of the DNS servers. The DNS servers are passed to the DHCP clients along with the IP address and the subnet mask. Second DNS Server As above. Back Apply Exit Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. Figure 18 Internet Connection with PPPoA 64 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 10 Internet Connection with PPPoA LABEL DESCRIPTION User Name Enter the login name that your ISP gives you. Password Enter the password associated with the user name above. Back Apply Exit Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. If the user name and/or password you entered for PPPoE or PPPoA connection are not correct, the screen displays as shown next. Click Back to Username and Password setup to go back to the screen where you can modify them. Figure 19 Connection Test Failed-1 If the following screen displays, check if your account is activated or click Restart the Internet/Wireless Setup Wizard to verify your Internet access settings. Figure 20 Connection Test Failed-2. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 65 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard 5.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup After you configure the Internet access information, use the following screens to set up your wireless LAN. 1 Select Yes and click Next to configure wireless settings. Otherwise, select No and skip to Step 6. Figure 21 Connection Test Successful 2 Use this screen to activate the wireless LAN. Click Next to continue. Figure 22 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1 The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 11 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1 LABEL Active Back DESCRIPTION Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. 66 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard Table 11 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1 LABEL DESCRIPTION Next Exit Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. 3 Configure your wireless settings in this screen. Click Next. Figure 23 Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 12 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 2 LABEL DESCRIPTION Network Name(SSID) Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN. If you change this field on the ZyXEL Device, make sure all wireless stations use the same SSID in order to access the network. Channel Selection Security The range of radio frequencies used by IEEE 802.11b/g wireless devices is called a channel. Select a channel ID that is not already in use by a neighboring device. Select Manually assign a WPA-PSK key to configure a Pre-Shared Key
(WPA-PSK). Choose this option only if your wireless clients support WPA. See Section 5.3.1 on page 68 for more information. Select Manually assign a WEP key to configure a WEP Key. See Section 5.3.2 on page 69 for more information. Select Disable wireless security to have no wireless LAN security configured and your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range. Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 67 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard Table 12 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 2 LABEL DESCRIPTION Next Exit Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. Note: The wireless stations and ZyXEL Device must use the same SSID, channel ID and WEP encryption key (if WEP is enabled), WPA-PSK (if WPA-PSK is enabled) for wireless communication. 4 This screen varies depending on the security mode you selected in the previous screen. Fill in the field (if available) and click Next. 5.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key Choose Manually assign a WPA-PSK key in the Wireless LAN setup screen to set up a Pre-Shared Key. Figure 24 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 13 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key LABEL DESCRIPTION Pre-Shared Key Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters. You can set up the most secure wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless LAN screens. You need to configure an authentication server to do this. Back Next Exit Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. 68 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard 5.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key Choose Manually assign a WEP key to setup WEP Encryption parameters. Figure 25 Manually Assign a WEP key The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 14 Manually Assign a WEP key LABEL DESCRIPTION Key Back Next Exit The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission. Enter any 5 or 13 ASCII characters, or 10 or 26 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F") for a 64-bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. Click this to close the wizard screen without saving. 5 Click Apply to save your wireless LAN settings. Figure 26 Wireless LAN Setup 3 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 69 Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard 6 Use the read-only summary table to check whether what you have configured is correct. Click Finish to complete and save the wizard setup. Note: No wireless LAN settings display if you chose not to configure wireless LAN settings. Figure 27 Internet Access and WLAN Wizard Setup Complete 7 Launch your web browser and navigate to www.zyxel.com. Internet access is just the beginning. Refer to the rest of this guide for more detailed information on the complete range of ZyXEL Device features. If you cannot access the Internet, open the web configurator again to confirm that the Internet settings you configured in the wizard setup are correct. 70 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 6 WAN Setup 6.1 Overview This chapter describes how to configure WAN settings from the WAN screens. Use these screens to configure your ZyXEL Device for Internet access. A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations. Figure 28 LAN and WAN LAN WAN 6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens Use the Internet Access Setup screen (Section 6.2 on page 73) to configure the WAN settings on the ZyXEL Device for Internet access. Use the More Connections screen (Section 6.3 on page 77) to set up additional Internet access connections. 6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN Encapsulation Method Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) or PPPoA, P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 71 Chapter 6 WAN Setup they should also provide a username and password (and service name) for user authentication. WAN IP Address The WAN IP address is an IP address for the ZyXEL Device, which makes it accessible from an outside network. It is used by the ZyXEL Device to communicate with other devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the ZyXEL Device tries to access the Internet. If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP encapsulation method). Multicast Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just one. IGMP IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP version 2 and 3 are improvements over version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. IPv6 IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The ZyXEL Device supports IPv4/IPv6 dual stack and can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks. See (Appendix E on page 295) for more information about IPv6. Finding Out More See Section 6.4 on page 83 for technical background information on WAN. 6.1.3 Before You Begin You need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP address. Get this information from your ISP. 72 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 6 WAN Setup 6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices WAN settings. Click Network >
WAN > Internet Access Setup. The screen differs by the WAN type and encapsulation you select. Figure 29 Network > WAN >Internet Access Setup (PPPoE) The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 15 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup LABEL General Mode DESCRIPTION Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP gives you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP address from ISPs DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL Device. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 73 Chapter 6 WAN Setup Table 15 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION Encapsulation Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-
down list box. Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the Mode field. User Name If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET ENCAP or PPPoE. If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is not available.
(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given. Password
(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user name above. Service Name
(PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here. Multiplexing Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-
down list. Choices are VC or LLC. IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack PPP Authentication If you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks and choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. If you select Disable, the ZyXEL Device will operate in IPv4 mode. The ZyXEL Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP is more secure than PAP; however, PAP is readily available on more platforms. Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for outgoing calls. Options are:
AUTO - Your ZyXEL Device accepts either CHAP or PAP when requested by this remote node. CHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts CHAP only. PAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts PAP only. Virtual Circuit ID VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information. VPI VCI The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you. The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you. IP Address This option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field. A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet. Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below. Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation. Gateway Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP). 74 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 6 WAN Setup Table 15 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION IPv6 Address Obtain an IP Address Automatically Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the IPv6 prefix from the connected routers Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address. Static IP Address Select this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP. DHCP IPv6 Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server. The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA. Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the ZyXEL Device use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need to be maintained by a DHCP server. DHCP PD Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the Zyxel Device to pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses. Connection (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Keep Alive Connect on Demand Select Keep Alive when you want your connection up all the time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected. Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field. Max Idle Timeout Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. Advanced Setup Click this to display the Advanced WAN Setup screen and edit more details of your WAN setup. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 75 Chapter 6 WAN Setup 6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the Internet Access Setup screen. The screen appears as shown. Figure 30 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION RIP & Multicast Setup This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge mode. RIP Direction RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. Use this field to control how much routing information the ZyXEL Device sends and receives on the subnet. Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only. RIP Version This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field. Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M. Multicast Multicast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are an alternative to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and broadcast packets (packets sent to every computer). Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it. ATM QoS 76 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 6 WAN Setup Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION ATM QoS Type Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select rtVBR (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for applications with bursty connections that require closely controlled delay and delay variation. Select nrtVBR (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for connections that do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation. Peak Cell Rate Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the PCR here. Sustain Cell Rate Maximum Burst Size The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system default is 0 cells/sec. Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535. Back Apply Cancel Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 6.3 The More Connections Screen The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure more than one Internet access connection. To configure additional Internet access connections click Network >
WAN > More Connections. The screen differs by the encapsulation you select. When you use the WAN > Internet Access Setup screen to set up Internet access, you are configuring the first WAN connection. Figure 31 Network > WAN > More Connections P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 77 Chapter 6 WAN Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 17 Network > WAN > More Connections LABEL DESCRIPTION
#
This is an index number indicating the number of the corresponding connection. Active This field indicates whether the connection is active or not. Clear the check box to disable the connection. Select the check box to enable it. Name VPI/VCI This is the name you gave to the Internet connection. This field displays the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) numbers configured for this WAN connection. Encapsulation This field indicates the encapsulation method of the Internet connection. Modify The first (ISP) connection is read-only in this screen. Use the WAN >
Internet Access Setup screen to edit it. Click the Edit icon to edit the Internet connection settings. Click this icon on an empty configuration to add a new Internet access setup. Click the Remove icon to delete the Internet access setup from your connection list. 78 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 6 WAN Setup 6.3.1 More Connections Edit Use this screen to configure a connection. Click the edit icon in the More Connections screen to display the following screen. Figure 32 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit LABEL General Active Name Mode DESCRIPTION Select the check box to activate or clear the check box to deactivate this connection. Enter a unique, descriptive name of up to 13 ASCII characters for this connection. Select Routing from the drop-down list box if your ISP allows multiple computers to share an Internet account. If you select Bridge, the ZyXEL Device will forward any packet that it does not route to this remote node; otherwise, the packets are discarded. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 79 Chapter 6 WAN Setup Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION Encapsulation Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list box. Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the Mode field. If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET ENCAP or PPPoE. If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is not available. Multiplexing Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list. Choices are VC or LLC. By prior agreement, a protocol is assigned a specific virtual circuit, for example, VC1 will carry IP. If you select VC, specify separate VPI and VCI numbers for each protocol. For LLC-based multiplexing or PPP encapsulation, one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet header. In this case, only one set of VPI and VCI numbers need be specified for all protocols. If you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks and choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. If you select Disable, the ZyXEL Device will operate in IPv4 mode. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you. The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you. IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack VPI VCI IP Address This option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field. A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet. If you use the encapsulation type except RFC 1483, select Obtain an IP Address Automatically when you have a dynamic IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below. If you use RFC 1483, enter the IP address given by your ISP in the IP Address field. Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation. Default Gateway Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP). IPv6 Address Obtain an IP Address Automatically Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the IPv6 prefix from the connected routers Router Advertisement
(RA) to generate an IPv6 address. Static IP Address Select this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP. 80 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued) Chapter 6 WAN Setup LABEL DHCP IPv6 DHCP PD Connection DESCRIPTION Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server. The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA. Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the ZyXEL Device use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need to be maintained by a DHCP server. Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the Zyxel Device to pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses. Nailed-Up Connection Select Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection Connect on Demand Max Idle Timeout NAT Back Apply up all the time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected. Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field. Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout. SUA only is available only when you select Routing in the Mode field. Select SUA Only if you have one public IP address and want to use NAT. Click Edit Detail to go to the Port Forwarding screen to edit a server mapping set. Otherwise, select None to disable NAT. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Advanced Setup Click this to display the More Connections Advanced Setup screen and edit more details of your WAN setup. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 81 Chapter 6 WAN Setup 6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the More Connections Edit screen. The screen appears as shown. Figure 33 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION RIP & Multicast Setup RIP Direction Version Multicast ATM QoS ATM QoS Type Peak Cell Rate Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only. This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field. Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M. Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it. Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select nrtVBR (Variable Bit Rate-non Real Time) or rtVBR
(Variable Bit Rate-Real Time) for bursty traffic and bandwidth sharing with other applications. Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the PCR here. 82 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 6 WAN Setup Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup (continued) LABEL DESCRIPTION Sustain Cell Rate Maximum Burst Size The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system default is 0 cells/sec. Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535. MTU MTU Back Apply Cancel The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field. For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500. For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492. For PPPoA and RFC, the MTU is 100-1500. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 6.4 WAN Technical Reference This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter. 6.4.1 Encapsulation Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The ZyXEL Device supports the following methods. 6.4.1.1 ENET ENCAP The MAC Encapsulated Routing Link Protocol (ENET ENCAP) is only implemented with the IP network protocol. IP packets are routed between the Ethernet interface and the WAN interface and then formatted so that they can be understood in a bridged environment. For instance, it encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged ATM cells. ENET ENCAP requires that you specify a gateway IP address in the Gateway IP Address field in the wizard or WAN screen. You can get this information from your ISP. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 83 Chapter 6 WAN Setup 6.4.1.2 PPP over Ethernet The ZyXEL Device supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is an IETF Draft standard (RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem (DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The PPPoE option is for a dial-up connection using PPPoE. For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing access control systems (for example RADIUS). One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and offer new IP services for individuals. Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site. By implementing PPPoE directly on the ZyXEL Device (rather than individual computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the ZyXEL Device does that part of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs computers will have access. 6.4.1.3 PPPoA PPPoA stands for Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). A PPPoA connection functions like a dial-up Internet connection. The ZyXEL Device encapsulates the PPP session based on RFC1483 and sends it through an ATM PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuit) to the Internet Service Providers (ISP) DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Access Multiplexer). Please refer to RFC 2364 for more information on PPPoA. Refer to RFC 1661 for more information on PPP. 6.4.1.4 RFC 1483 RFC 1483 describes two methods for Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). The first method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit (LLC-based multiplexing) and the second method assumes that each protocol is carried over a separate ATM virtual circuit
(VC-based multiplexing). Please refer to RFC 1483 for more detailed information. 6.4.2 Multiplexing There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is carrying. Be sure to use the multiplexing method required by your ISP. 84 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 6 WAN Setup VC-based Multiplexing In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific virtual circuit; for example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be dominant in environments where dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is fast and economical. LLC-based Multiplexing In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and processing overhead, this method may be advantageous if it is not practical to have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if charging heavily depends on the number of simultaneous VCs. 6.4.3 VPI and VCI Be sure to use the correct Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) numbers assigned to you. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255 and for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Please see the appendix for more information. 6.4.4 IP Address Assignment A static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time. The Single User Account feature can be enabled or disabled if you have either a dynamic or static IP. However the encapsulation method assigned influences your choices for IP address and ENET ENCAP gateway. IP Assignment with PPPoA or PPPoE Encapsulation If you have a dynamic IP, then the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable (N/A). If you have a Static IP Address assigned by your ISP, then they should also assign you a Subnet Mask and a Gateway IP Address. IP Assignment with RFC 1483 Encapsulation In this case the IP address assignment must be static. IP Assignment with ENET ENCAP Encapsulation In this case you can have either a static or dynamic IP. For a static IP you must fill in all the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields as supplied by your ISP. However for a dynamic IP, the ZyXEL Device acts as a DHCP client on the WAN P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 85 Chapter 6 WAN Setup port and so the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable
(N/A) as the DHCP server assigns them to the ZyXEL Device. 6.4.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP) A nailed-up connection is a dial-up line where the connection is always up regardless of traffic demand. The ZyXEL Device does two things when you specify a nailed-up connection. The first is that idle timeout is disabled. The second is that the ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection when turned on and whenever the connection is down. A nailed-up connection can be very expensive for obvious reasons. Do not specify a nailed-up connection unless your telephone company offers flat-
rate service or you need a constant connection and the cost is of no concern. 6.4.6 NAT NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network. 6.5 Traffic Shaping Traffic Shaping is an agreement between the carrier and the subscriber to regulate the average rate and fluctuations of data transmission over an ATM network. This agreement helps eliminate congestion, which is important for transmission of real time data such as audio and video connections. Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. This parameter may be lower (but not higher) than the maximum line speed. 1 ATM cell is 53 bytes (424 bits), so a maximum speed of 832Kbps gives a maximum PCR of 1962 cells/sec. This rate is not guaranteed because it is dependent on the line speed. Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the mean cell rate of each bursty traffic source. It specifies the maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over the virtual connection. SCR may not be greater than the PCR. Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the PCR. After MBS is reached, cell rates fall below SCR until cell rate averages to the SCR again. At this time, more cells (up to the MBS) can be sent at the PCR again. 86 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 6 WAN Setup If the PCR, SCR or MBS is set to the default of "0", the system will assign a maximum value that correlates to your upstream line rate. The following figure illustrates the relationship between PCR, SCR and MBS. Figure 34 Example of Traffic Shaping 6.5.1 ATM Traffic Classes These are the basic ATM traffic classes defined by the ATM Forum Traffic Management 4.0 Specification. Constant Bit Rate (CBR) Constant Bit Rate (CBR) provides fixed bandwidth that is always available even if no data is being sent. CBR traffic is generally time-sensitive (doesn't tolerate delay). CBR is used for connections that continuously require a specific amount of bandwidth. A PCR is specified and if traffic exceeds this rate, cells may be dropped. Examples of connections that need CBR would be high-resolution video and voice. Variable Bit Rate (VBR) The Variable Bit Rate (VBR) ATM traffic class is used with bursty connections. Connections that use the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) traffic class can be grouped into real time (VBR-RT) or non-real time (VBR-nRT) connections. The VBR-RT (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It also provides a fixed amount of bandwidth (a PCR is specified) but is only available when data is being sent. An example of an VBR-RT connection would be video conferencing. Video conferencing requires real-time data transfers and the bandwidth requirement varies in proportion to the video image's changing dynamics. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 87 Chapter 6 WAN Setup The VBR-nRT (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It is commonly used for "bursty" traffic typical on LANs. PCR and MBS define the burst levels, SCR defines the minimum level. An example of an VBR-nRT connection would be non-time sensitive data file transfers. Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) The Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) ATM traffic class is for bursty data transfers. However, UBR doesn't guarantee any bandwidth and only delivers traffic when the network has spare bandwidth. An example application is background file transfer. 88 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 7 LAN Setup 7.1 Overview A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many networking devices are connected. It is usually located in one immediate area such as a building or floor of a building. Use the LAN screens to help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses. LAN DSL 7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens Use the LAN IP screen (Section 7.2 on page 91) to set the LAN IP address and subnet mask of your ZyXEL device. You can also edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast and Windows Networking settings from this screen. Use the DHCP Setup screen (Section 7.3 on page 93) to configure the ZyXEL Devices DHCP settings. Use the Client List screen (Section 7.4 on page 94) to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses. Use the IP Alias screen (Section 7.5 on page 96) to change your ZyXEL Devices IP alias settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 89 Chapter 7 LAN Setup Use the IPv6 screen (Section 7.6 on page 97) to configure the IPv6 settings on your ZyXEL devices LAN interface. 7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN IP Address IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device
(including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts. Subnet Mask Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. DHCP A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server can assign your ZyXEL Device an IP address, subnet mask, DNS and other routing information when it's turned on. RIP RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. Multicast Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1. IGMP IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP version 2 and 3 are improvements over version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. DNS DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because 90 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 7 LAN Setup without it, you must know the IP address of a networking device before you can access it. Finding Out More See Section 7.7 on page 98 for technical background information on LANs. 7.1.3 Before You Begin Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the DHCP Client List screen. 7.2 The LAN IP Screen Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address and subnet mask of your ZyXEL Device. Click Network > LAN to open the IP screen. Follow these steps to configure your LAN settings. 1 Enter an IP address into the IP Address field. The IP address must be in dotted decimal notation. This will become the IP address of your ZyXEL Device. 2 Enter the IP subnet mask into the IP Subnet Mask field. Unless instructed otherwise it is best to leave this alone, the configurator will automatically compute a subnet mask based upon the IP address you entered. 3 Click Apply to save your settings. Figure 35 Network > LAN > IP P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 91 Chapter 7 LAN Setup The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 20 Network > LAN > IP LABEL IP Address IP Subnet Mask DESCRIPTION Enter the LAN IP address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default). Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example 255.255.255.0 (factory default). Your ZyXEL Device automatically computes the subnet mask based on the IP Address you enter, so do not change this field unless you are instructed to do so. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. Advanced Setup Click this to display the Advanced LAN Setup screen and edit more details of your LAN setup. 7.2.1 The Advanced LAN IP Setup Screen Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast and Windows Networking settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the LAN IP screen. The screen appears as shown. Figure 36 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 21 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION RIP & Multicast Setup RIP Direction Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only. RIP Version This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field. Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M. Multicast IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it. IGMP Snooping Select Enabled to activate IGMP Snooping. This allows the ZyXEL Device to passively learn memberships in multicast groups. 92 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 7 LAN Setup Table 21 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup LABEL Back Apply Cancel DESCRIPTION Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 7.3 The DHCP Setup Screen Use this screen to configure the DNS server information that the ZyXEL Device sends to the DHCP client devices on the LAN. Click Network > DHCP Setup to open this screen. Figure 37 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 93 Chapter 7 LAN Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 22 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION DHCP Setup DHCP If set to Server, your ZyXEL Device can assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway and DNS servers to Windows 95, Windows NT and other systems that support the DHCP client. If set to None, the DHCP server will be disabled. If set to Relay, the ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP requests and responses between the remote server and the clients. Enter the IP address of the actual, remote DHCP server in the Remote DHCP Server field in this case. When DHCP is used, the following items need to be set:
IP Pool Starting Address This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool. Pool Size This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool. Remote DHCP Server If Relay is selected in the DHCP field above then enter the IP address of the actual remote DHCP server here. DNS Server DNS Servers Assigned by DHCP Server Primary /
Secondary DNS Server Apply Cancel The ZyXEL Device passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP address to the DHCP clients. Enter the IP address of your primary/secondary DNS server. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 7.4 The Client List Screen This table allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses. Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. 94 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 7 LAN Setup Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices static DHCP settings. Click Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen. Figure 38 Network > LAN > Client List The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 23 Network > LAN > Client List LABEL DESCRIPTION IP Address Enter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on your LAN with the MAC address that you will also specify. MAC Address Enter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN. Add
#
Status Click this to add a static DHCP entry. This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row). This field displays whether the client is connected to the ZyXEL Device. Host Name This field displays the computer host name. IP Address This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above. MAC Address The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area Network) is unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation). Remove Modify A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no other adapter has a similar address. Select the check box and then click Apply to remove the client from the list. Click the modify icon to have the IP address field editable and change it. Apply Click this to save your changes. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 95 Chapter 7 LAN Setup 7.5 The IP Alias Screen IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks over the same Ethernet interface. The ZyXEL Device supports two logical LAN interface via its physical Ethernet interface with the ZyXEL Device itself as the gateway for the LAN network. When you use IP alias, you can also configure firewall rules to control access to the LAN's logical network (subnet). 7.5.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices IP alias settings. Click Network >
LAN > IP Alias to open the following screen. Figure 39 Network > LAN > IP Alias The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 24 Network > LAN > IP Alias LABEL IP Alias DESCRIPTION Select the check box to configure a LAN network for the ZyXEL Device. IP Address Enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation. Alternatively, click the right mouse button to copy and/or paste the IP address. IP Subnet Mask Your ZyXEL Device will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 96 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 7 LAN Setup 7.6 The IPv6 Screen Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings for your P-660HN-Txs LAN interface. See Appendix E on page 295 for background information about IPv6. Figure 40 Network > LAN > IPv6 The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 25 Network > LAN > IPv6 LABEL IPv6 IPv6 Address Prefix MLD Snooping DESCRIPTION Enter the LAN IPv6 address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in hexadecimal notation, for example, fe80::1 (factory default). Enter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits in an IPv6 address compose the network address. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD hosts who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. Select Enabled to activate MLD Snooping on the ZyXEL Device. This allows the ZyXEL device to check MLD packets passing through it and learn the multicast group membership. It helps reduce multicast traffic. LAN IPv6 Address Setting Delegate Prefix from WAN Select this option to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the service provider or an uplink router. Static Select this option to configure a fixed IPv6 network prefix for the ZyXEL devices LAN interface. Static IPv6 Address If you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 prefix that the ZyXEL Device uses to generate its LAN IPv6 address. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 97 Chapter 7 LAN Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION Prefix length Preferred Lifetime An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits
(starting from the left) in the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the IPv6 subnet mask. Enter the preferred lifetime for the prefix. Valid Lifetime Enter the valid lifetime for the prefix. DHCPv6 Configuration IPv6 DNS IPv6 DNS Server1 IPv6 DNS Server2 Apply Cancel Configure the IPv6 DNS information the ZyXEL device passes to clients when it acts as a DHCPv6 server. Select Auto if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information. Select Manual to configure DNS server addresses manually. Enter the first DNS server IP address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP clients. Enter the second DNS server IP address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP clients. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 7.7 LAN Technical Reference This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter. 7.7.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device The actual physical connection determines whether the ZyXEL Device ports are LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next. Figure 41 LAN and WAN IP Addresses LAN WAN 98 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 7.7.2 DHCP Setup Chapter 7 LAN Setup DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the ZyXEL Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured. IP Pool Setup The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the product specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers. 7.7.3 DNS Server Addresses DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask. There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses. The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in the DHCP Setup screen. Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS servers, chances are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The ZyXEL Device supports the IPCP DNS server extensions through the DNS proxy feature. Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the DHCP Setup screen. 7.7.4 LAN TCP/IP The ZyXEL Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 99 Chapter 7 LAN Setup IP Address and Subnet Mask Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number. Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask. If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the ZyXEL Device. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your ZyXEL Device, but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise. Private IP Addresses Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger 100 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 7 LAN Setup organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses. Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. 7.7.5 RIP Setup RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. The RIP Direction field controls the sending and receiving of RIP packets. When set to:
Both - the ZyXEL Device will broadcast its routing table periodically and incorporate the RIP information that it receives. In Only - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets but will accept all RIP packets received. Out Only - the ZyXEL Device will send out RIP packets but will not accept any RIP packets received. None - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets received. The Version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP-1 is universally supported; but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology. Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M sends the routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference being that RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting. Multicasting can reduce the load on non-router machines since they generally do not listen to the RIP multicast address and so will not receive the RIP packets. However, if one router uses multicasting, then all routers on your network must use multicasting, also. 7.7.6 Multicast Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1. IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 101 Chapter 7 LAN Setup version 1 is still in wide use. IGMP version 3 supports source filtering, reporting or ignoring traffic from specific source address to a particular host on the network. If you would like to read more detailed information about interoperability between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections 4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address 224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts (including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group. At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership. After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/disabled on the ZyXEL Device LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN). Select None to disable IP multicasting on these interfaces. 102 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 8 Wireless LAN 8.1 Overview This chapter describes how to perform tasks related to setting up and optimizing your wireless network, including the following. Turning the wireless connection on or off. Configuring a name, wireless channel and security for the network. Using WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) to configure your wireless network. Setting up multiple wireless networks. Using a MAC (Media Access Control) address filter to restrict access to the wireless network. Performing other performance-related wireless tasks. 8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens This section describes the ZyXEL Devices Network > Wireless LAN screens. Use these screens to set up your ZyXEL Devices wireless connection. Use the AP screen (see Section 8.2 on page 105) to turn the wireless connection on or off, set up wireless security, configure the MAC filter, and make other basic configuration changes. Use the More AP screen (see Section 8.3 on page 111) to set up multiple wireless networks on your ZyXEL Device. Use the WPS screen (see Section 8.4 on page 113) to enable or disable WPS, generate a security PIN (Personal Identification Number) and see information about the ZyXEL Devices WPS status. Use the WPS Station (see Section 8.5 on page 114) screen to set up WPS by pressing a button or using a PIN. You dont necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless connection. For example, you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless radio channel and security in the AP screen. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 103 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN 8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless Wireless Basics Wireless is essentially radio communication. In the same way that walkie-talkie radios send and receive information over the airwaves, wireless networking devices exchange information with one another. A wireless networking device is just like a radio that lets your computer exchange information with radios attached to other computers. Like walkie-talkies, most wireless networking devices operate at radio frequency bands that are open to the public and do not require a license to use. However, wireless networking is different from that of most traditional radio communications in that there a number of wireless networking standards available with different methods of data encryption. SSID Each network must have a name, referred to as the SSID - Service Set IDentifier. The service set is the network, so the service set identifier is the networks name. This helps you identify your wireless network when wireless networks coverage areas overlap and you have a variety of networks to choose from. MAC Address Filter Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address consists of twelve hexadecimal characters (0-9, and A to F), and it is usually written in the following format: 0A:A0:00:BB:CC:DD. The MAC address filter controls access to the wireless network. You can use the MAC address of each wireless client to allow or deny access to the wireless network. Finding Out More See Section 8.6 on page 115 for advanced technical information on wireless networks. 8.1.3 Before You Start Before you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See Section 8.1.2 on page 104 if some of the terms used here are not familiar to you. What wireless standards do the other wireless devices in your network support
(IEEE 802.11g, for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?
104 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN What security options do the other wireless devices in your network support
(WPA-PSK, for example)? What is the strongest security option supported by all the devices in your network?
Do the other wireless devices in your network support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)? If so, you can set up a well-secured network very easily. Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to set up your network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this is somewhat more complicated to do. What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to configure advanced options such as Quality of Service, ensure that you know precisely what you want to do. If you do not want to configure advanced options, leave them as they are. 8.2 The AP Screen Use this screen to configure the wireless settings of your ZyXEL Device. Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Figure 42 Network > Wireless LAN > AP The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 26 Network > Wireless LAN > AP LABEL DESCRIPTION Wireless Setup Enable Wireless LAN Click the check box to activate wireless LAN. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 105 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Table 26 Network > Wireless LAN > AP LABEL DESCRIPTION Channel Selection Set the operating channel manually by selecting a channel from the Channel Selection list or use Auto Channel Select to have it automatically configured. Common Setup Network Name (SSID) The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN. Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL Devices SSID or WEP settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL Devices new settings. Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool. See the following sections for more details about this field. This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are allowed or denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this SSID. Click this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter settings. See Section 8.2.5 on page 110 for more details. Select this check box to activate Quality of Service (QoS). Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. Hide SSID Security Mode MAC Filter Edit QoS Apply Cancel Advanced Setup Click this to display the Wireless Advanced Setup screen and edit more details of your WLAN setup. See Section 8.2.4 on page 109 for more details. 8.2.1 No Security In the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen, select No Security from the Security Mode list to allow wireless devices to communicate with the ZyXEL Device without any data encryption or authentication. 106 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your ZyXEL Device, your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range. Figure 43 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security LABEL DESCRIPTION Security Mode Choose No Security from the drop-down list box. 8.2.2 WEP Encryption Use this screen to configure and enable WEP encryption. Click Network >
Wireless LAN to display the AP screen. Select Static WEP from the Security Mode list. Note: WEP is extremely insecure. Its encryption can be broken by an attacker, using widely-available software. It is strongly recommended that you use a more effective security mechanism. Use the strongest security mechanism that all the wireless devices in your network support. For example, use WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK if all your wireless devices support it. If your wireless devices support nothing stronger than WEP, use the highest encryption level available. Figure 44 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 107 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen. Table 28 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP LABEL DESCRIPTION Security Mode Passphrase WEP Key Choose Static WEP from the drop-down list box. Enter a passphrase (up to 32 printable characters) and click Generate. The ZyXEL Device automatically generates a WEP key. The WEP key is used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission. If you want to manually set the WEP key, enter any 5 or 13 characters
(ASCII string) or 10 or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") for a 64-
bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively. 8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK Use this screen to configure and enable WPA(2)-PSK authentication. Click Network > Wireless LAN to display the AP screen. Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-
PSK from the Security Mode list. Figure 45 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen. Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK LABEL DESCRIPTION Security Mode Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box. WPA Compatible This check box is available only when you select WPA2-PSK in the Security Mode field. Select the check box to have both WPA-PSK wireless clients be able to communicate with the ZyXEL Device even when the ZyXEL Device is using WPA2-PSK. 108 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK LABEL DESCRIPTION Pre-Shared Key The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. WPA Group Key Update Timer Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters
(including spaces and symbols). The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using WPA(2)-PSK key management) sends a new group key out to all clients. The re-keying process is the WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in a WLAN on a periodic basis. 8.2.4 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup Use this screen to configure advanced wireless settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the AP screen. The screen appears as shown. See Section 8.6.2 on page 117 for detailed definitions of the terms listed in this screen. Figure 46 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup LABEL DESCRIPTION RTS/CTS Threshold Enter a value between 0 and 2347. Fragmentation Threshold This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value between 256 and 2346. Output Power Set the output power of the ZyXEL Device. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following: 100%, 75%, 50% or 25%. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 109 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup LABEL Preamble DESCRIPTION Select a preamble type from the drop-down list menu. Choices are Long or Short. See the Appendix D on page 283 for more information. 802.11 Mode Select 802.11b Only to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. Select 802.11g Only to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. Select 802.11b+g to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced. Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. Select 802.11g+n to allow either IEEE 802.11g or IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced. Select 802.11b+g+n to allow IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g or IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced. Back Apply Cancel Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 8.2.5 MAC Filter Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices MAC filter settings. Click the Edit button in the AP screen. The screen appears as shown. Figure 47 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter 110 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter LABEL DESCRIPTION Enable MAC Filter Select the check box to enable MAC address filtering. Filter Action Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table. Select Deny to block access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to access the ZyXEL Device Select Allow to permit access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the ZyXEL Device. This is the index number of the MAC address. Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the ZyXEL Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Set MAC Address Back Apply Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 8.3 The More AP Screen This screen allows you to enable and configure multiple Basic Service Sets (BSSs) on the ZyXEL Device. Click Network > Wireless LAN > More AP. The following screen displays. Figure 48 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP LABEL
#
Active DESCRIPTION This is the index number of each SSID profile. This field indicates whether this SSID is active. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 111 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP LABEL SSID DESCRIPTION An SSID profile is the set of parameters relating to one of the ZyXEL Devices BSSs. The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless device is associated. This field displays the name of the wireless profile on the network. When a wireless client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in the wireless client utility. Security Modify This field indicates the security mode of the SSID profile. Click the Edit icon to configure the SSID profile. Click the Remove icon to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool. 8.3.1 More AP Edit Use this screen to edit an SSID profile. Click the Edit icon next to an SSID in the More AP screen. The following screen displays. Figure 49 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit 112 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit LABEL Active Network Name
(SSID) DESCRIPTION Select this check box to make this SSID active. The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN. Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL Devices SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL Devices new settings. Hide SSID Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool. Security Mode See Section 8.2 on page 105 for more details about this field. MAC Filter Edit QoS Back Apply Cancel This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are allowed or denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this SSID. Click this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter settings. See Section 8.2.5 on page 110 for more details. Select this check box to activate Quality of Service (QoS). Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 8.4 The WPS Screen Use this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your ZyXEL Device. WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection between two devices. Both devices must support WPS. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 113 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS. The following screen displays. Figure 50 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS LABEL DESCRIPTION WPS Setup WPS Setup Select the check box to activate WPS on the ZyXEL Device. WPS Status This displays Configured when the ZyXEL Device has connected to a wireless network using WPS or Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the screen. This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there is no wireless or wireless security changes on the ZyXEL Device or you click Release to remove the configured wireless and wireless security settings. Release This button is available when the WPS status is Configured. Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS connections on the ZyXEL Device. Apply Refresh Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 8.5 The WPS Station Screen Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network using either Push Button Configuration (PBC) or PIN Configuration. 114 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station. The following screen displays. Figure 51 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station Chapter 8 Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station LABEL DESCRIPTION Push Button Click this to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless range of the ZyXEL Device) to your wireless network. This button may either be a physical button on the outside of device, or a menu button similar to the Push Button on this screen. Note: You must press the other wireless devices WPS button within two minutes of pressing this button. Or input station's PIN number Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection with and click Start to authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network. You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking the devices settings. Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes to have it present its PIN to the ZyXEL Device. 8.6 Wireless LAN Technical Reference This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see the appendix. 8.6.1 Wireless Network Overview Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges. A wireless client is a radio connected to a users computer. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 115 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can connect with numerous wireless clients and let them access the network. A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and wireless clients, extending a networks range. Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways. An infrastructure type of network has one or more access points and one or more wireless clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points. An ad-hoc type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless clients connect to one another in order to exchange information. The following figure provides an example of a wireless network. Figure 52 Example of a Wireless Network The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B use the access point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your ZyXEL Device is the AP. Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines. Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID. The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentifier. 116 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel. Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or frequency, to send and receive information. Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP. Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Radio Channels In the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed, civilian use. For the purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into numerous channels. This allows a variety of networks to exist in the same place without interfering with one another. When you create a network, you must select a channel to use. Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the number of available channels also varies. 8.6.2 Additional Wireless Terms The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in the ZyXEL Devices Web Configurator. Table 36 Additional Wireless Terms TERM DESCRIPTION RTS/CTS Threshold In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes not aware of each others presence. This may cause them to send information to the AP at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through. By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must sometimes get permission to send information to the ZyXEL Device. The lower the value, the more often the devices must get permission. If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the ZyXEL Device. A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble modes: long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the ZyXEL Device does, it cannot communicate with the ZyXEL Device. The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network. A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy. Preamble Authentication Fragmentation Threshold P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 117 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN 8.6.3 Wireless Security Overview By their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data networks, this means that anyone within range of a wireless network without security can not only read the data passing over the airwaves, but also join the network. Once an unauthorized person has access to the network, he or she can steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to compromise the network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have been developed to ensure that only authorized people can use a wireless data network, or understand the data carried on it. These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that only people presenting the right credentials (often a username and password, or a key phrase) can access the network. Second, they encrypt. This means that the information sent over the air is encoded. Only people with the code key can understand the information, and only people who have been authenticated are given the code key. These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the old Wired Equivalent Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at all, but it will not keep a determined attacker out. Other security standards are secure in themselves but can be broken if a user does not use them properly. For example, the WPA-PSK security standard is very secure if you use a long key which is difficult for an attackers software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter long string of apparently random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if you use a short key which is very easy to guess - for example, a three-letter word from the dictionary. Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, its not just people who have sensitive information on their network who should use security. Everybody who uses any wireless network should ensure that effective security is in place. A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use obscure information that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a way that appears random and does not include real words. For example, if your mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and her favorite movie is Vanishing Point
(which you know was made in 1971) you could use 70dodchal71vanpoi as your security key. The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless network. 8.6.3.1 SSID Normally, the ZyXEL Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the ZyXEL Device does 118 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess. This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network. 8.6.3.2 MAC Address Filter Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number, called a MAC address.1 A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters2; for example, 00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each device in the wireless network, see the devices Users Guide or other documentation. You can use the MAC address filter to tell the ZyXEL Device which devices are allowed or not allowed to use the wireless network. If a device is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to have the correct information (SSID, channel, and security). If a device is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does not matter if it has the correct information. This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the MAC address of an authorized device. Then, they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network. 8.6.3.3 User Authentication Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before using it. However, every device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this. For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users. Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless network. 1. Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks. These kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses. 2. Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 119 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN 8.6.3.4 Encryption Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot understand the message. The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication.
(See Section 8.6.3.3 on page 119 for information about this.) Table 37 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication NO AUTHENTICATION RADIUS SERVER Weakest No Security WPA Static WEP WPA-PSK Strongest WPA2-PSK WPA2 For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA or WPA2. If users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK. Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the wireless network supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network with the ZyXEL Device and you do not have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two devices. Device A only supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA-PSK. Therefore, you should set up Static WEP in the wireless network. Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly. When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your ZyXEL Device, you can also select an option (WPA compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the devices support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA compatible option in the ZyXEL Device. Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the wireless network must have the same key. 120 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN 8.6.4 Signal Problems Because wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to limitations of distance, interference and absorption. Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with interference occur when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference may come from other radio transmissions, such as military or air traffic control communications, or from machines that are coincidental emitters such as electric motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when physical objects
(such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal. 8.6.5 BSS A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless stations or between a wireless station and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is disabled, wireless station A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is enabled, P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 121 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN wireless station A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other. Figure 53 Basic Service set 8.6.6 MBSSID Traditionally, you need to use different APs to configure different Basic Service Sets (BSSs). As well as the cost of buying extra APs, there is also the possibility of channel interference. The ZyXEL Devices MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set IDentifier) function allows you to use one access point to provide several BSSs simultaneously. You can then assign varying QoS priorities and/or security modes to different SSIDs. Wireless devices can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP. 8.6.6.1 Notes on Multiple BSSs A maximum of eight BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously. You must use different keys for different BSSs. If two wireless devices have different BSSIDs (they are in different BSSs), but have the same keys, they may hear each others communications (but not communicate with each other). MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x security. 122 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 8.6.7 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance. WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each devices documentation to make sure). Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a secure network by themselves. 8.6.7.1 Push Button Configuration WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each WPS-enabled device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need to enter any information. Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS PBC button in their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical button. Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button. 1 Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one another. 2 3 Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its configuration utility and locate the button (see the devices Users Guide for how to do this - for the ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.5 on page 114). Press the button on one of the devices (it doesnt matter which). For the ZyXEL Device you must press the WPS button for more than three seconds. 4 Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the network name (SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the enrollee. If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless clients in the APs configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 123 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN 8.6.7.2 PIN Configuration Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This may either be static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can generate a new PIN by clicking on a button in the configuration interface). Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you want to ensure that the connection is established between the devices you specify, not just the first two devices to activate WPS in range of each other. However, you need to log into the configuration interfaces of both devices to use the PIN method. When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually the wireless client) into the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless router). Then, when WPS is activated on the first device, it presents its PIN to the second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends the network and security information to the other, allowing it to join the network. Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or wireless router (referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN method. 1 Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices. 2 Access the WPS section of the APs configuration interface. See the devices Users Guide for how to do this. 3 Look for the clients WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the WPS section of the clients configuration interface (see the devices Users Guide for how to find the WPS PIN - for the ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.4 on page 113). 4 Enter the clients PIN in the APs configuration interface. 5 If the client devices configuration interface has an area for entering another devices PIN, you can either enter the clients PIN in the AP, or enter the APs PIN in the client - it does not matter which. 6 Start WPS on both devices within two minutes. 7 Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device itself. 8 On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If you can connect, WPS was successful. If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the APs configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful. 124 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method. Figure 54 Example WPS Process: PIN Method ENROLLEE REGISTRAR WPS This devices WPS PIN: 123456 WPS Enter WPS PIN from other device:
WPS WPS START START WITHIN 2 MINUTES SECURE EAP TUNNEL SSID WPA(2)-PSK COMMUNICATION 8.6.7.3 How WPS Works When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role. One device acts as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security settings) and the other device acts as the enrollee (the device that receives network and security settings. The registrar creates a secure EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the WPA-
PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK is used depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is already part of a network, it sends the existing information. If not, it generates the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 125 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to a WPS-enabled access point. Figure 55 How WPS works ACTIVATE WPS ACTIVATE WPS WITHIN 2 MINUTES WPS HANDSHAKE ENROLLEE REGISTRAR SECURE TUNNEL SECURITY INFO COMMUNICATION The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is active (two minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the registrar if necessary. The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in each WPS transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the process with one of the existing networked devices and the new device. Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client is not always the enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can some WPS-enabled wireless clients. By default, a WPS devices is unconfigured. This means that it is not part of an existing network and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both functions). If the registrar is unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a WPS-enabled device has connected to another device using WPS, it becomes configured. A configured wireless client can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all subsequent WPS connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to act as an enrollee, you must reset it to its factory defaults. 126 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN 8.6.7.4 Example WPS Network Setup This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup. The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1 are unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In this example, AP1 is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar randomly generates the security information to set up the network, since it is unconfigured and has no existing information. Figure 56 WPS: Example Network Step 1 ENROLLEE REGISTRAR CLIENT 1 AP1 SECURITY INFO In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1 supports registrar mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new client since you must connect to the access point anyway in order to use the network. In this case, AP1 must be the registrar, since it is configured (it already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies the existing security information to Client 2. Figure 57 WPS: Example Network Step 2 EXISTING CONNECTION REGISTRAR CLIENT 1 AP1 S E C U R I T Y I N F O ENROLLEE CLIENT 2 In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of range of AP1, so you cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 127 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN point. However, you know that Client 2 supports the registrar function, so you use it to perform the WPS handshake instead. Figure 58 WPS: Example Network Step 3 EXISTING CONNECTION E X I S T I N G C O N N E C T I O N CLIENT 1 REGISTRAR CLIENT 2 SE C U RITY INFO AP1 ENROLLEE AP2 8.6.7.5 Limitations of WPS WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware. WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client communicate). It does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP). When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll multiple devices simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other. For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the first enrollee (by pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee, for example), then check that it successfully enrolled, then set up the second device in the same way. WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add non-WPS devices to a network you already set up using WPS. WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2-
PSK pre-shared key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether the network uses WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check the configuration interface of the registrar device to discover the key the network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you can enter the key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS device must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK). 128 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 8 Wireless LAN When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you press the button on one device to the moment you press the button on the other device) when any WPS-enabled device could join the network. This is because the registrar has no way of identifying the correct enrollee, and cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a possible way for a hacker to gain access to a network. You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two devices simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be unable to enroll, and will not have access to the network. If this happens, open the access points configuration interface and look at the list of associated clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the access point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS handshake; a rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain access to the network. Check the MAC addresses of your wireless clients
(usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If there is an unknown MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 129 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN 130 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 9 Network Address Translation
(NAT) 9.1 Overview This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the ZyXEL Device. NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network. 9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens Use the NAT General Setup screen (Section 9.2 on page 132) to configure the NAT setup settings. Use the Port Forwarding screen (Section 9.3 on page 133) to configure forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network. Use the ALG screen (Section 9.4 on page 137) to enable and disable the SIP
(VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device. 9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT Inside/Outside Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts. Global/Local Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 131 Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) NAT In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Port Forwarding A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP, that you can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the outside world. Finding Out More See Section 9.5 on page 137 for advanced technical information on NAT. 9.2 The NAT General Setup Screen Use this screen to activate NAT. Click Network > NAT to open the following screen. Note: You must create an IP filter rule in addition to setting up NAT, to allow traffic from the WAN to be forwarded through the ZyXEL Device. Figure 59 Network > NAT > General 132 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 38 Network > NAT > General LABEL DESCRIPTION Active Network Address Translation Apply Cancel Select this check box to enable NAT. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 9.3 The Port Forwarding Screen Use this screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network. You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or a range of ports. The most often used port numbers and services are shown in Appendix F on page 305. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers. Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP. Default Server IP Address In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server IP address. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen. Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote management setup. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 133 Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example) Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet. Figure 60 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example A=192.168.1.33 LAN WAN B=192.168.1.34 192.168.1.1 IP Address assigned by ISP C=192.168.1.35 D=192.168.1.36 9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen Click Network > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen. See Appendix F on page 305 for port numbers commonly used for particular services. Figure 61 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding 134 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 39 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding LABEL DESCRIPTION Default Server Setup Default Server In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen. If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote management setup. Port Forwarding Service Name Select a service from the drop-down list box. Server IP Address Add
#
Active Enter the IP address of the server for the specified service. Click this button to add a rule to the table below. This is the rule index number (read-only). This field indicates whether the rule is active or not. Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it. Service Name This is a services name. Start Port This is the first port number that identifies a service. End Port Server IP Address Modify This is the last port number that identifies a service. This is the servers IP address. Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the port forwarding rule. Click the delete icon to delete an existing port forwarding rule. Note that subsequent address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action. Back Apply Cancel Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 135 Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) 9.3.2 The Port Forwarding Rule Edit Screen Use this screen to edit a port forwarding rule. Click the rules edit icon in the Port Forwarding screen to display the screen shown next. Figure 62 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 40 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit LABEL DESCRIPTION Rule Setup Active Click this check box to enable the rule. Service Name Enter a name to identify this port-forwarding rule. Start Port Enter a port number in this field. To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port field. To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in the End Port field. End Port Enter a port number in this field. To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the Start Port field above and then enter it again in this field. To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port number in the Start Port field above. Enter the inside IP address of the server here. Click this to return to the previous screen without saving. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. Server IP Address Back Apply Cancel 136 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 9.4 The ALG Screen Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) Some NAT routers may include a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). A SIP ALG allows SIP calls to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embedded in the data stream. When the ZyXEL Device registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the ZyXEL Devices private IP address inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to use STUN or an outbound proxy if your ZyXEL Device is behind a SIP ALG. Use this screen to enable and disable the SIP (VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device. To access this screen, click Network > NAT > ALG. Figure 63 Network > NAT > ALG The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 41 Network > NAT > ALG LABEL DESCRIPTION Enable SIP ALG Select this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with port-
Apply Reset forwarding and address-mapping rules. Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 9.5 NAT Technical Reference This chapter contains more information regarding NAT. 9.5.1 NAT Definitions Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts. Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 137 Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side. Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in a packet when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table summarizes this information. Table 42 NAT Definitions ITEM Inside DESCRIPTION This refers to the host on the LAN. Outside This refers to the host on the WAN. Local Global This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN. This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN. NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host. 9.5.2 What NAT Does In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed. The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP. In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many-to-One and Many-to-
Many Overload mapping see Table 43 on page 141), NAT offers the additional benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your ZyXEL Device filters out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT). 138 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 9.5.3 How NAT Works Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) Each packet has two addresses a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets, the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The ZyXEL Device keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this. Figure 64 How NAT Works LAN 192.168.1.13 NAT Table Inside Local IP Address 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.12 192.168.1.13 Inside Global IP Address IGA 1 IGA 2 IGA 3 IGA 4 WAN 192.168.1.12 SA 192.168.1.10 SA IGA1 Inside Local Address (ILA) Inside Global Address (IGA) 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.10 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 139 Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) 9.5.4 NAT Application The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs
(logical LANs using IP alias) behind the ZyXEL Device can communicate with three distinct WAN networks. Figure 65 NAT Application With IP Alias 9.5.5 NAT Mapping Types NAT supports five types of IP/port mapping. They are:
One to One: In One-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Many to One: In Many-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (for instance, PAT, port address translation), ZyXELs Single User Account feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported (the SUA Only option in todays routers). Many to Many Overload: In Many-to-Many Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device maps the multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses. Many-to-Many No Overload: In Many-to-Many No Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device maps each local IP address to a unique global IP address. Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT to be accessible to the outside world. 140 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) Port numbers do NOT change for One-to-One and Many-to-Many No Overload NAT mapping types. The following table summarizes these types. Table 43 NAT Mapping Types TYPE One-to-One Many-to-One (SUA/PAT) IP MAPPING ILA1 IGA1 ILA1 IGA1 ILA2 IGA1 Many-to-Many Overload ILA1 IGA1 ILA2 IGA2 ILA3 IGA1 ILA4 IGA2 Many-to-Many No Overload ILA1 IGA1 Server ILA2 IGA2 ILA3 IGA3 Server 1 IP IGA1 Server 2 IP IGA1 Server 3 IP IGA1 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 141 Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) 142 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 1 0 Firewall 10.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to enable the ZyXEL Device firewall. Use the firewall to protect your ZyXEL Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. By default the firewall:
allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks. blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN. blocks SYN and port scanner attacks. By default, the ZyXEL Device blocks DDOS, LAND and Ping of Death attacks whether the firewall is enabled or disabled. 10.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens Use the Firewall screen (Section 10.2 on page 145) to enable firewall and/or IPv6 firewall on the ZyXEL Device. 10.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall SYN Attack A SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users. DoS Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 143 Chapter 10 Firewall device or network so users no longer have access to network resources. The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS attacks. DDoS A Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system. LAND Attack In a Local Area Network Denial (LAND) attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself. Ping of Death Ping of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum 65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or reboot. SPI Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. For example, traffic from the WAN may only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN. RFC 4890 SPEC Traffic RFC 4890 specifies the filtering policies for ICMPv6 messages. This is important for protecting against security threats including DoS, probing, redirection attacks and renumbering attacks that can be carried out through ICMPv6. Since ICMPv6 error messages are critical for establishing and maintaining communications, filtering policy focuses on ICMPv6 informational messages. 144 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 10 Firewall 10.2 The Firewall Screen Use this screen to enable firewall and/or SPI. Click Security > Firewall to display the following screen. Figure 66 Security > Firewall The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 44 Security > Firewall LABEL Firewall Firewall SPI IPv6 Firewall DESCRIPTION Use this field to enable or disable firewall on your ZyXEL Device. Use this field to enable or disable SPI on your ZyXEL Device. IPv6 Firewall Use this field to enable or disable IPv6 firewall on your ZyXEL Device. ICMPv6 Filter Recommendations Use this field to enable or disable ICMPv6 filter recommendations on your ZyXEL Device. Apply Cancel Click this to save your changes. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. Enabling SPI blocks all traffic initiated from the WAN side, including the DMZ, virtual server and ACL on the WAN side. Enabling IPv6 firewall will filter SYN-Flooding and Ping of Death traffic. Enabling ICMPv6 filter recommendations will filter RFC4890 SPEC traffic. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 145 Chapter 10 Firewall 146 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide C H A P T E R 11 Filters 11.1 Overview This chapter introduces three types of filters supported by the ZyXEL Device. You can configure rules to restrict traffic by IP addresses, MAC addresses, IPv6 addresses and/or URLs. 11.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens Use the URL Filter screen (Section 11.2 on page 148) to block access to web sites. Use the IP Filter screen (Section 11.3 on page 149) to create IP filter rules. Use the IPv6 Filter screen (Section 11.4 on page 151) to create IPv6 filter rules. 11.1.2 What You Need to Know About Filtering URL The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) identifies and helps locates resources on a network. On the Internet the URL is the web address that you type in the address bar of your Internet browser, for example http://www.zyxel.com. URL and IP Filter Structure The URL, IP and IPv6 filters have individual rule indexes. The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure each type of filter with its own respective set of rules. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 147 Chapter 11 Filters 11.2 The URL Filter Screen Use this screen to block websites by URL. Click Security > Filter > URL Filter. The screen appears as shown. Figure 67 Security > Filter > URL Filter The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 45 Security > Filter > URL Filter LABEL DESCRIPTION URL Filter Editing Active Use this field to enable or disable the URL filter. URL Index Select the index number of the filter. Individual active Select Yes to make the filter active and No to make it inactive. URL Enter the URL for the ZyXEL Device to block. URL Filter Listing Index Active URL Apply Delete Cancel This is the index number of the filter rule. This indicates if the filter is active or not. This is the URL you have configured the ZyXEL Device to block. Click this to save your changes. Click this to remove the filter rule. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 148 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide Chapter 11 Filters 11.3 The IP Filter Screen Use this screen to create and apply IP filters. Click Security > Filter > IP Filter. The screen appears as shown. Figure 68 Security > Filter > IP Filter The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 46 Security > Filter > IP Filter LABEL Rule Type DESCRIPTION Rule Type selection Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to specify traffic to disallow. IP Filter Rule Editing IP Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter rule. Active Interface Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule. Select the PVC to which to apply the filter. P-660HN-Tx Users Guide 149 Chapter 11 Filters Table 46 Security > Filter > IP Filter (continued) LABEL Direction Rule Type DESCRIPTION Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction. Use the IP Filter to block traffic by IP addresses. Source IP Address Enter the source IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0. Subnet Mask Port Number Enter the IP subnet mask for the source IP address Enter the source port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0. Destination IP Address Enter the destination IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0. Subnet Mask Port Number Enter the IP subnet mask for the destination IP address. Enter the destination port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0. Protocol Select ICMP, TCP or UDP for the upper layer protocol. IP Filter Listing IP Filter Rule Index
#
Active Interface Direction Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box. This is the index number of the rule in a filter set. This field shows whether the rule is activated. This is the interface that the filter set applies to. The filter set applies to this traffic direction. Src Address/Mask This is the source IP address and subnet mask when you select IP as the rule type. Dest IP/Mask Mac Address This is the destination IP address and subnet mask. This is the MAC address of the packets being filtered. Src Port Dest Port Protocol Apply Delete Cancel This is the source port number. This is the destination port number. This is the upper layer protocol. Click this to apply your changes. Click this to remove the filter rule. Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 150 P-660HN-Tx Users Guide
frequency | equipment class | purpose | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2011-04-01 | 2422 ~ 2452 | DTS - Digital Transmission System | Original Equipment |
app s | Applicant Information | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Effective |
2011-04-01
|
||||
1 | Applicant's complete, legal business name |
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
|
||||
1 | FCC Registration Number (FRN) |
0021059092
|
||||
1 | Physical Address |
No.2, Industry East Road IX, Science Park
|
||||
1 |
Hsinchu, N/A
|
|||||
1 |
Taiwan
|
|||||
app s | TCB Information | |||||
1 | TCB Application Email Address |
t******@siemic.com
|
||||
1 | TCB Scope |
A4: UNII devices & low power transmitters using spread spectrum techniques
|
||||
app s | FCC ID | |||||
1 | Grantee Code |
I88
|
||||
1 | Equipment Product Code |
P660HNT1
|
||||
app s | Person at the applicant's address to receive grant or for contact | |||||
1 | Name |
E******** B********
|
||||
1 | Title |
Section Manager
|
||||
1 | Telephone Number |
886 3******** Extension:
|
||||
1 | Fax Number |
886 3********
|
||||
1 |
E******@zyxel.com.tw
|
|||||
app s | Technical Contact | |||||
n/a | ||||||
app s | Non Technical Contact | |||||
n/a | ||||||
app s | Confidentiality (long or short term) | |||||
1 | Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | Yes | ||||
1 | Long-Term Confidentiality Does this application include a request for confidentiality for any portion(s) of the data contained in this application pursuant to 47 CFR § 0.459 of the Commission Rules?: | No | ||||
if no date is supplied, the release date will be set to 45 calendar days past the date of grant. | ||||||
app s | Cognitive Radio & Software Defined Radio, Class, etc | |||||
1 | Is this application for software defined/cognitive radio authorization? | No | ||||
1 | Equipment Class | DTS - Digital Transmission System | ||||
1 | Description of product as it is marketed: (NOTE: This text will appear below the equipment class on the grant) | 802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway | ||||
1 | Related OET KnowledgeDataBase Inquiry: Is there a KDB inquiry associated with this application? | No | ||||
1 | Modular Equipment Type | Does not apply | ||||
1 | Purpose / Application is for | Original Equipment | ||||
1 | Composite Equipment: Is the equipment in this application a composite device subject to an additional equipment authorization? | No | ||||
1 | Related Equipment: Is the equipment in this application part of a system that operates with, or is marketed with, another device that requires an equipment authorization? | No | ||||
1 | Grant Comments | Power listed is maximum conducted RF output power. The antenna(s) used for this transmitter must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least 20 cm from all persons and must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. End-Users must be provided with transmitter operation conditions for satisfying RF exposure compliance | ||||
1 | Is there an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application? | No | ||||
1 | If there is an equipment authorization waiver associated with this application, has the associated waiver been approved and all information uploaded? | No | ||||
app s | Test Firm Name and Contact Information | |||||
1 | Firm Name |
Cerpass Technology (SuZhou) Co., Ltd.
|
||||
1 | Name |
M******** C****
|
||||
1 | Telephone Number |
86-05******** Extension:
|
||||
1 | Fax Number |
86-05********
|
||||
1 |
m******@cerpass.net
|
|||||
Equipment Specifications | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Line | Rule Parts | Grant Notes | Lower Frequency | Upper Frequency | Power Output | Tolerance | Emission Designator | Microprocessor Number | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 15C | 2412 | 2462 | 0.05408 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 15C | 2422 | 2452 | 0.0526 |
some individual PII (Personally Identifiable Information) available on the public forms may be redacted, original source may include additional details
This product uses the FCC Data API but is not endorsed or certified by the FCC